Electromagnetic Performance Analysis of Variable Flux Memory Machines with Series-magnetic-circuit and Different Rotor Topologies

In this paper,the electromagnetic performance of variable flux memory(VFM)machines with series-magnetic-circuit is investigated and compared for different rotor topologies.Based on a V-type VFM machine,five topologies with different interior permanent magnet(IPM)arrangements are evolved and optimized under same constrains.Based on two-dimensional(2-D)finite element(FE)method,their electromagnetic performance at magnetization and demagnetization states is evaluated.It reveals that the iron bridge and rotor lamination region between constant PM(CPM)and variable PM(VPM)play an important role in torque density and flux regulation(FR)capabilities.Besides,the global efficiency can be improved in VFM machines by adjusting magnetization state(MS)under different operating conditions.

Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor with Asymmetric Rotor for High Torque Performance

Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor(PMA-SynRM)is a kind of high torque density energy conversion device widely used in modern industry.In this paper,based on the basic topology of PMA-SynRM,a novel PMA-SynRM of asymmetric rotor with position-biased magnet is proposed.The asymmetric rotor design with position-biased magnet realizes the concentration of magnetic field lines in the motor air gap to obtain higher electromagnetic torque,and makes both of magnetic and reluctance torque obtain the peak value at the same current phase angle.The asymmetric rotor configuration is theoretically illustrated by space vector diagram,and the feasibility of high torque performance of the motor is verified.Through the finite element simulation,the effect of the side barrier on output torque and the Mises stress under the rotor asymmetrical design are analyzed.Then the motor characteristics including airgap flux density,back EMF,magnetic torque,reluctance torque,torque ripple,losses,and efficiency are calculated for both the basic and proposed PMA-SynRMs.The results show that the proposed PMA-SynRM has higher torque and efficiency than the basic topology.Moreover,the torque ripple of the proposed PMA-SynRM is reduced by the method with harmonic current injection,and the torque characteristics in the whole current cycle are analyzed.Finally,the endurance to avoid PM demagnetization is confirmed based on the PM remanence calculation.

基于磁热双向耦合的PMSM转子动态偏心研究

针对外转子永磁同步电机(permanent magnet synchronous motor,PMSM)在制造、装配及使用过程中负载作用引起的动态偏心的影响,以120槽48级PMSM为研究对象,使用一种考虑温度变化对电机材料属性影响并反馈到电磁分析中进行多次迭代计算的磁热双向耦合分析方法,通过建立PMSM磁热双向耦合模型,基于额定工况对模型进行仿真计算,求解并分析了转子动态偏心对PMSM各部分损耗、温升、电磁性能及径向不平衡磁拉力的影响规律。研究表明,随着偏心率的增加,气隙磁密出现不均匀分布,并产生径向不平衡电磁力,其中径向电磁力密度谐波起主要作用的为低次、奇数谐波;磁密变化造成PMSM损耗和温升增加。通过对比表明,磁热双向耦合与单向磁热耦合相比更接近真实数据,具有更高的分析精度和可靠性。

Analysis of electromagnetic characteristics of typical faults in permanent magnet wind generators

Due to the harsh actual operating environment of the permanent magnet wind turbine,it is easy to break down and difficult to monitor.Therefore,the electromagnetic characteristics identification of major fault types of large-scale permanent magnet wind turbines is studied in this paper.The typical faults of rotor eccentricity,stator winding short circuit and permanent magnet demagnetization of permanent magnet wind turbines are analyzed theoretically.The wavelet analysis algorithm is used to decompose and reconstruct the abnormal electromagnetic signal waveform band,and the characteristic frequency of the electromagnetic signal is obtained when the fault occurs.In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method,a 3.680MW permanent magnet wind turbine was taken as the research object.Its physical simulation model was established,and an external circuit was built to carry out field co-simulation.The results show that the motor fault type can be determined by detecting the change rule of fault characteristic frequency in the spectrum diagram,and the electromagnetic characteristic analysis can be applied to the early monitoring of the permanent magnet wind turbine fault.

基于LESO的PMSM转子位置估算误差补偿方法

高速永磁同步电机运行中,转子位置精确与否确定了系统运行性能优劣,对于只补偿一拍滞后和零阶保持器引起的角度误差,以及通过与前馈解耦做差获得误差角进行补偿的方法,在精度和动态性等方面性能欠佳。为此,通过分析转子位置估算误差产生原因,推导出误差角的通用型数学模型,提出一种基于线性扩张状态观测器(LESO)的转子位置估算误差补偿方法。基于推导模型设计出一种可提取转子位置误差角的LESO,并采用获得的转子位置误差角进行补偿。此转子位置误差角估算考虑了不同类型非理想因素的影响,以及动态过程中电感电压项对误差角的影响,精度高、动态性好。最后搭建系统实验平台,实验结果表明所提转子位置估算误差补偿方法在精度和动态性方面具有优势。

Rotor Strength Analysis of High-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

为了对转子进行有效的冷却，在满足电机电磁性能的前提下，可通过减小保护套的厚度来尽可能增大定转子之间的气隙，因而必须对保护套和永磁体进行强度校核。将转子受力状况简化为平面应变问题，在此基础上推导出了两层过盈配合、三层过盈配合转子的应力场、应变场、位移场的解析公式，并利用有限元方法验证了解析公式的正确性。归纳了高速情况下热套式永磁转子强度设计准则，为转子的优化设计提供了理论依据。以一台额定转速120kr／min、10kW的高速永磁同步电机为例，给出了两种常用过盈配合高速电机转子的强度设计方法。

Cogging Torque Reduction in Axial Flux PMSM with Different Permanent Magnet Combination

With the increasing requirement for the mechanical vibration and acoustic noise of the permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM)drive system,the demand for cogging torque reduction of PMSM has been considerably increased.To solve the problem of oversized cogging torque of axial flux PMSM,a rotor topology with hybrid permanent magnet is proposed to weaken the cogging torque.Firstly,the expression of the cogging torque of the axial flux motor is derived,and the influence of the pole-arc ratio of the permanent magnet on the cogging torque is analyzed.Secondly,the rotor structure with hybrid permanent magnet is adopted to reduce the cogging torque.According to the analytical analysis,the constraints of the size and pole-arc ratio between the hybrid permanent magnets are obtained,and the two permanent magnets related to the minimum cogging torque are determined.And the analysis results are verified by the finite element simulation.Furthermore,the motor performance with and without the hybrid permanent magnet is compared with each other.Finally,the cogging torque is significantly reduced by adopting a rotor structure with hybrid permanent magnets.

Initial Rotor Position Detection of 12/10 Flux-switching Permanent Magnet Motors

电机转子初始位置检测的精度直接决定其启动运行时的性能。针对12/10极永磁磁通切换型电机,在验证其凸极性的基础上,采用注入脉振高频信号实现转子初始位置估计。通过对传统高频脉振正弦电压信号注入的分析,研究了基于高频方波或三角波的注入方法,再利用电流差值调制或直接信号调制方法得到位置误差信号,同时根据磁路的饱和效应,通过对d轴电流过零点时间差值的累加,实现了磁极方向辨识。分析了位置误差信号的系数与初始位置检测收敛性的关系。通过实验验证了所提方法的正确性和可行性。

IPMSM倒余弦转子外形叠加正弦函数的降噪效果研究

针对永磁同步电机负载气隙磁场谐波含量丰富而造成振动噪音过大的问题,提出一种新型转子结构,在倒余弦削极的基础上,叠加一个幅值相位可调的正弦函数,通过调节其幅值和相位来削弱负载气隙磁密谐波,从而抑制电机的振动噪声。采用田口法,选取负载气隙磁密THD和电磁转矩Te为优化目标,选取叠加正弦函数的幅值、相位和转子q轴半径为优化参数并进行正交试验,得到了优化参数的最佳组合。进行了样机制作和实验测试,结果表明,新型转子结构比原始结构的A加权声压级最大值降低了5.9 dB(A),验证了该新型不对称转子结构可有效降低电机振动噪声。

Multi-objective Hierarchical Optimization of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Based on Rotor Surface Modification

To solve the problem of large torque ripple of interior permanent magnet synchronous motor(IPMSM),the rotor surface notch design method was used for V-type IPMSM.In order to accurately obtain the optimal parameter values to improve the torque performance of the motor,this paper takes the output torque capacity and torque ripple as the optimization objectives,and proposes a multi-objective layered optimization method based on the parameter hierarchical design combined with Taguchi method and response surface method(RSM).The conclusion can be drawn by comparing the electromagnetic performance of the motor before and after optimization,the proposed IPMSM based on the rotor surface notch design can not only improve the output torque,but also play an obvious inhibition effect on the torque ripple.

Temperature Field Analysis of Mine Flameproof Outer Rotor Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Different Cooling Schemes

Aiming at the problem of temperature rise of mine flameproof outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor,based on the fluid structure coupling method,the temperature distribution of motor under three cooling schemes of air cooling and water cooling are calculated respectively.For the structure I air cooling system,the influence of different number of heat sink on the maximum temperature rise and pressure drop of fluid channel is analyzed,and the parameters of heat sink are optimized.For the structure II air cooling system,the influence of setting fillet at the turn back of the fluid channel on the head loss in the fluid domain of the motor is analyzed,and the influence of different fillet radius on the head loss and the maximum temperature rise in the fluid domain is obtained.For the structure II water cooling system,the influence of different water flow speed on the maximum temperature rise of the motor is analyzed,and the influence of different assembly clearance of modular stator teeth and yoke on the maximum temperature rise of the motor is analyzed.The cooling effect and temperature rise distribution characteristics of the three cooling schemes are compared and analyzed.Finally,a water-cooled prototype is manufactured,and the temperature rise experiment is carried out,and the influence of the thermal deformation of fluid channel,stator yoke and stator teeth on the maximum temperature of the motor is analyzed.The results show that the calculated temperature field after considering the thermal deformation is closer to the experimental value,which verifies the accuracy of the calculation results,It also provides a reference for the selection and design of the cooling structure of the same type of PMSM electric roller.

Characteristics of an Axial-flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine with Contra-rotating Rotors under Unbalanced Load Condition from 3-D Finite Element Analysis

During recent years,the axial-flus PMSM with contra-rotating rotors has become a hot topic in academic research due to its high efficiency and simple structure.However,its back-EMF may be distorted under the condition of different angular positions.This paper investigates characteristics of the novel motor used for contra-propeller driving.Considering the torque ripple and current oscillation under unbalanced load condition,this paper analyzes the distorted back-EMF of the machine when its two rotors get different angular positions during rotating.The analysis results are validated by transient-magnetic 3-D FEA method,which the 3-D FEA software is used to model this motor and transient simulations are carried out to obtain its magnetic characteristic and main performances.A main focus is put on the back-EMF characteristic with different angular positions between the two rotors.Furthermore,the characteristic of torque production under unbalanced load is investigated.Finally,a prototype motor is fabricated to validate the analyses of this paper.

低开关频率下非理想因素对PMSM PSVI控制效果的影响分析

高频脉振电压注入(PSVI)法由于动态性能更快、转矩脉动更小等优势,被广泛应用于永磁同步电机(PMSM)低速范围的无位置传感器控制中。低开关频率下,由于系统延时更大,特殊的控制架构造成的高频相位更新滞后以及滤波器截止频率较低带来的相位延时增大等,传统高频脉振电压注入法的动稳态性能受到严重影响。针对上述问题,在详细分析滤波器相位延迟和低开关频率下高频脉振电压相位更新不及时对转子位置估算的影响的基础上,分别提出了对不同非理想因素的补偿方案。最后对上述非理想因素的影响及补偿方案进行了仿真验证,仿真结果表明,所提解决方案能有效减小转子位置估算误差。

基于多空气槽新V型转子超高效NVRPM优化设计

依据指标优化设计一款额定功率22 kW、额定转速3000 r/min的压缩机用内置新V型转子永磁同步电机(NVRPM)。由于V型结构永磁电机较多的永磁体块数造成转子极间漏磁增大,以及气隙磁场含有较大的谐波分量易导致损耗增加、效率降低,在初始V型转子上进行3处结构的优化设计:转子面上添加多空气槽;余弦型非均匀气隙;转子分段斜极式。通过有限元仿真NVRPM的电磁特性,并且计算最佳斜极角、分析非均匀气隙中余弦函数的幅值,证明优化后新电机能够减少损耗22.6%、削弱齿槽转矩98.2%、降低转矩波动11.7%。另外,试制实验样机并测试效率高达96.32%且运行区域宽广高效。因此NVRPM的优化设计具有实践性,适合压缩机生产使用。

基于转子磁链观测器的五相容错PMSM开路故障下的无位置传感器控制

五相容错永磁同步电机(PMSM)开路故障模型的不对称性,影响了其无位置运行性能。该文提出一种基于转子磁链观测器的无位置控制策略。首先,该策略在容错模型基础上,构建基于指数趋近律的滑模观测器(SMO)以获取反电动势信号;其次,为抑制所观测反电动势中直流偏置、低频和高频谐波对转子位置观测精度的影响,设计一种改进型二阶广义积分器(ISOGI),并将其和SMO级联构成转子磁链观测器;然后,采用锁相环技术从转子磁链中提取转子位置信息;最后,将该转子磁链观测器和容错控制策略相结合。实验结果表明,该策略提高了转子位置观测精度,实现了PMSM开路故障下的无位置高性能运行。

Improved estimation of rotor position for sensorless control of a PMSM based on a sliding mode observer

This work proposes a new strategy to improve the rotor position estimation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor(PMSM) over wide speed range. Rotor position estimation of a PMSM is performed by using sliding mode observer(SMO). An adaptive observer gain was designed based on Lyapunov function and applied to solve the chattering problem caused by the discontinuous function of the SMO in the wide speed range. The cascade low-pass filter(LPF) with variable cut-off frequency was proposed to reduce the chattering problem and to attenuate the filtering capability of the SMO. In addition, the phase shift caused by the filter was counterbalanced by applying the variable phase delay compensation for the whole speed area. High accuracy estimation result of the rotor position was obtained in the experiment by applying the proposed estimation strategy.

Hybrid Excited Permanent Magnet Machines for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper reviews various hybrid excited(HE)machines from the perspective of location of PM and DC excitation,series/parallel connection of PM and DC excited magnetic fields,and 2D/3D magnetic fields,respectively.The advantages as well as drawbacks of each category are analyzed.Since an additional control degree,i.e.DC excitation,is introduced in the HE machine,the flux weakening control strategies are more complex.The flux weakening performance as well as efficiency are compared with different control strategies.Then,the potential to mitigate the risk of uncontrolled overvoltage fault at high speed operation is highlighted by controlling the field excitation.Since additional DC coils are usually required for HE machines compared with pure PM excitation,the spatial confliction inevitably results in electromagnetic performance reduction.Finally,the technique to integrate the field and armature windings with open-winding drive circuit is introduced,and novel HE machines without a DC coil are summarized.

Cooling System Design Optimization of an Enclosed PM Traction Motor for Subway Propulsion Systems

This paper presents the design optimization of a self-circulated ventilation system for an enclosed permanent magnet(PM)traction motor utilized in the propulsion systems for subway trains.In order to analyze accurately the machine's inherent cooling capacity when the train is running,the ambient airflow and the related heat transfer coefficient(HTC)are numerically investigated considering synchronously the bogie installation structure.The machine is preliminary cooled with air ducts set on the motor shell,and the fluidic-thermal field distributions with only the shell air duct cooling are numerically calculated.During simulations,the HTC obtained in the former steps is applied to the external surface of the machine to model the inherent cooling characteristic caused by the train movement.To reduce the temperature rise and thus guarantee the motor's working reliability,an internal self-circulated air cooling system is proposed according to the machine temperature distribution.The air enclosed in the end-caps is driven by the blades mounted on both sides of the rotor core and forms two air circuits to bring the excessive power losses generated in the heating components to cool regions.The fluid flow and temperature rise distributions of the cooling system's structural parameters are further improved by the Taguchi method in order to confirm the efficacy of the internal air cooling system.

Analysis of Temperature Rise in High-Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Traction Motors by Coupling the Equivalent Thermal Circuit Method and Computational Fluid Dynamics

To solve the problem of temperature rise caused by the high power density of high-speed permanent magnet synchronous traction motors,the temperature rise of various components in the motor is analyzed by coupling the equivalent thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics.Also,a cooling strategy is proposed to solve the problem of temperature rise,which is expected to prolong the service life of these devices.First,the theoretical bases of the approaches used to study heat transfer and fluid mechanics are discussed,then the fluid flow for the considered motor is analyzed,and the equivalent thermal circuit method is introduced for the calculation of the temperature rise.Finally,the stator,rotor loss,motor temperature rise,and the proposed cooling method are also explored through experiments.According to the results,the stator temperature at 50,000 r/min and 60,000 r/min at no-load operation is 68℃ and 76℃,respectively.By monitoring the temperature of the air outlets inside and outside the motor at different speeds,it is also found that the motor reaches a stable temperature rise after 65 min of operation.Coupling of the thermal circuit method and computational fluid dynamics is a strategy that can provide the average temperature rise of each component and can also comprehensively calculate the temperature of each local point.We conclude that a hybrid cooling strategy based on axial air cooling of the inner air duct of the motor and water cooling of the stator can meet the design requirements for the ventilation and cooling of this type of motors.

变频冰箱压缩机用外转子PMSM的研究

为变频冰箱压缩机设计了一款外转子的永磁同步电机(PMSM),并基于二维有限元模型分析了转子壳体壁厚、磁铁厚度以及磁铁形状对电机性能的影响。样机实验结果表明,与常规内转子PMSM驱动的方案相比,由外转子PMSM驱动的变频冰箱压缩机具有能效高、成本低、质量轻、体积小的优点。