Reliability supply chain network design model for perishable products

The classical supply chain network(SCN)design problem is extended,where the candidate facilities are subject to failure and the products are prone to elapsed time deteriorion.First,the reliable SCN design problem is defined by introducing the probability that a facility may be prone to inactivity based on the analysis of perishable product characteristics.The perishable product SCN design problem is formulated as a 0-1 integer programming model.The objective is to minimize the weighted sum of the operating cost(the fixed plus transportation cost)and the expected failure cost.And then,the perishable product SCN design model is discussed and solved using the genetic algorithm(GA).The results show how to generate the tradeoff curve between the operating costs and the expected failure costs.And these tradeoff curves demonstrate empirically that substantial improvements in reliability are often possible with minimal increase in the operating costs.

Intermodal Freight Network Design for Transport of Perishable Products

The amount of perishable products transported via the existing intermodal freight networks has significantly increased over the last years. Perishable products tend to decay due to a wide range of external factors. Supply chain operations mismanagement causes waste of substantial volumes of perishable products every year. The heretofore proposed mathematical models optimize certain supply chain processes and reduce decay of perishable products, but primarily deal with local production, inventory, distribution, and retailing of perishable products. However, significant quantities of perishable products are delivered from different continents, which shall increase the total transportation time and decay potential of perishable products as compared to local deliveries. This paper proposes a novel optimization model to design the intermodal freight network for both local and long-haul deliveries of perishable products. The objective of the model aims to minimize the total cost associated with transportation and decay of perishable products. A set of piecewise approximations are applied to linearize the non-linear decay function for each perishable product type. CPLEX is used to solve the problem. Comprehensive numerical experiments are conducted using the intermodal freight network for import of the seafood perishable products to the United States to draw important managerial insights. Results demonstrate that increasing product decay cost may significantly change the design of intermodal freight network for transport of perishable products, cause modal shifts and affect the total transportation time and associated costs.

Developing Market With Hi-Tech Products

The Suzhou Medical Appliances Factory is currently the sole factory specializing in the production of ocular medical appliances. Products of the factory include ocular operational apparatus; optical diagnostic apparatus, electronic treatment instruments, artificial crystals in 4 categories, 150 species and 450 specifications.

A SUCCESSFUL PARADIGM IN COMMERCIALIZATION OF HI-TECH ACHIEVEMENTS——Fujian Castech Crystals Inc.and its non-linear crystal products

Non-linear crystal materials BBO and LBO stand for the low-temperature phases of barium metaborate beta-BaB2O4 and lithium triborate LiB3O2. Both are hi-tech products marketed by the Fujian Castech Crystals Inc., a business entity affiliated to the CAS. The successful development of the two was honoured with a special prize, a first-grade prize and a second-grade prize of the CAS Awards for S&T Progress in 1986, 1989 and 1990 respectively. Also, they were crowned with a prize of the

Effective decision-making model for hi-tech new product development

In order to identify the effective decision-making factors at the individual NPD project manager level, a new effective decision-making model has been established by introducing the concept of decision-making effectiveness, analyzing the role of expertise, and identifying the major role of expertise and insight with respect to the interfaces between a new product, an organization, customers, technologies and regulations, for the study of the effective decision-making facilitators and inhibitors for a NPD project. The analysis of the unique task conditions for individual decision-makers shows that perceived complexity, uncertainty and time pressure have their negative effect on the effective decision-making process. It is concluded that the flexible, balanced and appropriate use of rational analysis, common sense and intuition is a key effective decision-making factor, and the psychologically ‘active attitude’ of a manager is also an important factor for successful dealing with the difficult task conditions.

COORDINATING PRICING, ORDERING AND ADVERTISING FOR PERISHABLE PRODUCTS OVER AN INFINITE HORIZON

Numerous empirical studies show that advertising effort can stimulate demand in both current and future periods, and there is an interaction between pricing, advertising and ordering decisions. How do these decisions interact with each other and what is the effect of advertising on pricing and ordering decisions？ To understand this interaction, we consider a newsvendor-type firm that sells a perishable product in a stable market and dynamically determines the joint ordering, pricing and advertising strategies. The problem is modeled as an infmite horizon newsvendor problem with an advertising carryover effect and price-sensitive demand. We characterize the optimal pricing, advertising and inventory strategies and their comparative statics, and consider how this policy differs from the traditional approach without the advertising effect. We show that the optimal effective advertising level is monotonically increasing with the effective advertising level in the previous period, and hence the optimal strategies （advertising, pricing, inventory level） globally converge to the steady states in the long run. We numerically show that the optimal policy can reap significant profit, which underscores the importance of the advertising-driven ordering and pricing strategies.

Production plan for perishable agricultural products with two types of harvesting

Many crops in China have two or more harvesting methods;however,little research has focused on this phenomenon.The current study proposes an operational model that looks to maximize grower profits.This model considers a production plan for a perishable crop that has two harvesting methods:harvesting unripe produce at a lower operational cost but with a long lead time,and harvesting ripe crops at a higher operational cost but with quick turnaround.This study proposes a heuristic algorithm by which to pinpoint the optimal plan for the model;the model results indicate that for a crop with two harvesting methods,significant savings can be obtained by applying an optimal production plan.The current study’s main contribution is a production model for crops that feature two harvesting methods and for which the market poses varying demands.

考虑个体客户满意度的多车程生鲜品配送路径优化

随着生鲜电商的兴起,生鲜品的道路运输量越来越大,其配送任务越来越复杂,提升客户满意度是生鲜品配送的重要目标组成。文章以一个具有配送自主权的生鲜品供应商为研究对象,以整个计划周期内生鲜品配送的车辆运输成本最小及客户满意度最大为双目标,且客户满意度从顾客的个体视角考虑,构建双目标多车程带时间窗及考虑订单打包时间的车辆路径优化模型。基于ε-约束方法,设计了两阶段变邻域搜索(VNS)和模拟退火(SA)相结合的元启发式算法,基于车辆构造初始路线,并针对性地提出了3点改进措施,包括通过数学性质推导下界、减少求解过程中不必要的搜索空间以及规避求解过程中被支配解的后优化处理。最后,以Solomon标准算例为基础构造算例对所设计的算法进行了计算实验,其求解结果表明:其设计的算法具有有效性,并通过敏感性分析得出相关管理启示。

代销平台参与下易腐农产品供应链决策研究

易腐农产品存在生命周期短、损耗率高等特性,所以对易腐农产品采用预售成为非常受欢迎的销售方式。在众多预售方法中,代销平台开展线上直播“预售+直销”的促销方式,使得易腐农产品能够更好地售卖。鉴于此,文章考虑由供应商和代销平台主导的二级供应链中,构建直播“预售+直销”模式下的供应链博弈模型,并对供应商和代销平台的利润和价格进行决策研究。研究发现:直销模式相比预售模式需要更高的佣金水平才能使销量提高。直销模式下折扣次数过多会导致供应商利润下降,但销量会增加。合理的佣金能够促进代销平台促销,且不会降低供应商最终利润。文章的研究结果可以为进行线上直播售卖并促销的代销平台提供支持,并为供应商和平台的最终利润提供理论依据。

双渠道供应链下易腐品的库存和定价决策

以现实易腐产品供应链为背景,研究单一零售商和单一供应商组成的双渠道供应链模型,即供应商可通过直接在线渠道和间接零售渠道销售易腐产品,除了产品数量下降外,产品质量也会随着时间的推移而下降,同时,产品质量的下降会影响零售渠道的需求率。分别建立集中式和分散式两类模型,并提出相应算法求解最佳价格、订购频率和订购周期等。结果显示,分散式的供应链不仅会侵蚀两家公司的利润,并且产品的浪费率也较高。通过采用收入分享和二部定价法的方式能够协调供应链,减少供应链的总浪费率。同时,随着产品劣化率的提高,两家公司会更倾向于进行供应链协调,协调合同对零售商利润的提升更为显著。在模型扩展部分考虑直接渠道的交货时间,结果表明,分散式模型的供应商会投入更多资金以缩短交货时间。

Inventory Policy and Heuristic for Long-Term Multi-product Perishable Inventory Routing Problem with Static Demand

This work considers a long-term Perishable Inventory Routing Problem with multiple products,static demand,and single vehicle,in the setting of Vendor Managed Inventory.By analyzing the optimal solutions of long-term cases that can be solved in Python+Gurobi within 2 h,we capture some patterns of optimal solutions.Utilizing these patterns,experiments show that under certain conditions,the mathematical models of multi-product problems could be simplified to single-product problems,which have the same optimal solutions while taking less time to solve.Managerial insights were generated that for products with static demand in the long term,delivery should be arranged at the store level rather than at the product level.Products in the same store should have the same delivery pattern,no matter how different the unit holding costs are.By further analyzing the optimal solutions of the simplified models,we find that optimal value will stabilize in the long term,and the optimal solution is very close to the solution point where total inventory holding cost and transportation cost are close.Based on these findings,we have developed a heuristic that always provides optimal or close-to-optimal solutions with far less computational time,compared with Python+Gurobi.

生产能力约束下易逝品动态批量决策研究

针对易逝品在生产能力有限的情况下的决策问题,首先通过构建包含生产成本和库存持有成本在内的成本最小化模型,分析了生产成本和库存持有成本为一般化的单调递增凹函数的最优动态批量决策和相互影响。然后通过求解模型得出了最优解的结构特性,并设计出前向动态规划算法以及分析了无投机性成本结构的特殊情形。研究发现:在生产计划中,不同周期生产的产品库存应按照先进先出的原则满足各周期需求;若任意周期的需求都不大于生产能力,则著名的零库存性质在时间依赖的库存损失率及库存持有成本和生产能力双重约束下仍然成立。

Welcome to the China Hi-Tech Fair 2008 The Largest and Most Important Trade Fair of High Technologies and Products in China

In 1999,the Chinese government decided to launch an annual high-tech trade show.China Hi-Tech Fair(CHTF)-in Shenzhen.So far,The CHTF has been held successfully for eight years.

努力水平影响损耗的低值易逝品TPL协调合同

对于一类低值易逝品,损耗与物流服务价格是影响这类产品订购与销售价格决策的重要影响因素.主要研究了第3方物流服务提供商的努力水平会影响到客户企业产品的数量和质量损耗情形下的物流外包渠道优化与协调问题.通过建立动态博弈模型,分析了传统交易价格合同下双方的决策行为,结果表明双方的决策冲突会导致产品订购量和销售价格的扭曲,但不存在努力水平的扭曲,进而会导致次优渠道绩效.为了解决这一问题,设计了收入共享与努力成本共担合同,并论证了在一定条件下这一合同可以实现渠道协调、双方共赢.最后,相应的算例表明努力水平影响产品质量和数量损耗的程度会对双方、集中式系统的决策行为和绩效产生重要的影响.

基于RFID技术的易逝品供应链库存协调

针对易逝品供应链节点企业库存数据不准确的问题,考虑采用射频识别技术和不采用射频识别技术两种情形,建立了集中决策下供应链系统以及分散决策下零售商、供应商的订货(生产决策)模型;分析了分散决策下节点企业的最优策略。通过分析和比较采用射频识别技术前后的最优收益,确定了射频识别技术在供应链中的应用条件和应用策略;进一步建立了推进射频识别技术应用的供应链协调模型,给出了上下游企业达到协调的条件。最后通过算例分析,验证了射频识别技术应用策略与供应链协调策略的有效性。

HPLC测定一次性塑料用品中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

本文用高压、液体色谱柱LichrospherC-18(250mm×4.6mmID,5μm),以乙腈-水为流动相,流速为1.0mL/min,线性梯度乙腈从70%到100%,采用质谱检测器对邻苯二甲酸酯进行定性鉴定。邻苯二甲酸二甲脂(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二甲酸辛酯(DOP)浓度分别为1.1～89mg/L,0.9～74mg/L,0.9～71mg/L和0.9～68mg/L时线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为83%,89%,86%,87%(n=5)。建立了准确度和灵敏度高,方便快捷有效的一次性塑料用品中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的高效液相色谱定量分析方法。

有新鲜度限制的易腐品生产-配送协同调度

为提高按订单生产模式下快速易腐品的生产/配送效率,在兼顾企业运营成本和顾客对产品新鲜度要求的情况下,以总配送成本最小和交付产品总的新鲜度最大为目标,建立了具有最低新鲜度限制的易腐品生产-配送协同调度双目标优化模型,并设计了基于双子串编码的带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法。首先,描述了客户时间窗和交付产品新鲜度,定义了多产品情形下的客户产品平均新鲜度,建立了生产-配送协同调度双目标模型。然后,对约束条件和两个目标函数进行了转换,采用双子串的染色体编码方式,以及带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法的算子结构和进化框架对问题进行求解。最后,基于算例分析,对所设计的算法与基于Pareto的模拟退火算法的计算结果进行对比。实验结果表明,两个目标存在效益悖反现象,且所设计的算法能够获得有效的Pareto前沿解集;对产品最低新鲜度的敏感性分析表明,在使用车辆数量较少时,最低新鲜度限制约束对总配送成本和交付产品总的新鲜度有显著影响。

季节性易逝品预售与回购联合决策研究

基于季节性易逝品短销售期和短保质期的"双短"特性,其高额利润通常伴随着较大需求不确定性,而且一旦错过销售季节,其极低的残值将导致巨大经济损失与资源浪费.折价预售策略将鼓励消费者提前购买,经销商也可通过预售产品数量的获知来提升市场需求预测的准确性.但消费者在享受预购折价优惠的同时,也可能承担未见到实物产品即进行购买的期望价值损失.此时,经销商若采取回购,则是对消费者利益的直接保障,而在产生回购成本的同时,也可以通过提高预售价格与降低实物订货量等方式带来新增利润.考虑策略型消费者行为,对预售与回购联合策略和单一预售策略进行对比,构建两种策略下的经销商收益模型,并得出相应的最优预售价格与最优订购量.研究发现,当商品单位成本较大或回购价格较低时,预售与回购联合策略的实施能够使经销商获得更优收益,且最优预售价格高于单一预售策略,最优订货量则低于单一预售策略,从而为经销商营销策略选择进行决策支持.

短生命周期产品动态定价下供应链协调问题分析

因为逾期的短生命周期产品的价值近似为0,零售商必须在一定时间内完成对库存产品的销售。由于需求的不确定性,短生命周期产品的零售商们常常通过动态定价的方式来影响需求,实现自身收益最大化。考察了制造商采取何种契约能够实现与零售商的双赢——供应链协调。分析了3种最常见的契约形式:回购契约、价格折扣契约和收益共享契约。分析发现,上述3种契约形式中,只有收益共享契约能够实现零售商动态定价时供应链协调。另外,价格折扣契约的变形——数量价格折扣契约也可以实现零售商动态定价时供应链协调。

易逝性高科技产品收益管理资源分配及定价策略

高科技产品作为典型的易逝性产品,其定价对于零售商的利润有着举足轻重的影响,而收益管理作为近来解决易逝性产品定价的利器,正日益受到理论界和实践人士的关注。为了满足顾客需求的多样性,制造商向市场推出消耗同一资源的多个最终产品。建立考虑多个产品多阶段资源分配及周期性定价策略模型,讨论模型性质和求解算法,对建立的模型采用线性需求函数进行算例分析和讨论,得出一些有意义的结论。