Surface Rupture and Co-seismic Displacement Produced by the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake of May ^(12)th,2008,Sichuan,China:Eastwards Growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

An earthquake of Ms 8 struck Wenchuan County, western Sichuan, China, on May 12^th, 2008 and resulted in long surface ruptures （〉300 km）. The first-hand observations about the surface ruptures produced by the earthquake in the worst-hit areas of Yingxiu, Beichuan and Qingchuan, ascertained that the causative structure of the earthquake was in the central fault zones of the Longmenshan tectonic belt. Average co-seismic vertical displacements along the individual fault of the Yingxiu-Beiehuan rupture zone reach 2.514 m and the cumulative vertical displacements across the central and frontal Longmenshan fault belt is about 5-6 m. The surface rupture strength was reduced from north of Beichuan to Qingchuan County and shows 2-3 m dextral strike-slip component. The Wenchuan thrust-faulting earthquake is a manifestation of eastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau under the action of continuous convergence of the Indian and Eurasian continents.

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake's Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.

Nested Newmark model to estimate permanent displacement of seismic slopes with tensile strength cut-off

Nested Newmark model(NNM) is a conceptual framework to assessing post-earthquake movements including dispersed shear movements. The original NNM omits that the tensile stresses would be encountered in slopes induced by earthquakes. The purpose of this study is to introduce the tensile strength cut-off and the relevant failure mechanism into NNM and conduct the limit analysis to determine the seismic displacement. Parametric studies are carried out to further investigate the influence of the tensile strength and input ground motions on permanent displacement. Neglecting the tensile strength can underestimate the permanent displacements of slopes. As the peak acceleration increases, the underestimation becomes more significant. With the reduction of tensile strength, much larger deformation occurs next to the slope crest. Although the present results are limited to an example, the method is of value in practice to predict the post-earthquake profile of slope.

Permanent displacement models of earthquake-induced landslides considering near-fault pulse-like ground motions

The permanent displacement of seismic slopes can be regarded as an effective criterion for stability estimation. This paper studied the characteristics of permanent displacements induced by velocity pulse-like ground motions and developed an empirical model to readily evaluate the stability of seismic slopes in a near-fault region. We identified 264 velocity pulse-like ground motions from the Next Generation Attenuation(NGA) database using the latest improved energy-based approach. All selected ground motions were rotated to the orientation of the strongest observed pulse for considering the directivity of the pulse effect, so that the most dangerous condition for slopes was considered. The results show the velocity pulse-like ground motions have a much more significant effect on permanent displacement of slopes than non-pulse-like ground motions. A regression model based on a function of peak ground velocity(PGV), peak ground acceleration(PGA) and critical acceleration(ac), was generated. A significant difference was found by comparing the presented model with classical models from literatures. This model can be used to evaluate the seismic slope stability considering the effects of nearfault pulse-like characteristics.

Research on Co-seismic Displacement of the Yutian MS7.3 Earthquake Based on the High Frequency Data of GNSS

After the Yutian M_S7.3 earthquake,the authors instantly collected 1Hz high frequency data of the 4 reference stations within 350 km around the epicenter,and calculated the GNSS data with the TRACK module. The results showed that:( 1) The co-seismic displacement of Yutian station,about 54 km from the epicenter,is the most obvious,particularly in the EW component,with a change of about 52.5 ± 11mm,which is more than three times the mean-square error of calculating precision.( 2) In the Yutian reference station,the biggest variation in the EW component appeared within 1 minute after the earthquake.( 3) The change in the NS component is not great.

Multi-scale Decomposition of Co-seismic Deformation from High Resolution DEMs:a Case Study of the 2004 Mid-Niigata Earthquake

Decomposing co-seismic deformation is an immediate need for researchers who are interested in earthquake inversion analysis and geo-hazard mapping. However, conventional InSAR or digital elevation models （DEMs） imagery analyses only provide the displacement in the Line-of-Sight （LOS） direction or elevation changes. The 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake in Japan provides lessons on how to decompose co-seismic deformation from two sets of DEMs. If three adjacent points undergo a rigid-body-translation movement, their co-seismic deformation can be decomposed by solving simultaneous equations. Although this method has been successfully used to discuss tectonic deformations, the algorithm needed improvement and a more rigorous algorithm, including a new definition of nominal plane, DEMs comparability improvement and matrix condition check is provided. Even with these procedures, the obtained decomposed displacement often showed remarkable scatter prompting the use of the moving average method, which was used to determine both tectonic and localized displacement characteristics. A cut-off window and a pair of band-pass windows were selected according to the regional geology and construction activities to ease the tectonic and localized displacement calculations, respectively. The displacement field of the tectonic scale shows two major clusters of large lateral components, and coincidently major visible landslides were found mostly within them. The localized displacement helps to reveal hidden landslides in the target area. As far as the Kizawa hamlet is concerned, the obtained vectors show down-slope movements, which are consistent with the observed traces of dislocations that were found in the Kizawa tunnel and irrigation wells. The method proposed has great potential to be applied to understanding post-earthquake rehabilitation in other areas.

Numerical simulation of co-seismic deformation of 2011 Japan Mw9.0 earthquake

Co-seismic displacements associated with the Mw9.0 earthquake on March 11, 2011 in Japan are numerically simulated on the basis of a finite-fault dislocation model with PSGRN/PSCMP software. Compared with the inland GPS observation, 90% of the computed eastward, northward and vertical displacements have residuals less than 0.10 m, suggesting that the simulated results can be, to certain extent, used to demon- strate the co-seismic deformation in the near field. In this model, the maximum eastward displacement increa- ses from 6 m along the coast to 30 m near the epicenter, where the maximum southward displacement is 13 m. The three-dimensional display shows that the vertical displacement reaches a maximum uplift of 14.3 m, which is comparable to the tsunami height in the near-trench region. The maximum subsidence is 5.3 m.

Pre-seismic and Co-seismic Crustal Movements of the M 7.3 Kyushu Earthquake on April 16,2016 in Japan

The time series of coordinates of a large number of GPS stations in the world,processed by Prof. Geoffrey Blewitt with GIPSY software are available at http://geodesy. unr. edu.Based on the time series of coordinates in the global reference frame of IGS08 at more than250 stations of continuous GPS observations,downloaded from the website,the co-seismic displacements of the M7. 3 Kyushu earthquake on April 16,2016 in Japan and the preseismic strain accumulations and displacements in the regional reference frame were obtained. The station of continuous GPS observation at BJFS near Beijing has been quite stable in displacement in the eastern part of China for more than 17 years since the beginning of its operation,and this station is used as the core station in the regional reference frame for the pre-seismic displacement of the Kyushu earthquake of M7. 3. The main feature of the pre-seismic displacements of the Kyushu earthquake is characterized by locking in the crust at and near the epicenter. The anomalous pre-seismic strain accumulation developed in an area of anomalous accumulation of the shear strain component of γ1 on the northeast side of the epicenter,with increasing size of the area and increasing magnitude in γ1. The largest area covered by the anomalous γ1 is about 2000 km2. The change in the E component at BJFS since November 26,2015 was caused by the replacement of the receiver and the antenna at the station. In order to study the shortterm change in displacements at stations at and near the epicenter,the time series at 3 stations with continuous GPS observations,2 at SUWN and DAEJ in south Korea and 1 at BJSH near Beijing were analyzed. The analysis shows that the displacements at the 3 stations have been quite stable in the same manner in east Asia. Thus,BJSH is used as the core station in the regional reference frame of displacement and the displacement time series show that there were no significant short term anomalies before the earthquake.

Co-seismic deformation derived from GPS observations during April 20th,2013 Lushan Earthquake,Sichuan,China

We process the standard 30 s, static GPS data and the 1 s, high-rate GPS （HRGPS） data provided by the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China with GAMIT/GLOBK software package, and obtain the co- seismic displacements of near field and far field, and the epoch-by-epoch time series of HRGPS during Lushan earthquake. GPS data from about 20 sites in Sichuan province, which located between 40 and 450 km from the epicenter, are analyzed so as to study the characteristics of the static displacements and the dynamic crustal defor- mations, with periods ranging from several minutes to over a month. The result shows that： the static displacements caused by Lushan earthquake are limited to several centi- meters; the nearest station SCTQ at 43 km from the epi- center has the largest static displacement of about 2 cm, while the other stations generally have insignificant dis- placements of less than 5 mm. the stations in the east ofSichuan-Yunnan region shifts 5-10 mm toward the southwest, and the stations in the middle-west of Sichuan Basin moves indistinctively 1-2 mm toward the northwest; station SCTQ has the largest kinematic displacement of about 4 and 3 cm peak-to-peak on the north and east component, respectively, and is much greater than the static permanent displacement; for the stations located at a distance greater than 150 km from the epicenter, the kinematic motions are generally insignificant; exception- ally, station SCNC and station SCSN in central Sichuan Basin have significant kinematic motions although they are more than 200 km away from the epicenter.

Coseismic gravity and displacement changes of Japan Tohoku earthquake(Mw 9.0)

The greatest earthquake in the modern history of Japan and probably the fourth greatest in the last 100 years in the world occurred on March 11, 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku.Large tsunami and ground motions caused severe damage in wide areas, particularly many towns along the Pacific coast. So far, gravity change caused by such a great earthquake has been reported for the 1964 Alaska and the 2010 Maule events. However, the spatial-temporal resolution of the gravity data for these cases is insufficient to depict a co-seismic gravity field variation in a spatial scale of a plate subduction zone. Here, we report an unequivocal co-seismic gravity change over the Japanese Island, obtained from a hybrid gravity observation（combined absolute and relative gravity measurements）. The time interval of the observation before and after the earthquake is within 1 year at almost all the observed sites, including 13 absolute and 16 relative measurement sites, which deduced tectonic and environmental contributions to the gravity change. The observed gravity agrees well with the result calculated by a dislocation theory based on a self-gravitating and layered spherical earth model. In this computation, a co-seismic slip distribution is determined by an inversion of Global Positioning System（GPS） data. Of particular interest is that the observed gravity change in some area is negative where a remarkable subsidence is observed by GPS, which can not be explained by simple vertical movement of the crust. This indicated that the mass redistribution in the underground affects the gravity change. This result supports the result that Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment（GRACE） satellites detected a crustal dilatation due to the 2004 Sumatra earthquake by the terrestrial observation with a higher spatial and temporal resolution.

Seismic stability and permanent displacement of landfill along liners

The three-part wedge limit equilibrium method for seismic stability analysis of the landfill along liners is presented. The approximate solutions of the factor of safety and the yield acceleration coefficient are obtained. Parametric studies show that the interface strength of liners, the shear strength of waste and the height of retaining wall can influence the seismic stability of landfill along liners. The density and the shear wave velocity of the field waste are obtained by the borehole investigation and the spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW), respectively. The strain-dependent shear modulus and damping ratio of the artifical waste are obtained by the moderate-scale dynamic triaxial tests. The onedimensional (1D) equivalent linear dynamic response analysis is used to calculate the horizontal equivalent seismic coefficient-time history of the sliding landfill during earthquake. The seismic permanent displacement of the landfill along liners with different site conditons and heights is evaluated by the Newmark method. The catculated results show that ratio of ky /kmax, site conditions, the amplitude and frequency content of the bedrock motion can affect the seismic permanent displacement of the landfill along liners in some degree. Finally, the seismic stability and permanent displacements of three expanded configurations of a certain landfill case are analyzed.

断层永久位移预测及断层悬索桥地震响应研究

断层错动诱导的地表破裂永久位移对跨断层桥梁结构会造成严重破坏,准确预测断层错位的永久位移对跨断层桥梁结构抗震性能评估具有重要意义。首先结合反向传播神经网络(BPNN)提出具有较高精度的断层错位量预测模型,然后通过低频成分叠加高频成分方法人工合成断层面两侧地震动(简称跨断层地震动),最后以某主跨为538 m的跨断层大跨钢桁架悬索桥为研究对象,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立考虑桩−土相互作用(m法)的全桥计算模型,探究断层位置和跨越角度对悬索桥地震响应的影响。结果表明:基于BPNN提出的方法能精确预测断层位错永久位移,对比已有的回归公式具有更高的精度,为人工合成跨断层地震动的准确性提供了保障;断层相对位置会显著影响桥梁结构的地震响应,与近断层地震动作用相比,在跨断层地震动作用下,悬索桥的塔底剪力、弯矩、相对位移以及扭矩响应增加了22.79%、154.1%、139.36%和265.48%;断层跨越角度对悬索桥动力响应影响明显,其响应均以跨越角度θ=90°呈规律对称分布,塔顶纵向位移、塔底纵向弯矩、塔底纵向剪力以及塔底扭矩最大值均出现在θ=90°,分别为0.81 m、282.45 MN∙m、3.96 MN和6.14 MN∙m。研究成果可为跨断层悬索桥抗震分析提供一套简便、可靠的人工地震动合成方法,也揭示了跨越角度和断层位置对跨断层悬索桥地震响应的影响。

考虑永久位移的锚索框架减震锚头弹簧组件合理刚度研究

强震作用下预应力框架锚索可能出现内锚段松脱、锚索拉断等震害,在锚头处设置弹簧是一种新型抗震措施,而弹簧刚度的合理选取对改善锚索受力至关重要。建立在锚头处设置弹簧预应力锚索框架的加固基岩-覆盖层边坡三维数值模型,研究边坡在不同峰值加速度、不同持时地震波作用下响应规律,调整锚索-弹簧串联体系等效刚度大小,分析坡体永久位移和锚索轴力减载比随弹簧刚度的非线性变化特征;以控制边坡位移及锚索减载效果为目标,提出弹簧组件的合理刚度确定方法。研究表明:随弹簧刚度降低,缓冲减震作用逐渐显著;坡顶水平加速度受刚度变化影响较小,但当弹簧刚度低于临界值后边坡位移及弹簧变形量急剧增加;以边坡永久位移实际调查经验限值为首要控制条件,结合位移、弹簧峰值行程随刚度变化拟合“直-曲分界点”曲线,以共同确定弹簧刚度下限;同理,依据减载比拟合曲线轴力削减明显区段得出刚度上限,以保证一定工程经济性。针对算例模型取永久位移10 cm、拟合曲线曲率k小于0.002 k max作为直曲分界判断依据,得0.4 g~0.6g强震下弹簧刚度区间为(2.5,3.8)kN/mm,研究方法可为边坡预应力锚固工程抗震设计提供参考。

跨走滑断层大跨度桁架悬索桥地震响应分析

跨越断层的长大跨度桥梁难免会受到断层错动作用,为探究跨走滑断层地震动参数对大跨度悬索桥地震响应的影响,以某主跨为538 m的钢桁架悬索桥为例,利用ABAQUS建立考虑桩-土相互作用(“m”法)的全桥有限元模型。通过叠加人工低频地震成分和实际高频地震成分,合成了跨走滑断层地震动,采用非一致激励位移时程法,重点分析永久位移、脉冲周期和跨断层角度对大跨度悬索桥的动力响应影响。结果表明:随着永久位移增大,桥塔动力响应呈不同幅度的增长,特别是横桥向位移、剪力,以及顺桥向弯矩增幅比较明显,分别增大97%、88%和95%,且剪力的增大加剧了桥塔发生剪切破坏的风险;随着脉冲周期减小,桥塔沿顺桥向和横桥向的动力响应增幅差距较大,当脉冲周期小于4 s时,桥塔横桥向位移、剪力,以及顺桥向弯矩相较于另一方向增幅更为明显,其增幅分别为492.5%、170%和189.2%;跨断层角度对桥塔的动力响应影响较大,且沿顺桥向和横桥向的响应变化趋势相反,跨断层角度为90°时,桥塔横桥向位移、剪力取得最大值,而弯矩取得最小值,且桥塔动力响应均在合理范围内,为最佳跨越角度。

单霍尔故障下无轴承永磁薄片电机径向位移容错检测

由于人工无轴承心脏泵要求微型化,所以心脏泵系统不能采用大体积的电涡流传感器来采集径向位移信息。基于霍尔测径向位移的无轴承永磁薄片电机采用霍尔同时辨识转角和径向位移,大幅降低系统体积。霍尔输出信号直接影响无轴承电机悬浮性能,当单个霍尔传感器故障时,由于缺失一相磁链导致电机失浮。为了提高基于霍尔测径向位移的无轴承永磁薄片电机容错能力,该文针对单霍尔传感器故障时角度和径向位移信息会重新耦合,难以高精度分离的问题,提出基于谐波补偿的霍尔磁链重构算法。首先,采用磁链重构思想,利用剩余非故障霍尔重构解算径向位移的一相磁链;然后,对上述重构磁链中不偏心3次谐波进行补偿,并构建霍尔矫正表求解径向位移;最后,搭建实验平台,通过仿真和实验验证了所提算法的准确性。

永磁同步直线电机位移误差的预设性能反步控制策略

单轴电机的伺服控制主要是对位移跟踪精度的控制,误差较大意味着跟随效果较差。目前对电机位移误差的控制策略大多难以做到定量的约束控制。本文提出一种将位移误差设置在预期范围内的预设性能反步控制策略,来定量调控输出位移误差的响应时间以及超调量等暂态性能,降低直线电机的位移误差。本文设计了预设性能函数作为控制边界,保证位移跟踪误差处于误差范围内并按设定时间快速收敛,利用Lyapunov理论设计反步控制器保证了系统的闭环稳定性和跟踪误差的收敛性。最后,利用直线电机伺服实验平台,通过不同工况高精度点位运动实验,证明了该控制算法能够有效降低点位运动的位置跟随误差。

建设期路堑高边坡地震稳定性评价方法及应用

路堑边坡除了在完成支护措施后需要满足工程稳定性要求以外,在建设过程中也不能发生大的失稳变形破坏。为了综合评价建设期路堑高边坡修筑过程的稳定性,提出一种地震稳定性综合评价方法,分别分析整个施工过程中边坡的动力稳定性、塑性变形和框格梁破坏,并对典型边坡案例的实际施工次序和推荐施工次序进行了计算。结果表明“一坡到底”的施工方法在高烈度区更容易受到地震影响,发生大的滑动可能性显著增加。而采用“开挖一级,加固一级”的方法发生滑动概率更小,框格梁的完整性能得到较好的保存。能为建设期路堑高边坡地震稳定性评价提供重要的指导意义。

弧形永磁体外部磁场的均匀性分析

在精密测量和航空航天领域,类磁栅位移传感器对永磁体产生磁场的均匀性有很高的要求,但常见的永磁体磁场均匀性较差,从而影响液压缸位移的高精确、高可靠测量。因此,本文设计了一种具有独特结构的弧形永磁体,首先基于分子电流假说和比奥-萨法尔定律,推导弧形永磁体在空间任一点产生磁感应强度的表达式;其次利用Maxwell电磁场分析软件对永磁体的结构尺寸进行优化,确定弧形永磁体的基本尺寸;最后搭建实验平台测量永磁体对应位置处的磁感应强度,通过对比实测数据和Maxwell仿真数据,结果表明:仿真与实验结果基本吻合,弧形永磁体能够产生较为均匀的磁场,磁场均匀区域的相对误差最大不超过3%;在类磁栅位移传感器的实际应用中,敏感元件在弧形永磁体均匀磁场内测试得到一致性较好的简谐信号,为传感器后续细分处理保证信号质量,从而提升传感器的测试精度,进一步证明了弧形永磁体产生均匀磁场的实际意义。

基于图表法的岩质斜坡永久位移快速计算方法

岩质斜坡地震稳定性的快速评价是学者们关注的热点和难点。传统上,大多数研究采用图表法得到的安全系数快速评价岩质斜坡的地震稳定性,目前缺乏快速计算岩质斜坡临界加速度的方法。如何构建临界加速度模型是计算斜坡永久位移的前提条件。为此,采用有限元极限分析方法(平均界解)和广义Hoek-Brown强度准则,提出了一种快速计算岩质斜坡临界加速度的新方法。对概化岩质斜坡进行数值建模,基于1 960次的案例计算结果,绘制了岩质斜坡临界加速度图,通过2次拟合统计分析,构建了岩质斜坡临界加速度与斜坡几何条件和强度参数的函数表达式,并将本文方法与Newmark模型和数值解进行了比较。结果表明,本文方法的计算精度比Newmark模型更接近数值解。所开发的岩质斜坡永久位移计算方法高效、便捷,不仅能够用于单体斜坡地震稳定性的快速计算,还可以为计算区域尺度内大量斜坡的永久位移提供技术支撑。

无轴承永磁同步电主轴的模糊滑模位移控制

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