The Study of Optimal Structure and Value of Dump Resistance in Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators

This paper studied the direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous machine (permanent magnet synchronous generator, PMSG) Chopper optimal topology and resistance value. Compared the different Chopper circuit low voltage ride-through capability in the same grid fault conditions in simulation. This paper computes the dump resistance ceiling according to the power electronic devices and over-current capability. Obtaining the dump resistance low limit according to the temperature resistance allows, and calculating the optimal value by drop voltage in the DC-Bus during the fault. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is verified by simulation results.

Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

考虑频率耦合特性的D-PMSG复数域阻抗建模及其特征分析

阻抗分析法因其简单有效被广泛用于含电力电子变换器的互联系统稳定性研究。然而,采用传统方法对频域序阻抗建模时,需通过非线性变换(Park变换及其反变换)进行坐标系转换,这会导致不同周期分量的卷积运算及相应的频移,其过程较为烦琐。针对上述问题,基于复向量时域微分算子,提出了永磁直驱同步发电机(D-PMSG)等效阻抗建模方法。该方法在时域周期系统稳定运行轨迹的邻域内直接进行小信号线性化,并采用指数旋转因子灵活反映系统受扰后的时变特性,结合时域微分算子等效表征互联系统控制环节的动态特性,避免了频域阻抗建模时坐标系的反复变换,大幅降低了解析建模的复杂度。此外,所提方法能够更加清晰地阐释互联系统受到扰动时D-PMSG并网逆变器产生频率耦合现象的物理意义;同时,能够说明基频电压初始相位对耦合分量相频特性的影响。最后,利用仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。

Integrated Equivalent Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Turbine for Large-scale Offshore Wind Farm Simulation

The high-speed simulation of large-scale offshore wind farms(OWFs) preserving the internal machine information has become a huge challenge due to the large wind turbine(WT) count and microsecond-range time step. Hence, it is undoable to investigate the internal node information of the OWF in the electro-magnetic transient(EMT) programs. To fill this gap,this paper presents an equivalent modeling method for largescale OWF, whose accuracy and efficiency are guaranteed by integrating the individual devices of permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG) based WT. The node-elimination algorithm is used while the internal machine information is recursively updated. Unlike the existing aggregation methods, the developed EMT model can reflect the characteristics of each WT under different wind speeds and WT parameters without modifying the codes. The access to each WT controller is preserved so that the time-varying dynamics of all the WTs could be simulated. Comparisons of the proposed model with the detailed model in PSCAD/EMTDC have shown very high precision and high efficiency. The proposed modeling procedures can be used as reference for other types of WTs once the structures and parameters are given.

A Novel Modified Fuzzy-predictive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based Wind Energy Conversion System

A wind energy conversion system(WECS)based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)is an effective solution for renewable energy generation in modern power systems.The main advantages of PMSG include high performance at high and low speeds,minimal control effort owing to lower rotor inertia,self-excitation,high reliability,and simplicity of structure compared with induction generators.However,the intermittent nature of wind energy implies that maximum efficiency is not obtained from this system.Accordingly,maximum power point tracking(MPPT)in wind turbine systems has been proposed to address this problem.Traditional MPPT strategies suffer from severe output power fluctuations,low efficiency,and significant ripples in turbine rotation speed.This paper presents a novel MPPT control strategy based on fuzzy logic control(FLC)and model predictive control(MPC)to extract the maximum power from a PMSG-WECS and control the machine-side and grid-side converters.The simulation results obtained from Matlab/Simulink confirm the superiority of the control model in eliminating the output power fluctuations of the wind generators and accurately tracking the maximum power point.A comparative study between conventional MPPT and control methods is also conducted.

基于Boost变换器的D-PMSG风力发电系统MPPT控制

为了提高直驱永磁风力发电系统的最大功率点跟踪控制性能,通过对Boost占空比变化与风力机输出特性的关系分析,提出一种基于模糊梯度步长爬山搜索法,将风力机输出转速变化量和风力机输出功率变化量作为模糊控制器的输入量,Boost变换器的占空比作为模糊控制器的输出量,实现风力机最大功率点跟踪控制。建立了系统仿真模型并进行仿真验证,结果表明,模糊梯度步长爬山搜索法能实现直驱永磁风力发电系统的最大功率点跟踪控制,控制效果优于传统变步长爬山搜索算法。

结合风速预测的直驱风电机组减载调频策略

直驱永磁风电机组常用的减载调频控制策略缺乏对风电机组运行经济性和调频能力的考虑,易导致系统出现调频能力不足或备用功率冗余的问题,对此提出了一种基于变减载率的优化减载调频策略。首先划分不同的风速模式,确立不同模式下的超速与变桨距协调控制方案;其次考虑系统调频能力和发电量两因素,设计函数求取不同工况下的最优减载率;由于风速波动频繁,风机控制具有延迟,因此利用风速预测和滑动窗口法对最优减载率做进一步调整;最后搭建系统仿真模型,通过改进的频率控制动态调整减载率参与系统调频。仿真实验表明,所提控制策略与常用的策略相比在实时风速、负荷扰动下系统频率动态偏差减小、达到最低值的时间延长,风机发电量增加,桨距角变化量减小。该策略能满足调频需求,提升调频质量,减小机械磨损,提高风机运行的经济性。

Fault Detection Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Wind Energy Converters Using Correlation Features Among Three-phase Currents

In a permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG)system,conversion systems are major points of failure that create expensive and time-consuming problems.Fault detection is usually used to achieve a steady system.This paper presents a full analysis of a PMSG system for wind turbines(WT)and proposes a fault detection method using correlation features.The proposed method is motivated by the balance among the three-phase currents both before and after an opencircuit fault occurs in a converter of the PMSG system.It is unnecessary to analyze the output waveforms of a converter during fault detection.In this study,two correlation features of stator currents,the mean and covariation,are extracted to train an artificial neural network(ANN),thereby enhancing the performance of the proposed method under different wind speed conditions.Moreover,additional sensors and the collection of a massive amount of data are not required.Model simulations of an ideal inverter and a PMSG system are conducted using PSCAD software.The simulation results show that the proposed method can detect the locations of faulty switches with a diagnostic rate greater than 99.4%for the ideal inverter,and the PMSG drives settings at different wind speeds.

Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Energy Storage for Stand-Alone Systems

This paper investigates a variable speed wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-scale power converter in a stand-alone system.An energy storage system(ESS)including battery and fuel cell-electrolyzer combination is connected to the DC link of the full-scale power converter through the power electronics interface.Wind is the primary power source of the system,the battery and FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system to provide or absorb power in the stand-alone system,respectively.In this paper,a control strategy is proposed for the operation of this variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system,where the generator-side converter and the ESS operate together to meet the demand of the loads.This control strategy is competent for supporting the variation of the loads or wind speed and limiting the DC-link voltage of the full-scale power converter in a small range.A simulation model of a variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system is developed using the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC.The dynamic performance of the stand-alone wind turbine system and the proposed control strategy is assessed and emphasized with the simulation results.

储能/发电机级联式供电系统功率传输控制策略

随着可再生能源渗透率的不断提升,区域电网惯性逐步降低,暂态支撑能力严重不足,给电网带来了一系列安全问题。文中提出一种储能与开绕组永磁同步发电机(open-winding permanent magnet synchronous generator,OW-PMSG)级联供电的新型分布式并网发电拓扑,在保证可再生能源消纳的前提下,重新利用原有柴油机,为电网提供功率后备以及惯量支撑。通过对OW-PMSG进行建模以及系统功率流矢量分析,设计基于源网相位差闭环控制的功率传输策略,实现发电机的稳定同步运行。基于该策略,拓扑中的储能变流器可具备同步发电机特性,实现了电网惯性和暂态支撑能力的进一步提升。仿真结果验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

Torque characteristics in a large permanent magnet synchronous generator with stator radial ventilating air ducts

目的:针对应用于海上风电的大型低速直驱型永磁同步发电机,研究具有径向通风风道定子和分段斜极的转子对于电机转矩特性的影响。创新点:利用二维和三维有限元分析,得到定子通风孔的存在对于电机转矩特性的影响,并且通过对永磁体结构和转子分段斜极的优化,得到其对电机转矩特性的影响,提高电机转矩性能,降低了对机械齿轮的要求。方法:首先,考虑到大型直驱型永磁同步发电机采用的机械齿轮的机械忍耐性受到限制,因此减少电机的转矩脉动具有非常重要的意义,对于海上工作的风力发电机来说尤为如此。接着,针对现有风力发电机,在具有定子通风孔条件下提出了对于电机永磁体形状的优化,并通过二维和三维的有限云分析,得到了其对电机转矩特性的影响。然后,通过提出对电机转子的分段斜极的优化,同样利用二维和三维的有限元分析得到不同转子结构对电机转矩特性的影响。最后,通过分析比较得到不同结构对电机平均转矩、转矩脉动等的影响。结论:针对大容量永磁同步发电机,我们发现定子通风孔不仅会降低电机的平均转矩,还会增加电机的转矩脉动,且电枢电流和转子分段斜极对减少电机的转矩脉动具有非常大的影响。

基于T-S模糊决策的PMSG风电系统广义预测控制

为提高风力发电系统在额定风速下的最大风能追踪性能,以永磁同步风力发电机(PMSG)为研究对象,采用局部等效建模方法,获得PMSG多工况运行的T-S模糊模型。以模糊规则后件作为受控自回归增量滑动平均(CARIMA)模型,采用广义预测控制(GPC)算法,对各模糊规则设计独立的GPC控制器,预测PMSG转速输出。仿真结果表明,在阶跃风速和组合风速的扰动下,基于T-S模糊决策的PMSG转速输出(如调节时间和超调量)较PI方法有明显下降,转速响应速度有大幅提高,最佳叶尖速比稳定在最优值,风能利用率显著提升。

直流受端馈入站与近区风电场系统振荡特性分析

随着高压直流输电工程的不断投产,以及风电项目的增多,越来越多的风电场出现在电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line-commutated-converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)受端换流站近区,两者构成的系统存在振荡风险。为此,该文针对直流受端馈入站与近区风电场系统的振荡特性展开研究。首先,建立并验证系统的状态空间模型,基于该模型计算出系统特征值,确定LCC-HVDC与风电场共同参与的振荡主导模式并进行参与因子分析。进一步地,通过对比是否接入LCC-HVDC的主导模式,得到LCC-HVDC的接入会削弱系统阻尼的结论。最后,从系统额定容量、交流系统短路比、风电场并网线路长度等方面探究系统稳定性的影响因素,并分析系统的不同短路比、潮流比对风机网侧换流器(grid-side converter,GSC)外环控制和换流站定电流控制器性能的影响。

应用三相Z源逆变器的PMSG风力发电系统MPPT方法

文中提出将新型的三相Z源逆变器应用于永磁同步发电机PMSG(permanent magnet synchronous generator)风力并网发电系统中,分析了此系统下的风能最大功率点跟踪MPPT(maximum power point tracking)原理。阐明了三相Z源逆变器直通占空比和发电机输出转速之间的关系,并设计了基于最大功率曲线的MPPT算法。该算法可省去风速和转速的测量,降低了系统的成本。利用计算机仿真绘图说明了系统做MPPT的工作点调节过程。最后的实验证实了理论分析和算法的正确法。

直驱风电系统PMSG有无速度传感器控制的比较

为了研究直驱型变速恒频风电系统永磁同步发电机(PMSG)的控制特性,在分析背靠背变流器工作原理的基础上,详细讨论了有无速度传感器控制的工作原理,有传感器控制采用高精度增量式编码器,无传感器控制采用基于锁相环的控制策略对PMSG的转速和相位进行观测。通过仿真和实验验证了高精度增量式编码器及无速度传感器控制在直驱型风电系统中应用的有效性。表明在直驱风电系统(WECS)中无速度传感器控制可以获得良好的控制效果,通过进一步优化能够替代高精度编码器参与控制。

D-PMSG经LCC-HVDC送出系统的次同步振荡特性分析

当直驱风机(direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous generator,D-PMSG)位于电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line-commutated-converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)整流站近区时,系统的次同步振荡(subsynchronous oscillation,SSO)特性尚不清晰,相关研究有待开展。针对上述问题,基于D-PMSG经LCC-HVDC送出系统,利用模块化分块建模法建立小信号模型,用特征值与参与因子研究了系统SSO模式中D-PMSG与LCC-HVDC的参与情况,并用特征值分析了系统参数对SSO阻尼的影响。研究结果表明:存在D-PMSG与LCC-HVDC共同参与的SSO模式,且LCC-HVDC接入为系统SSO提供负阻尼;当D-PMSG输电线路阻抗、GSC控制器外环积分系数增大时,SSO模式阻尼减小;当GSC控制器外环比例系数、D-PMSG直流侧电容、D-PMSG的风速、LCC-HVDC定电流控制器的比例系数增大时,SSO模式阻尼增大。基于PSCAD/EMTDC时域仿真结果,验证理论分析的正确性。

基于EUKF模型的PMSG系统无速度传感器控制

针对无速度传感器永磁同步发电机(PMSG)系统存在电阻摄动的问题,提出了基于增广无迹卡尔曼滤波(EUKF)模型的端口受控哈密尔顿(PCH)无源控制策略。首先建立含有电阻摄动的永磁同步发电机(PMSG)系统模型,运用PCH无源控制理论设计控制律实现系统最大风能捕获。然后将系统模型转化为由系统状态与定子电阻摄动参数组成的增广无迹卡尔曼(EUKF)模型,运用EUKF算法同时估计系统状态和电阻不确定参数,将估计结果实时传递给控制器。最后通过仿真进行验证,结果表明,该方法相比传统无迹卡尔曼滤波算法(UKF)具有更强的鲁棒性。

新型双转子双定子永磁同步发电机的磁场及耦合效应分析

为了解决目前海上风力发电机存在的成本高、体积大等问题,提出一种新型双转子双定子永磁同步发电机(DRDS-PMSG).建立了发电机的等效磁路模型,采用有限元分析方法评估了发电机的电磁特性及内外电机的耦合效应,部分仿真结果得到了实验验证.仿真结果表明:随着内、外永磁体相对位置的改变,电机等效磁路存在3种典型情况,并可通过耦合系数对耦合区域的等效磁阻进行描述;内、外电机的耦合效应体现在齿槽转矩、电磁转矩等电磁特性上,内、外电机的齿槽转矩峰峰值分别为0.52和1.64 kN·m,电磁转矩平均值分别为11.65和27.09 kN·m,转矩脉动分别为6.02%和4.12%;总体来看,内、外电机之间存在一定程度的耦合,但该耦合效应被隔磁环有效削弱.

使用无速度传感器的PMSG单位功率因数控制

使用永磁同步发电机(PMSG)的直驱风电系统目前发展很快,PMSG的控制对系统性能非常重要,其中无速度传感器控制也受到了广泛关注。为推进此一技术,采用单位功率因数控制方法控制永磁同步发电机以降低永磁直驱风电系统变流器的功率等级;采用基于锁相环的无速度传感器控制策略对电机转速和相位进行观测。实验结果表明在永磁直驱风电系统中,单位因数控制可以有效降低变流器容量,无速度传感器控制可以替代常规编码器参与控制并获得良好效果,从而证实了所采用的单位因数控制和无速度传感器控制策略的有效性。

一种PMSG的近似UPF控制方法研究

永磁同步发电机目前在各种驱动系统中的应用越来越多,采用单位功率因数控制方法对PMSG进行控制,可以降低变流器的功率等级,但是常规的UPF控制实现比较复杂。采用一种近似UPF控制方法,在电机参数满足一定假设条件的情况下,对PMSG的UPF控制方法进行简化,并将这种方法应用于永磁直驱风电实验系统中。仿真和实验结果证实了所采用的PMSG近似UPF控制策略的有效性。表明所提出的近似UPF控制策略可以基本实现永磁直驱风电系统PMSG的单位功率因数控制,获得良好的控制效果。