Maximum Power Point Tracking in Variable Speed Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Using Maximum Torque Sliding Mode Control Strategy

The present study was carried out in order to track the maximum power point in a variable speed turbine by minimizing electromechanical torque changes using a sliding mode control strategy. In this strategy, first, the rotor speed is set at an optimal point for different wind speeds. As a result of which, the tip speed ratio reaches an optimal point, mechanical power coefficient is maximized, and wind turbine produces its maximum power and mechanical torque. Then, the maximum mechanical torque is tracked using electromechanical torque. In this technique, tracking error integral of maximum mechanical torque, the error, and the derivative of error are used as state variables. During changes in wind speed, sliding mode control is designed to absorb the maximum energy from the wind and minimize the response time of maximum power point tracking(MPPT). In this method, the actual control input signal is formed from a second order integral operation of the original sliding mode control input signal. The result of the second order integral in this model includes control signal integrity, full chattering attenuation, and prevention from large fluctuations in the power generator output. The simulation results, calculated by using MATLAB/m-file software, have shown the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for wind energy systems based on the permanent magnet synchronous generator(PMSG).

Performance analysis of 20 Pole 1.5 KW Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for low Speed Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

This paper gives performance analysis of a three phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) connected to a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT). Low speed wind condition (less than 5 m/s) is taken in consideration and the entire simulation is carried in Matlab/Simulink environment. The rated power for the generator is fixed at 1.5 KW and number of pole at 20. It is observed under low wind speed of6 m/s, a turbine having approximately1 mof radius and2.6 mof height develops 150 Nm mechanical torque that can generate power up to 1.5 KW. The generator is designed using modeling tool and is fabricated. The fabricated generator is tested in the laboratory with the simulation result for the error analysis. The range of error is about 5%-27% for the same output power value. The limitations and possible causes for error are presented and discussed.

A Review of Direct Driven PMSG for Wind Energy Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive overview study of the DDPMSG （direct driven permanent magnet synchronous generator） for wind energy generation system. Wind turbine controls are provided. The PMSG （permanent magnet synchronous generator） is introduced as construction and model. Configurations of different power converters are presented for use with DDPMSG in wind systems at variable speed operation and maximum power capture. Control techniques for the system are discussed for both machine-side and grid-side in details. Grid integration is provided with focus on how to insure power quality of the system and the performance at disturbances.

Design and Implementation of Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter for Wind Energy System

This paper proposes a design and implementation of the bi-directional DC-DC converter for Wind Energy Conversion System. The proposed project consists of boost DC/DC converter, bi-directional DC/DC converter (BDC), permanent magnet DC generator and batteries. A DC-DC boost converter is interface with proposed wind system to step up the initial generator voltage and maintain constant output voltage. The fluctuation nature of wind makes them unsuitable for standalone operation. To overcome the drawbacks an energy storage device is used in the proposed system to compensate the fluctuations and to maintain a smooth and continuous power flow in all operating modes to load. Bi-directional DC-DC converter (BDC) is capable of transforming energy between two DC buses. It can operate as a boost converter which supplies energy to the load when the wind generator output power is greater than the required load power. It also operates in buck mode which charges from DC bus when output power is less than the required load power. The proposed converter reduces the component losses and increases the performance of the overall system. The complete system is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and verified with hardware.

The Multi-Objective Optimization of AFPM Generators with Double-Sided Internal Stator Structures for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM)generator with double-sided internal stator structure is highly suitable for vertical axis wind turbines due to its high power density.The performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure can be improved by the reasonable design of electromagnetic parameters.To further improve the overall performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure,multivariable(coil widthω_(c),permanent magnet thickness h,pole arc coefficient α_(p) and working air gap l_(g))and multi-objective(generator efficiencyη,total harmonic distortion of the voltage THD and induced electromotive force amplitude EMF)functional relationships are innovatively established.Orthogonal analysis,mean analysis and variance analysis are performed on the influence parameters by combining the Taguchi method and response surface methodology to study the influence degrees of each influence parameter on the optimization objectives to determine the most appropriate electromagnetic parameters.The optimization results are verified by 3D finite element analysis.The optimized APFM generator with double-sided internal stator structure exhibits superior economy,stronger magnetic density,higher efficiency and improved power quality.

Torque analysis for double-stator permanent-magnet motor

In addition to the characteristics of a conventional motor, a novel direct-drive double-stator permanent-magnet brushless motor proposed can operate in the state of either a generator or a motor as appropriate. Through numerical calculation and analysis, the output torque of double-stator permanent-magnet brushless motor of the same volume as the traditional machine is discussed, and the reduction of torque ripple by using the structure features of this motor is investigated. The results indicate that lower torque ripple under the condition of ideal effective torque can be obtained by the rational design of motor. The prototype motors tested show that this kind of motor structure has a higher power density.

Dynamic characteristics of large permanent magnet direct‐drive generators considering electromagnetic–structural coupling effects

Dynamic characteristics of large permanent magnet direct‐drive generators(PMDGs)considering electromagnetic–structural coupling effects are analyzed in this study.Using the conformal mapping method,the scalar magnetic potential of the air gap magnetic field considering the slot effect is calculated.On the basis of the discrete current element and magnetic equivalent circuit model,the local magnetic saturation effect of the stator and rotor is quantitatively simulated and the air gap magnetic field intensity distribution is obtained via numerical simulation.A series of uniformly distributed equivalent electromagnetic springs are introduced to develop an electromagnetic–structural coupling finite element PMDG model.The proposed air gap field analysis method is verified by the finite element analysis results.On the basis of the test platform for the Goldwind 1.5MW PMDG,both modal and dynamic response tests for the stator/rotor coupling system are conducted,and the results are compared with the natural frequencies,mode shapes,and vibration responses obtained using the numerical model.The effects of the air gap length and rotor speed on the natural frequencies of the coupling system are analyzed.The proposed model has the potential to accurately evaluate the PMDG vibration energy,avoiding resonance points,and maintaining stable operations of the unit.

含静止无功发生器的直驱风电并网系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制策略

风电并网系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制策略大多集中于风电场本身,针对含静止无功发生器(SVG)的直驱风电并网系统研究较少。基于特征值灵敏度筛选出对含SVG的直驱风电并网系统稳定性较显著的控制通道,然后基于独立通道分析设计理论将并网系统由多输入多输出耦合系统等效拆分为多个单输入单输出控制通道,在定性分析并网系统稳定性的同时定量评估不同控制通道间的交互作用程度。为抑制控制通道间的交互作用,提出了基于H∞鲁棒控制的次同步振荡抑制策略。通过电磁暂态仿真,验证了基于独立通道分析设计理论分析并网系统稳定性的正确性以及基于H∞鲁棒控制的次同步振荡抑制策略的有效性。

不对称短路故障下永磁直驱风电机组并网控制策略研究

电网侧发生不对称故障时,永磁直驱风电机组并网电流会发生三相不平衡的问题。针对这一问题,提出一种基于自适应陷波器的网侧换流器控制策略。该控制策略基于解决机组并网电流二倍频分量的思想,在电网侧发生不对称短路故障时,将进入逆变器的dq坐标系下的二倍频电压分量去除,从而使得网侧换流器输出的电流达到三相平衡。本文首先分析了电网侧发生不对称短路故障后永磁直驱风力发电机组的动态响应;然后建立了机侧和网侧换流器的模型,并分别采用了双闭环矢量控制技术和基于自适应陷波器的控制策略;最后进行仿真分析,验证了改进后的控制策略相较于传统控制策略,有效解决了不对称短路故障下并网电流三相不平衡问题。

基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频算法研究

针对并网风电场中,经典一次调频控制方法存在抗干扰能力弱、机组易脱网的问题,提出一种基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频控制算法。首先,在永磁同步风电机组工作原理的基础上,建立含有大电网的风电机组模型。其次,为了解决传统比例积分微分(proportional integral differential,PID)控制下抗干扰能力弱的问题、引入经典滑模变结构控制器。然后,针对经典滑模变结构控制器导致执行机构存在抖振较多的缺点,提出一种基于sigmoid函数趋近率的滑模变结构一次调频控制算法。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink对风电机组一次调频进行建模仿真,并与经典控制算法相比,验证了所提算法的可行性,在风速波动和电网故障的环境下,滑模变结构一次调频控制算法更具有效性。

虚拟惯量控制对直驱风电机组载荷影响的分析及评估

针对虚拟惯量控制诱发风电机组机械载荷的问题,开展虚拟惯量控制对采用直驱永磁同步发电机(D-PMSG)的风电机组载荷影响的理论分析和仿真评估研究。从叶片、塔筒等机械结构低阶模态出发,建立虚拟惯量控制下D-PMSG线性化多体动力学模型,并通过线性化多体动力学模型分析虚拟惯量控制对机组载荷的影响机理。采用软件联合建模方法,构建涵盖永磁同步电机及其控制、电网、机械和气动特性等的D-PMSG非线性机电耦合模型。依据冲击载荷最大值、最大变化幅度百分比及等值疲劳载荷等指标,通过所建立的非线性机电耦合模型仿真分析并量化评估虚拟惯量控制对机组冲击载荷和动态疲劳载荷的影响。结果表明,D-PMSG附加虚拟惯量控制后,电网侧频率突变会使得传动轴和塔底侧向出现显著冲击载荷,且其随虚拟惯量时间常数增大而增大,在湍流风运行工况下机组传动轴和塔底侧向等值疲劳载荷较无附加虚拟惯量控制均有所减小。

考虑频率耦合特性的D-PMSG复数域阻抗建模及其特征分析

阻抗分析法因其简单有效被广泛用于含电力电子变换器的互联系统稳定性研究。然而,采用传统方法对频域序阻抗建模时,需通过非线性变换(Park变换及其反变换)进行坐标系转换,这会导致不同周期分量的卷积运算及相应的频移,其过程较为烦琐。针对上述问题,基于复向量时域微分算子,提出了永磁直驱同步发电机(D-PMSG)等效阻抗建模方法。该方法在时域周期系统稳定运行轨迹的邻域内直接进行小信号线性化,并采用指数旋转因子灵活反映系统受扰后的时变特性,结合时域微分算子等效表征互联系统控制环节的动态特性,避免了频域阻抗建模时坐标系的反复变换,大幅降低了解析建模的复杂度。此外,所提方法能够更加清晰地阐释互联系统受到扰动时D-PMSG并网逆变器产生频率耦合现象的物理意义;同时,能够说明基频电压初始相位对耦合分量相频特性的影响。最后,利用仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。

电网故障下含直驱风电机组的电力系统频率动态响应分析

电网受扰后基于模型解析的频率响应分析对电力系统安全评估与紧急控制具有重要意义。电网发生故障时,直驱风电机组(DDWT)并网点电压幅值跌落引发控制器暂态响应,同时电压相位突变引发锁相暂态响应,锁相暂态响应又通过变流器控制传导产生功率控制误差,可能导致现有以负荷突变场景为对象的频率特性分析产生较大偏差。为此,提出了电网故障下DDWT锁相偏差的量化方法;解析了锁相偏差经DDWT变流器控制的传导路径,提出了锁相暂态响应导致DDWT功率控制误差的机理及其计算方法;建立了电网故障下含DDWT的电力系统频率响应模型,提出了锁相暂态响应影响下系统频率变化率和最大频率偏差的计算方法,解析了电网故障下考虑DDWT功率控制误差的电力系统频率动态响应特性,并通过算例分析验证了所提方法的有效性。

基于永磁直驱用电磁制动器的设计与研究

针对永磁直驱用电磁制动器制动力大、体积大、发热严重等问题,通过场路结合的方法,简化求解电磁吸力,运用Ansys有限元软件对电磁制动器进行场域求解分析,研究电磁制动器结构尺寸、气隙、绕组匝数、高压吸合时间、低压保持电压等参数对其性能的影响,并设计了一台220 kN的电磁制动器,通过样机的试验验证了计算和分析的正确性。

结合风速预测的直驱风电机组减载调频策略

直驱永磁风电机组常用的减载调频控制策略缺乏对风电机组运行经济性和调频能力的考虑,易导致系统出现调频能力不足或备用功率冗余的问题,对此提出了一种基于变减载率的优化减载调频策略。首先划分不同的风速模式,确立不同模式下的超速与变桨距协调控制方案;其次考虑系统调频能力和发电量两因素,设计函数求取不同工况下的最优减载率;由于风速波动频繁,风机控制具有延迟,因此利用风速预测和滑动窗口法对最优减载率做进一步调整;最后搭建系统仿真模型,通过改进的频率控制动态调整减载率参与系统调频。仿真实验表明,所提控制策略与常用的策略相比在实时风速、负荷扰动下系统频率动态偏差减小、达到最低值的时间延长,风机发电量增加,桨距角变化量减小。该策略能满足调频需求,提升调频质量,减小机械磨损,提高风机运行的经济性。

基于改进PSO-LSTM算法的风电机组状态监测方法研究

通过改进粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)优化长短期记忆神经网络算法(long short-term memory,LSTM)的参数,提出了一种基于改进PSO-LSTM算法的直驱式风电机组运行状态监测方法。首先将数据采集与监控系统(supervisory control and data acquisition,SCADA)采集到的数据利用随机森林的方法进行特征筛选,得到模型的输入参数;其次采用改进PSO-LSTM网络建立有功功率的预测模型,计算出预测值与实际值的残差,根据残差的分布来确实直驱式风电机组的状态;最后利用某风电机组SCADA数据对所提预测模型进行验证分析,结果表明,PSO-LSTM预测模型相比其他三种预测模型,具有较高的预测精度,并在状态异常后最短时间内发出故障警报,保证电场的健康稳定运行。

永磁直驱风力发电机非奇异终端滑模控制

为提高永磁直驱风力发电系统的抗扰能力和控制精度,提出了一种扰动观测器与非奇异快速终端滑模控制相结合的最大功率跟踪控制策略。利用扰动观测器得到风力发电机的转矩变化,对控制器进行前馈补偿;采用非奇异快速终端滑模面提高控制器的动态性能,实现系统快速收敛,减少因扰动引起的抖振。仿真结果表明,所提策略在随机风速的情况下可以准确估计转矩变化,提高最大功率跟踪过程中的转速跟踪精度和风能利用率。

基于储能和无功优化的直驱机组海上风电场低电压穿越策略

针对直驱永磁机组海上风电场中的低电压穿越问题,提出了一种基于储能和无功优化的控制方案。采用锂电池作为分散式储能设备,吸收故障时刻直流母线上的多余功率,抑制电网故障时机组直流侧电压上升。同时根据各台机组的不同运行状况分配不同的无功指令,选取网侧变流器输出的有功功率、直流母线电压、机端电压作为评价指标,依据评价指标结果对风电场中各台风电机组低电压穿越能力进行评估,优化控制各台机组的无功出力,从而有效提高整个风电场的无功输出能力。以某海上风电场为例进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明了该方案能显著提高风电场低电压穿越能力。

直流受端馈入站与近区风电场系统振荡特性分析

随着高压直流输电工程的不断投产,以及风电项目的增多,越来越多的风电场出现在电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line-commutated-converter based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)受端换流站近区,两者构成的系统存在振荡风险。为此,该文针对直流受端馈入站与近区风电场系统的振荡特性展开研究。首先,建立并验证系统的状态空间模型,基于该模型计算出系统特征值,确定LCC-HVDC与风电场共同参与的振荡主导模式并进行参与因子分析。进一步地,通过对比是否接入LCC-HVDC的主导模式,得到LCC-HVDC的接入会削弱系统阻尼的结论。最后,从系统额定容量、交流系统短路比、风电场并网线路长度等方面探究系统稳定性的影响因素,并分析系统的不同短路比、潮流比对风机网侧换流器(grid-side converter,GSC)外环控制和换流站定电流控制器性能的影响。

并联永磁同步风电机组小干扰稳定性分析

采用平均磁链定向控制多台永磁同步风电机组进而构造分频发电系统是未来陆上尤其是海上风电的汇集方案之一,但对该模式下多台风电机组间稳定性的研究鲜有文献涉及。针对此问题,基于特征值分析法,研究了平均磁链定向控制的永磁同步风电机组之间的小干扰稳定性。首先,基于高压大容量直驱式永磁同步风电机组的分频集电系统拓扑结构,建立了适用于小干扰稳定分析的风电系统的数学模型;其次,通过辨识振荡模态并分析模态参与因子确定了影响系统振荡的主控因素,通过绘制根轨迹分析了主控因素参数变化对系统振荡的影响,并发现系统振荡受发电机电感、电阻和直流电容参数的影响最大;最后,通过时域仿真验证了研究结论的正确性。