Effect of periodic wide atmospheric pressure change on CO emission in closed goaf

Atmospheric pressure fuctuation is one of the most important factors afecting the climate environment and gas emission in the fre area.To obtain the infuence rule of the surface atmospheric pressure change on the gas sampling and abnormal emission in the mine closed goaf,the No.1 coal mine in Dananhu was taken as the research object.Using Fourier transform and Fisher harmonic analysis and other statistical methods,the infuence of the periodic variation of atmospheric pressure on the gas leakage and outfow in the closed goaf was studied.The results showed that there were three atmospheric pressure periods of 15.2 d,1 d and 182.2 d,and the probability was greater than 95%.The time period with the highest number of atmospheric pressure peaks was 7:00–8:00,which accounted for 20.2%of total occurrence number in a day.And the time periods with the highest number of atmospheric pressure trough were 2:00,15:00 and 16:00,accounting for 27.4%.The peak-to-trough transition time was mainly concentrated around 6 h,and the diurnal variation curve of atmospheric pressure was mainly bimodal.The atmospheric pressure change rate was mostly concentrated in 10–50 Pa/h.It was determined that the distance that the gas sampling pipe was pre-laid into the inner side of the closed wall should be greater than 44.4 m,and the CO concentration and atmospheric pressure in the closed goaf were both periodic and negative with atmospheric pressure.The research results have important guiding signifcance for the monitoring,early warning and environmental protection of the goaf.

Wind tunnel test for wind pressure characteristics on a saddle roof

The wind pressure characteristics on a saddle roof at wind direction along the connection of the low points are systematically studied by the wind tunnel test. First, the distributions of the mean and the fluctuating pressures on the saddle roof are provided. Through the wind pressure spectra, the process of generation, growth and break down of the vortex on the leading edge is presented from a microscopic aspect and then the distribution mechanism of the mean and fluctuating pressures along the vulnerable leading edge is explained. By analysis of the wind pressure spectra near the high points, it can be inferred that the body induced turbulence reflects itself as a high-frequency pressure fluctuation. Secondly, the third-and fourth-order statistical moments of the wind pressure are employed to identify the non-Gaussian nature of the pressure time history and to construct an easy tool to localize regions with a non-Gaussian feature. The cause of the non-Gaussian feature is discussed by virtue of the wind pressure spectra. It is concluded that the non-Gaussian feature of the wind pressure originates from the effects of flow separation and body-induced turbulence, and the former effect plays an obvious role.

Pressure relief and structure stability mechanism of hard roof for gob-side entry retaining

In order to explore the pressure relief and structure stability mechanism of lateral cantilever structure in the stope under the direct coverage of thick hard roof and its impact on the gob-side entry retaining, a lateral cantilever fractured structural mechanical model was established on the basis of clarification for the stress environment of gob-side entry retaining, and the equation of roof given deformation and the balance judgment for fracture block were obtained. The optimal cantilever length was proposed based on the comparison of roof structural characteristics and the stress, deformation law of surrounding rocks under six different cantilever lengths by numerical simulation method. Double stress peaks exist on the sides of gob-side entry retaining and the entry located in the low stress area. The pressure of gob-side entry retaining can be relieved by reducing the cantilever length. However, due to the impact of arch structure of rock beam, unduly short cantilever would result in insufficient pressure relief and unduly long cantilever would bring larger roof stress which results in intense deformation. Therefore, there is optimal cantilever length, which was 7-8 m in this project that enables to achieve the minimum deformation and the most stabilized rock structure of entry retaining. An engineering case of gob-side entry retaining with the direct coverage of 10 m thick hard limestone roof was put forward, and the measured data verified the reasonability of conclusion.

Mechanism and control technology of strong ground pressure behaviour induced by high-position hard roofs in extra-thick coal seam mining

This work aimed at revealing the mechanism of strong ground pressure behaviour(SGPB)induced by high-position hard roof(HHR).Based on the supporting structures model of HHR,a modified voussoir beam mechanical model for HHR was established by considering the gangue support coefficient,through which the modified expressions of limit breaking span and breaking energy of HHR were deduced.Combined with the relationship between the dynamic-static loading stress of supporting body(hydraulic support and coal wall)and its comprehensive supporting strength,the criteria of ground pressure behaviour(GPB)induced by HHR were discussed.The types of Ⅰ_(1),Ⅰ_(2),Ⅱ_(1),andⅡ_(2) of GPB were interpreted.Results showed that types Ⅰ_(1) and Ⅰ_(2) were the main forms of SGPB in extra-thick coal seam mining.The main manifestation of SGPB was static stress,which was mainly derived from the instability of HHR rather than fracture.Accordingly,an innovative control technology was proposed,which can weaken static load by vertical-well separated fracturing HHR.The research results have been successfully applied to the 8101 working face in Tashan coal mine,Shanxi Province,China.The results of a digital borehole camera observation and stress monitoring proved the rationality of the GPB criteria.The control technology was successful,paving the way for new possibilities to HHR control for safety mining.

Application of new void detection algorithm for analysis of feed pressure and rotation pressure of roof bolters

Roof and rib instability is an important issue in underground mining. To optimize ground support design,enhance ground stability, and reduce the possibility of roof or rib failure with minimal use of artificial ground support, it is essential to have an accurate understanding of ground conditions. This includes the location of voids, cracks, and discontinuities, as well as information about the different strata in the immediate roof. This paper briefly introduces ongoing research on void detection by using the roof bolter feed and rotation pressure. The goal of this project is to improve the sensitivity of detection programs to locate smaller joints and reduce the number of false alarms. This paper presents a brief review of the testing procedures, data analysis, logic, and algorithms used for void detection. In addition, this paper discusses the results of preliminary laboratory tests and statistical analysis of the data from these two drilling parameters used for void detection.

Study of dynamic pressure roadway supporting scheme under condi- tion of thick composite roof

This paper analyzed the strata behaviors of solid-coal roadway, gob-side entry driving and deformation law of surrounding rock in depth under high stress and thick composite roof based on the dynamic pressure roadway as engineering background in Fengcheng mining area, Jiangxi province. The results, both field measurement and numerical simulation show that gob-side entry driving results the deformation of coal roadway main wall, however, entity-coal roadway driving results deformation of main roof and floor. The maintenance state of gob-side entry driving is better than entity-coal roadway, this situation is relevant to thick composite roof layered and easy collapse characteristics. At the same time, this paper put fox＇ward and proved proper dynamic pressure roadway supporting scheme under the surrounding rock condition and stress environment.

Increased production of recombinant prourokinase with porous microcarrier cell culture by periodic pressure oscillation in a stirred tank reactor

An rCHO cell line expressing recombinant human prourokinase （pro-UK） at the level of 5μg/ 10^6cells/d was cultivated on Cytopore cellulose porous microcarriers in a 7.5L Biostat CT stirred tank reactor. A periodic pressure oscillation of 0.04 MPa and 0.04 Hz was adopted to introduce a physical stimulus on the rCHO cells and to improve mass transfer characteristic between cells and medium in the process of porous microcarrier CHO cell culture. Compared to constant pressure culture, the oscillation culture didn＇t influence specific cell growth rate significantly, but could enhance the pro-UK specific production by 10% - 40%, and reduce production of lactate by 10% - 30%. In the perfusion culture of recombinant CHO cell with serum-free medium for 67 days, cell density could reach 2.64×10^7/ml, the maximal prourokinase concentration in harvested supernatant was about 118mg/L, a total of 21.1 grams of prourokinase was produced in 313 liters of supernatant. In conclusion, the perfusion cell culture with periodic pressure oscillation can enhance the production of recombinant protein and increase the reactor specific productivity.

Influence of periodic pressure on dendritic morphology and sidebranching

The influence of periodic pressure with low and high frequencies on microstructure and dendritic sidebranching was studied by using 3-D phase field method. In both low and high frequency cases, the variation trend of SDAS (secondary dendritic arm spacing) with increasing pressure frequency is opposite to that of sidebranching frequency, while the variation trend of the average length of secondary arms is consistent with that of sidebranching frequency. The high sidebranching frequency indicates that more secondary arms share the whole driving force of dendrite growth, resulting in lower driving force for each one and leading to less developed secondary arms. The smallest SDAS is obtained when perturbed by the periodic pressure with the frequency of 0.157/τ0 (τ0 is the physical unit of time in the dimensionless phase field model) and 2.200/τ0 in low and high frequency cases, respectively. Comparisons of dendritic morphology and secondary arms are made between the low and high frequency cases. Firstly, in the low frequency case, secondary arms are luxuriant especially when pressure frequency is low, with many high-order side branches stretching out. Secondly, the average length of secondary arms in primary dendrite is longer in the low frequency case than that without pressure, and much longer than that in the high frequency case. Thirdly, the dendrite tip without side branches in the high frequency case is much longer than that in the low frequency case. All of the differences in dendritic morphology and sidebranching in the two cases can be attributed to the different modulation mechanism. In the low frequency case, periodic pressure determines tip velocity and then modulates sidebranching directly. While in the high frequency case, periodic pressure cannot determine sidebranching directly, but via modulating tiny protuberances in dendrite tip, part of which evolves into side branch. In this case, the tiny protuberances take part of the whole driving force, leading to less developed secondary arms.

A METHOD OF CALCULATING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF PERIODIC PULSATION FLUID TRANSPORTED IN PIPING NETWORK

The pressure pulsation induced by the pumped periodic pulsation fluid is the main factor of causing fluid resonance and stimulating pipelines vibrations and noise. In order to reduce the faults caused by the vibrations of pipelines, two aspects have been researched: one is to develop high quality filters, weaken and restrain the crest of pulsation pressure; the other is to design structural parameters of the piping network and eliminate the fluid resonance. Both need calculating the pressure pulsations of different structural parameters and frequencies, and knowing the amplitude frequency. In this paper the stiffness matrix technique is used for treating the coupling of subsystems of pipelines and calculating the pressure distribution of the piping network and it is tested by simulation and experiments.

Wind tunnel testing of wind pressures on a large gymnasium roof

A wind tunnel test was conducted for a large steel gymnasium structure. Simultaneous pressure measurements were made on its entire ellipsoidal roof in a simulated suburban boundary layer flow field. Special attention is paid to the charaeteristics of fluctuating wind pressures in different zones on the roof. Some selected results are presented： 1） correlations between fluctuating wind pressures on both roof surfaces, 2） eigenvalues and eigenvectors of covariance matrices of the fluctuating wind pressures, 3） probability distributions of the fluctuating wind pressures, and 4） statistical characteristics of peak factor. Furthermore, the applicability of the quasi-steady approach is discussed in detail. Based on the results, an empirical formula for estimating the minimum pressure coefficients, using a peak factor approach, is presented. Comparison of the minimum pressure coefficients determined by the proposed formula and those obtained from the wind tunnel tests is made to examine the applicability and accuracy of the proposed formula.

Distinctions of dendritic behavior influenced by constant pressure and periodic pressure

The distinctions of dendritic morphology and sidebranching behavior when solidified under atmosphere pressure,constant pressure which is higher than atmosphere pressure (hereinafter referred to as constant pressure) and periodic pressure were investigated using 3-D phase field method.When growing at atmosphere pressure,side branches (secondary dendritic arms) are irregular.When solidified under constant pressure with a relatively high value,side branches are much more luxuriant,with more developed high-order side branches.When applied with periodic pressure,resonant sidebranching happens,leading to many more regular side branches and the smallest secondary dendritic arm spacing (SDAS) in the three cases.The significant difference in dendritic morphology is associated with tip velocity modulated by total undercooling including pressure and temperature undercooling.In the case of constant pressure,tip velocity increases linearly with total undercooling,and it varies periodically in periodic pressure case.The different variation trend in tip velocity is the reason for the distinct dendrite growth behavior in different cases.Unlike the phenomenon in constant pressure case where the dendrite grows faster with higher pressure,the dendrite grows slower under periodic pressure with higher amplitude,resulting in less developed primary dendrite and side branches.This is influenced by tip remelting due to low undercooling or even negative undercooling.It is revealed that the accelerated velocity of tip remelting increases with the decline of undercooling.The greater the amplitude of periodic pressure,the faster the tip remelting velocity during one period.This is the reason why the average tip velocity decreases with the rise of amplitude of periodic pressure.

Dynamic Pressures on Tunnel Roofs due to Vehicle Passages

Pressure and proximity measurements made in a tunnel indicate that a typical vehicle passage produced on the tunnel roof an initial pressure increase of small magnitude,followed by a sharp and more substantial drop in pressure below atmospheric.The magnitude of the pressure drop was found to increase with smaller clearances between the vehicle top and the tunnel roof,consistent with the Bernoulli relation and the vehicle speed.The dynamic pressures potentially may have significant effects on the vibration and noise environments on the lower floors of“air rights construction”buildings that span highways.

Determination of Wind Pressure Coefficients for Arc-Shaped Canopy Roof with Numerical Wind Tunnel Method

In this paper,the wind load on an arc-shaped canopy roof was studied with numerical wind tunnel method(NWTM) .Three-dimensional models were set up for the canopy roof with opened or closed skylights.The air flow around the roof under wind action from three directions was analysed respectively.Wind pressure coefficients on the canopy roof were determined by NWTM.The results of NWTM agreed well with those of wind tunnel test for the roof with opened skylights,which verified the applicability and rationality of NWTM.The effect of the closure of skylights was then investigated with NWTM.It was concluded that the closure of the skylights may increase the wind suction on the top surface of the roof greatly and should be considered in the structure design of the canopy roof.

Characteristics of wind pressure pulse on large-span flat roofs

The wind pressure pulse events, among the most important characteristics of wind pressure fluctuations on large-span flat roofs, were investigated by wind tunnel tests in this paper. Incorporating the formation mechanism of wind pressure pulse events, the peak over threshold method was employed to study properties of this kind of events. The event duration time, the energy contribution, the number of the pulse events, and the distribution of average peak pressure were calculated. Probability density functions of some typical samples in separation region were also given. Results show that the non-Gaussian roof pressure is strong in the flow separation region owing to the wind pressure pulse events. Evaluations of the extreme peak pressures, which can be determined by the peak over threshold method effectively, are important to the design of building cladding.

APPLICATION OF THE ROOF DISTURBANCE TO MONITORING AND PREDICTING THE GROUND PRESSURE

Based on study of the influence of main roof fracture on ground pressure, this paper considered the immediate roof as a semi-infinite long beam on a Winkler elastic foundation. In the model the coal seam is the foundation and the pressure caused by mian roof deflection is the load. Having solved the model and analyzed relevant factors,the authors indicate that the disturbance caused by the breakage of the mian roof can be observed in both gates of longwall face and explain why it can be. The paper points out that the applicability of the method to obtain the disturbance information by measuring the loads on supports is wider than that by measuring the roof convergence rate. The results are useful for monitoring and predicting ground pressure.

Analysis of Effect of Solar Radiation Pressure of Bigger Primary on the Evolution of Periodic Orbits

Evolution of periodic orbits in Sun-Mars and Sun-Earth systems are analyzed using Poincare surface of section technique and the effects of solar radiation pressure of bigger primary and actual oblateness of smaller primary on these orbits areconsidered. It is observed that solar radiation pressure of bigger primary has substantial effect on period, orbit’s shape, size and their position in the phase space. Since these orbits can be used for the design of low energy transfer trajectories, so perturbations due to solar radiation pressure has to be understood and should be taken care of during trajectory design. It is also verified that stability of such orbits are negligible so they can be used as transfer orbit. For each pair of solar radiation pressure q and Jacobi constant C we get two separatrices where stability of island becomes zero. In this paper, detailed stability analysis of periodic orbit having two loops is given when q = 0.9845.

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Seal Presence on the Behavior of Double-Deck Floating Roofs in Cylindrical Steel Storage Tanks

Liquid storage,particularly oil and petrochemical products which are considered hazardous liquid,are an important part of the oil industry.Thin-walled vertical cylindrical steel storage tanks are widely used in recent years.Due to high sensitivity of these structures in an earthquake and other external excitations may lead to catastrophic consequences.For instance,huge economic losses,environmental damages,and casualities,many studies have been done about these structures.past studies showed that liquid storage tanks,equipped with a floating roof,are potentially vulnerable while subjected to seismic loads and earthquake has been considered as one of the most destructive natural hazards.The reason is that such tanks are made of two separated parts(shell and roof)which each may have its own responses;sometimes causing resonance phenomenon and so that,roof movements,rooffluid interaction,roof-shell interaction,and also the way they are attached should still be investigated.Experimental tests of floating roof’s vertical fluctuation was performed in a full-scale reservoir tank and assessing of the results demonstrated that presence of a seal between floating roof and shell plate can significantly increase damping ratio in liquid sloshing and also suppress the roof`s vertical displacements.In other words,seal can control a floating roof and make it stop moving vertically over few cycles.

高海拔高速运行高铁车顶绝缘子风压分布及海拔修正

车顶绝缘子是高铁动车组列车重要的组成部件,高海拔地区运行中车顶绝缘子在高速气流作用下周围风压分布形成负压区导致其综合气压远低于实际海拔对应的气压进而影响车顶绝缘子电气性能。该文基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD),建立仿真模型,分析高速气流作用下车顶绝缘子周围风压分布特性及影响因素,并提出高海拔高速气流综合作用下车顶绝缘子电气强度修正方法。结果表明:车顶绝缘子的风压低值分布在侧风面伞裙根部(大伞在下表面根部,小伞在上表面根部);迎风面风压、背风面和侧风面风压的绝对值都随风速的增大呈指数增长,且海拔越低,增长越快;攻角为80°左右时将形成更明显的低压区;海拔4000m、运行速度为360km/h综合作用下车顶绝缘子形成负压相当于4599米海拔对应的气压,车顶绝缘子外绝缘修正应予以考虑。

千米深井切顶卸压自成巷支护技术及应用

为了解决深部复杂条件下的切顶卸压自成巷难题,以红阳三矿703工作面运输巷道为研究对象,从恒阻大变形锚索超前支护、切顶巷内支护、切顶巷旁支护三个方面研究了切顶卸压沿空成巷支护技术,并对现场试验巷道顶板受力以及巷道围岩变形量进行了监测。结果表明:在超前工作面实施爆破切顶能够极大降低巷道所受应力,成巷区巷道顶板整体下沉量较小,巷中顶板最大下沉量约385 mm,平均下沉量约280 mm,巷中底鼓最大值545 mm,碎石巷帮无明显侧鼓现象,实体煤帮无明显片帮现象,满足安全和使用要求,巷道围岩变形在可控范围内,留巷效果良好。

极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制方法研究

极近距离煤层传统长壁开采,受上层遗留煤柱和采空区垮落等因素的影响,下煤层开采过程中应力环境复杂、矿压显现剧烈,易诱发巷道围岩大变形。为解决上述问题,提出了极近距离条件下巷道定向切顶–约束高强支护无煤柱自成巷控制方法。通过顶板定向预裂切顶,主动改变顶板悬臂结构,切断采空区向巷道顶板的应力传递。充分利用矿山压力和岩体碎胀特性,取消煤柱留设,结合高强支护加强巷道顶板整体性,共同实现切顶自成巷。建立了极近距离煤层开采覆岩结构模型,计算了下煤层切顶自成巷巷旁支护阻力。以典型极近距离煤层为工程背景,开展了不同开采方法的数值试验对比研究,结果表明,提出的自成巷控制方法使巷道围岩应力降低59.8%,巷道顶板变形减少70.8%,并明确了极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制机理。在此基础上,开展了典型极近距离煤层工程设计及现场应用研究,结果表明该方法有效降低了矿压显现程度,保证了自成巷的安全稳定控制。