Research into Uncertainty in Measurement of Seawater Chemical Oxygen Demand by Potassium Iodide-Alkaline Potassium Permanganate Determination Method

Using the glucose and L-glutamic-acid to prepare the standard substance according to the ratio of 1：1, and the artificial seawater and the standard substance to prepare a series of standard solutions, the distribution pattern of uncertainty in measurement of seawater COD is obtained based on the measured results of the series of standard solutions by the potassium iodide-alkaline potassium permanganate determination method. The distribution pattern is as follows： Uncertainty in measurement is big and not constant at the high end, but small and constant at the low end.

Chemiluminescence detection of permanganate index (COD_(Mn)) by a luminol-KMnO_4 based reaction

A novel chemiluminescence （CL） system for determination of permanganate index （CODMn） combined with flow injection analysis has been proposed in this study. On the basis of the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol-KMnO4 system, light emission caused by luminol-KMnO4 system was detected by the photomultiplier tube, and its intensity caused by the appearance of KMnO4 after sample digestion was inversely proportional to CODMn. Effects for CODMn determining such as pH, concentrations and interference were investigated in detail. A detection limit of 0.3 mg/L CODMn with a linear range of 0.3-200 mg/L for its theoretical CODMn was obtained under the optimized experimental conditions. The relative standard deviation was 4.3% for 5.0 mg/L CODMn （n = 11）. This CL flow system for determining CODMn was simple, rapid, and suitable for automatic analysis. The data obtained by the present method were fairly in good agreement with those obtained by the standard titrimetric method. It has been applied to determine real samples with satisfactory results.

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As（Ⅲ） with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As（Ⅲ） concentration and dosage of Mn（Ⅶ）. The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidation of As（Ⅲ） in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As（Ⅲ） by Mn（Ⅲ）. Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn（Ⅶ） should have better performance in oxidization of As（Ⅲ） within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As（Ⅲ） under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As（Ⅲ） on the Mn（OH）2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As（Ⅲ）.

Novel Application of Vacuum Sealing Drainage with Continuous Irrigation of Potassium Permanganate for Managing Infective Wounds of Gas Gangrene

Summary： Traumatic gas gangrene is a fatal infection mainly caused by Clostridium perfringens. It is a challenge to manage gas gangrene in open wounds and control infection after debridement or amputa- tion. The aim of the present study was to use vacuum sealing drainage （VSD） with continuous irrigation of potassium permanganate to manage infective wounds of gas gangrene and observe its clinical effi- cacy. A total of 48 patients with open traumatic gas gangrene infection were included in this study. Am- putations were done for 27 patients, and limb salvage procedures were performed for the others. After amputation or aggressive debridement, the VSD system, including polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） foam dress- ing and polyurethane （PU） film, with continuous irrigation of 1：5000 potassium permanganate solutions, was applied to the wounds. During the follow-up, all the patients healed without recurrence within 8-18 months. There were four complications. Cardiac arrest during amputation surgery occurred in one pa- tient who suffered from severe septic shock. Emergent resuscitation was performed and the patient re- turned to stable condition. One patient suffered from mixed infection of Staphylococcal aureus, and a second-stage debridement was performed. One patient suffered from severe pain of the limb after the debridement. Exploratory operation was done and the possible reason was trauma of a local peripheral nerve. Three cases of crush syndrome had dialysis treatment for concomitant renal failure. In conclusion, VSD can convert open wound to closed wound, and evacuate necrotic tissues. Furthermore, potassium permanganate solutions help eliminate anaerobic microenviroument and achieve good therapeutic effect on gas gangrene and mixed infection. VSD with continuous irrigation of potassium permanganate is a novel, simple and feasible alternative for severe traumatic open wounds with gas gangrene infection.

Effects of chlorine content and position of chlorinated phenols on their oxidation kinetics by potassium permanganate

Chlorine content and position of chlorinated phenols have many significant effects on the reactivity of oxido-reduction. The effects of chlorine content and position of chlorinated phenols on their oxidation kinetics by potassium permanganate were evaluated through different kinetics studies. Since chlorine was an electron withdrawing atom, the substitution of chlorine on the aromatic ring decreased the oxidation rate constant by σ-electron withdrawing conductive effect. The substitution of chlorine at ortho or para position on the aromatic ring increased the oxidation rate constant by π-electron donating conjugative effect, and the conjugative effect could counteract the negative impact of the conductive effect to some extent. On the other hand, the substitution of chlorine at ortho position on the aromatic ring decreased the oxidation rate constant by steric hindrance effect. The oxidation rate constants of phenol and chlorinated phenols studied decreased as follow order: 4-chlorophenol>2,4-dichlorophenol>phenol>2,6-dichlorophenol.

Enhanced treatment of water with low turbidity:Combined effects of permanganate, PAM and recycled sludge

The effectiveness of enhancing treatment of water with low turbidity through combined effects of permanganate oxidation, PAM aiding coagulation and sludge recycling was investigated through continuous bench scale studies. In comparing with ferric chloride coagulation, only recycling sedimentation sludge was ineffective in enhancing treatment of water with low turbidity. PAM with recycled sludge showed positive effects, and the additional permanganate dosing exhibited the best potential of favoring coagulation, which leaded to much lower effluent turbidity and CODMa. Additionally, it was observed that the optimal permanganate dosage was 0. 4 mg/ L and the higher permanganate dosage exhibited inhibiting effects for pollutants removal. SEM analysis indicated that the floes were loosely formed and the particle diameter was critically low for ferric chloride coagulation process. Comparatively, the addition of PAM and permanganate with recycled sludge facilitated the aggregation of tinny particles onto compact PAM polymer chains, therefore contributing to the formation of compact floes with high particle diameter. The combined employment of recycled sludge, PAM and permanganate showed the best potential of favoring coagulation, mainly through synergistic effects between seeding, polymer bridging and increasing effective collision in mechanism. Additionally, the variation of Fe and Mn concentration after recycling and sedimentating units was studied for the processes, and the main species was also investigated for elements Fe and Mn. Sludge recycling and permanganate addition did not increase Fe and Mn concentration in the sedimented water.

Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of tryptophan using galangin-potassium permanganate-polyphosphoric acid system

A high sensitive flow-injection chemiluminescence （FI-CL） method for the determination of tryptophan has been developed. The method is based on the chemiluminescence reaction of galangin-potassium permanganate-tryptophan in polyphosphoric acid （PPA） media. Under the optimized conditions, tryptophan was determined in the range 0.05-10 μg/mL with the detection limit （3tr） of 5.0 × 10^-3 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation （RSD） was 1.0% for 11 replicate determinations of 1.0 μg/mL tryptophan. Three synthetic samples were determined selectively with recoveries in the range from 99.6% to 102.0% in the presence of other amino acids.

Controlled-Release Analysis of Potassium Permanganate Using PMMA Matrix

Excess amount of potassium permanganate has often been used in-situ for chemical oxidation of contaminated sites. The consequences are not limited to secondary contamination and cost but also inefficient remediation. Encapsulation of permanganate using PMMA enables controlled dissolution of the oxidant and aids long-term processes. This paper focuses on the oxidant release efficiency from polymer matrix and analysis of data using existing models for glassy polymers. The efficiency profile obtained using mass ratios of 2:1, 4:1, and 8:1 of PMMA to KMnO4 showed a decrease in the extent of release with increasing mass ratio with 79%, 55.35% and 33.59% respectively. Patches were noticed on the surfaces of PMMA after the release of KMnO4, these were attributed to crevices created by the non-fickian diffusion of the oxidant.

Wet carbon-based solid acid/potassium permanganate as an efficient heterogeneous reagents for oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions

Wet carbon-based solid acid and potassium permanganate were used as new reagents for oxidation of alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones in heterogeneous mixtures. The experiments were done moderately at mild condition and high yields in suitable times were obtained.

Effect of potassium permanganate dosing position on the performance of coagulation/ultrafiltration combined process

The effects of potassium permanganate(KMnO_4)dosing position on the natural organic matter(NOM)removal as well as membrane fouling were investigated in the coagulation/ultrafiltration combined process.KMnO_4 oxidation altered the NOM characteristics in terms of hydrophobicity and molecular weight,and destroyed humic substances originated from terraneous organisms in raw water.The optimal KMnO_4 dosage was 0.5 mg·L^(-1) in the peroxidation enhanced coagulation process with respect to the dissolved organic carbon(DOC)removal.When KMnO_4 was dosed into both upstream and downstream of coagulation,namely in the proposed twoposition dosing mode,coagulation and KMnO_4 oxidation worked individually on the apparent DOC removal.However,compared to the KMnO_4 addition prior to or after coagulation,the two-position dosing mode dramatically alleviated membrane fouling and reduced fouling irreversibility.This was attributed to the change of NOM characteristics as a result of KMnO_4 addition prior to coagulation and the presence of MnO_2 on membrane surface as a result of KMnO_4 addition prior to ultrafiltration.This work may provide useful information for the application of KMnO_4 oxidation in the coagulation/ultrafiltration combined system.

Preliminary Analyses of Controlled Release of Potassium Permanganate Encapsulated in Polycaprolactone

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) has been used widely as an oxidant for remediation of contaminated soil and water systems. The present study evaluates the release of this oxidant from Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer as part of a patented controlled release process (CRP) to be applied for targeted removal of contaminants from water. KMnO4 was encapsulated into PCL at a 1:5 oxidant to polymer ratio and placed in batch reactor systems with reagent water to be evaluated over a 96 hour period. SEM images showed that over time, the number of cavities and their sizes increased on the waxy surface of the PCL polymer. The experimental data from the release of KMnO4 from PCL was found to fit non-Fickian diffusion model after dissolution (R2 = 0.93) similar to other systems that describe the dispersal of other oxidants from wax matrices. In addition, the model parameters for data of this present study were also found to be comparable to previous release studies with the same oxidant encapsulated in different wax matrices at similar ratios. Overall, the similarity of release data between the diversity of polymers shows that the controlled release biodegradable polymer utilizing PCL provides effective release of the KMnO4 with the added benefit biodegradable nature of PCL.

Orientation on the Mechanistics of Electron-Transfer on Oxidation of Chondroitin-4-Sulfate as Sustainable Sulfated Polysaccharide by Permanganate Ion in Aqueous Perchlorate Solutions

A spectrophotometric investigation of oxidation of chondroitin-4-sulfate(CS)as a sustainable and biodegradable sulfated macromolecule by oxyanion permanganate ion as multi-equivalent oxidant in acid perchlorate solutions at a constant ionic strength of 2.0 mol dm^(-3)has been studied.The experimental results on the influence of the concentration of the reactants the reaction rates revealed first-order dependence in MnO^(-)_(4),fractional second-order in[CS]and fractional first-order with respect to the hydrogen ion concentration.The hydrogen acid concentration dependence of the rate constants indicated that the oxidation rates were increased with increasing the acid concentration which means that the oxidation reaction is of acid-catalyzed nature.The oxidation of all other polysaccharides by this oxidant in acidic solutions indicated that the oxidation processes were proceeding throughout two distinct stages.The first stage was relatively slow,followed by a more fast reaction in the second stage.The addition of Mn^(2+)and F^(-)ions to the reaction mixtures indicated that the Mn^(3+)and/or Mn^(4+)as the reduced forms of permanganate were the reactive species in the second fast stage.Here,neither formation of Mn^(3+)and/or Mn^(4+)transient species nor presence of two stages in the oxidation reaction were detected in the oxidation process,and this result was found to be on contrary to that observed for oxidation of all other polysaccharides by this oxidant.Formation of 1:2 coordination biopolymer intermediate complexes prior to the rate-determining step was revealed,kinetically.Identification of the oxidation product revealed the formation of keto-acid as derivative precursor of CS oxidation.This product was identified by formation of 2,4-dinitrophenyhydrazone and dioxime as wells as by the bands at frequencies 3430(OH of COOH group);1760-1730 cm^(-1)(broad)for C=O of diketone;1639 cm^(-1)ofν_(as),OCO;1418 cm^(-1)ofν_(s)OCO and 1338 cm^(-1)of C-O-C,respectively,in the FTIR spectra.Two-electron transfer process of inner-sphere nature in the slowest step has been suggested.A tentative reaction mechanism in terms of the kinetic parameters have been suggested and discussed.

Comparative study on combined preoxidation by potassium permanganate composites with chlorine and preozonation for enhancing coagulation

Comparative pilot tests were conducted to investigate the coagulation-aid effects of the combined preoxidation by potassium permanganate composites （PPC） with chlorine and preozonation. And the synergistie mechanism of combined preoxidation was discussed. Results showed that 1.0 mg/L PPC with 2. 0 mg/L chlorine could further improve the quality of treated water, as indicated by residual turbidity, TOC and algae. The enhanced efficiency could be explained by the synergistic effect of the preoxidants themselves, or the effect of chlorine and the intermediate such as hydrous manganese dioxide, which was generated by potassium permanga- nate, the main ingredient of PPC.

Effects of Potassium Permanganate on Respiratory Movement in Carassius auratus under Different Conditions

[ Objective] To observe the effects of potassium permanganate on respiratory rate and cough frequency of Carassius auratus in different conditions. [Method] According to the simple factor design of experiment, the respiratory rate and cough frequency of Carassius auratus were recorded. The factors included concentration of potassium permanganate, temperature, duration time and pH values. [ Result] The respiratory rate and cough frequency of Carassius auratus were increased and then decreased with the increasing concentrations of potassium permanganate, rising temperature, and duration of medicated bath. The Carassius auratus had the best respiratory function at pH 7.0. The strong acid and strong alkali caused lesions and inhibited the respiratory function of Carassius auratus. [ Conclusion ] The potassium permanganate at different concentrations may have an impact on the cough frequency and respiratory rate of Carassius auratus.

A Comparative Kinetic Study on the Efficacious Permanganate Oxidation of Fluorenes in Perchloric and Sulfuric Acid Media

Oxidation kinetics of fluorene (Fl) and its halogenated derivatives, namely, 2,7-dichlorofluorene (Fl-Cl), 2,7-dibromofluorene (Fl-Br) and 2,7-diiodofluorene (Fl-I), by permanganate ion in both perchloric and sulfuric acid media have been investigated using conventional spectrophotometric technique. In both acidic media, the reactions manifested first order kineticsin [permanganate] and less than unit order each in [reductants] and [acid]. Increasing ionic strength had no effect on the oxidation rates. Oxidation rates of fluorenes in perchloric acid were higher than those in sulfuric acid and the order of the oxidation rates was: Fl > Fl-I > Fl-Br > Fl-Cl. Final oxidation products were identified by GC/MS and FT-IR analyses in all cases as 9H-fluorenone derivatives. Reaction constants as well as activation parameters of the second order rate constants were also evaluated.

Applications of Potassium Permanganate in the Oxidative Degradation of Trichloroethylene

The scope of this study was to determine techniques to remediate trichloroethylene contamination under different environmental conditions, media and in co-existence with chromium. The specific objectives were focused on the oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) in soil and aqueous media using both unmodified KMnO4 particles and poly (methyl methacrylate), PMMA encapsulated KMnO4 in the presence and absence of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI). Molar ratios (p-values) of KMnO4 to TCE were used as a determining factor in the TCE oxidation process. p-values of 2, 5 and 10 were investigated in aqueous media and an approximately 0.5 M-1·s-1 rate constant was obtained using unmodified KMnO4 in aqueous system. The extent of oxidation did not change with TCE concentration. In soil system, TCE oxidation requires a large amount of KMnO4 to produce similar results as in aqueous system. pH experiments indicate that except at high alkaline condition, pH does not impact the extent of TCE oxidation. Also, the presence of Cr(VI) did not hinder TCE oxidation by KMnO4. Using controlled release application, the rate of TCE oxidation was reduced by PMMA encapsulated KMnO4. Comparative study indicated an expectedly slow rate of TCE degradation using modified KMnO4 but similar overall extent of oxidation for both modified and unmodified KMnO4. The application of the encapsulated matrix yielded 88% ± 3% TCE oxidation and a simultaneous 81% ± 2.1% Cr(VI) reduction by ferrous ion in the same system.

Phenol Removal from Water with Potassium Permanganate Modified Granular Activated Carbon

In order to improve adsorption capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC), potassium permanganate was used to react with GAC to change the surface properties and improve the adsorption capacity of GAC. By batch experiments, improvement of adsorption capacity of potassium permanganate modified GAC (GACM) was studied. The influence of adsorption time, temperature, ratio of phenol with GAC/GACM, initial concentration of phenol and pH on adsorption efficiency of GACM was studied. The results showed that modified by potassium permanganate, the adsorption capacity of GAC improved to a higher level. The removal efficiency of phenol increased to about 20%.

Suicidal ingestion of potassium permanganate

BACKGROUND:Potassium permanganate is used clinically as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.Ingestion of potassium permanganate may result in damage to the upper gastrointestinal tract.Burns and ulceration of the mouth,esophagus and stomach occur due to its action.Emergency endoscopy is useful to assess the severity of damage and also to guide management.METHODS:We reported a patient presenting to the emergency department after suicidal ingestion of potassium permanganate.RESULTS:After treatment,the patient was discharged home on the 7th day after admission.CONCLUSION:Early emergency endoscopy should be considered to determine the extent of upper gastrointestinal damage in the emergency department.

Developed New Procedure for Low Concentrations of Hydrazine Determination by Spectrophotometry: Hydrazine-Potassium Permanganate System

An indirect, sensitive and accurate method for the determination of trace amounts of hydrazine is described. In this proposed the spectrophotometric method is based on its reduction properties of hydrazine with a known concentration of potassium permanganate to reduce the colour. The absorbance of unreduced permanganate is measured the colour difference at different wavelengths 546 and 526 nm which show an absorption spectrum with hydrazine. Hydrazine can be determined in the range of 100 - 700 μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.999 and relative standard deviation 1%. The method is successfully applied for the determination of hydrazine in water streams in nuclear reactors/purex process/boiler water and polluted water samples.

Kinetics of the Oxidation of Benzhydrols with Permanganate under Phase Transfer Catalysis in Organic Solvents

Kinetic studies of the oxidation of benzhydrol and some of its para-substituted derivatives using phase transferred permanganate in organic solvents that are immiscible with water have been carried out. The products of oxidation were the corresponding benzophenones. Kinetically first order dependence on the concentrations of substrate as well as the oxidant has been observed. The reaction rate was found to decrease with an increase in the dielectric constant of the organic solvent employed. The electronic effects of the substituents were found to be interesting. Both electron withdrawing and electron releasing groups at the para position of benzhydrol increased rate of the oxidation. The effects of different phase transfer catalysts (PTC) were also compared. The activation parameters have been evaluated and a mechanism consistent with the kinetic results has been proposed.