Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists:A new hope towards the management of alcoholic liver disease

In this editorial,we examine a paper by Koizumi et al,on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)agonists in alcoholic liver disease(ALD).The study determined whether elafibranor protected the intestinal barrier and reduced liver fibrosis in a mouse model of ALD.The study also underlines the role of PPARs in intestinal barrier function and lipid homeostasis,which are both affected by ALD.Effective therapies are necessary for ALD because it is a critical health issue that affects people worldwide.This editorial analyzes the possibility of PPAR agonists as treatments for ALD.As key factors of inflammation and metabolism,PPARs offer multiple methods for managing the complex etiology of ALD.We assess the abilities of PPARα,PPARγ,and PPARβ/δagonists to prevent steatosis,inflammation,and fibrosis due to liver diseases.Recent research carried out in preclinical and clinical settings has shown that PPAR agonists can reduce the severity of liver disease.This editorial discusses the data analyzed and the obstacles,advantages,and mechanisms of action of PPAR agonists for ALD.Further research is needed to understand the efficacy,safety,and mechanisms of PPAR agonists for treating ALD.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma mutation in familial partial lipodystrophy type three:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Familial partial lipodystrophy disease(FPLD)is a collection of rare genetic diseases featuring partial loss of adipose tissue.However,metabolic difficulties,such as severe insulin resistance,diabetes,hypertriglyceridemia,and hyperte-nsion frequently occur alongside adipose tissue loss,making it susceptible misdiagnosis and delaying effective treatment.Numerous genes are implicated the occurrence of FPLD,and genetic testing has been for conditions linked single gene mutation related to FPLD.Reviewing recent reports,treatment of the disease is limited to preventing and improving complications in patients.In 2017,a 31-year-old woman with diabetes,hypertension and hypertriglyceri-demia was hospitalized.We identified a mutation in her peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARG)gene,Y151C(p.Tyr151Cys),which results in a nucleotide substitution residue 452 in the DNA-binding domain(DBD)of PPARG.The unaffected family member did not carry this mutation.Pioglitazone,a PPARG agonist,improved the patient’s responsiveness to hypoglycemic and antihyper-tensive therapy.After one year of treatment in our hospital,the fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin of the patient were close to normal.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits hepatic fibrosis in rats

BACKGROUND:Hepatic fibrosis is a necessary step in the development of hepatic cirrhosis.In this study we used lentiviral vector-mediated transfection technology to evaluate the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPAR-γ) on rat hepatic fibrosis. METHODS:Hepatic fibrosis in rats was induced by CCl4 for 2 weeks(early fibrosis)and 8 weeks(sustained fibrosis).The rats were randomly divided into four groups:normal control, fibrosis,blank vector,and PPAR-γ.They were infected with the recombinant lentiviral expression vector carrying the rat PPAR-γgene by portal vein injection.The liver of the rats was examined histologically and hydroxyproline was assessed.In vitro primary hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)were infected with the recombinant lentiviral expression vector carrying the rat PPAR-γgene.The status of HSC proliferation was measured by the MTT assay.The protein levels of PPAR-γ,α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and type I collagen expression were evaluated by the Western blotting method. RESULTS:In vitro studies revealed that expression of PPAR-γ inhibited expression ofα-SMA and type I collagen in activated HSCs(P<0.01)as well as HSC proliferation(P<0.01).In vivo experiments indicated that in the early hepatic fibrosis group,the hydroxyproline content and the level of collagen I protein in the liver in the PPAR-γtransfected group were not significantly different compared to the hepatic fibrosis group and the blank vector group;whereas the expressions of PPAR-γ andα-SMA were different compared to the hepatic fibrosis group(P<0.01).In the sustained hepatic fibrosis group,there were significant differences in the hydroxyproline content and the expression of PPAR-γ,α-SMA,and type I collagen between each group.CONCLUSION:PPAR-γcan inhibit HSC proliferation and hepatic fibrosis,and suppressα-SMA and type I collagen expression.

Effect of ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ on the biological characters of hepatic stellate cells

AIM： To study the effect of rosiglitazone, which is a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma （PPARy）, on the expression of PPARy in hepatic stellate cells （HSCs） and on the biological characteristics of HSCs. METHODS： The activated HSCs were divided into three groups： control group, 3 μmol/L rosiglitazone group, and 10 μmol/L rosiglitazone group. The expression of PPARγ, α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）, and type Ⅰ and Ⅲ collagen was detected by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined with methylthiazolyltetrazolium （MTT） colodmetric assay. Cell apoptosis was demonstrated with flow cytometry. RESULTS： The expression of PPARγ at mRNA and protein level markedly increased in HSCs of 10 μmol/L rosiglitazone group （tvalue was 10.870 and 4.627 respectively, P〈0.01 in both）. The proliferation of HSCs in 10 μmol/L rosiglitazone group decreased significantly （t = 5.542, P〈0.01）, α-SMA expression level and type Ⅰ collagen synthesis ability were also reduced VS controls （tvalue = 10.256 and 14.627 respectively, P〈0.01 in both）. The apoptotic rate of HSCs significantly increased in 10 μmol/L rosiglitazone group vs control （X^2= 16.682, P〈0.01）. CONCLUSION： By increasing expression of PPARγ in activated HSCs, rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARγ, decreases α-SNA expression and type Ⅰ collagen synthesis, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis.

Protective effect of ghrelin on left ventricular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats is associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-dependent pathway

Background Studies suggested that exogenous ghrelin administration could prevent early left ventricular remodeling in rats with myocardial infarction. We investigated herein whether ghrelin attenuated left ventricular remodeling induced by hypertension and whether ghrelin＇s effect was mediated through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma （PPAR-y）-dependent pathway. Methods Spontaneously hypertensive rats （8-week-old males） were randomly divided into three groups with 12 rats in each： ghrelin group （received ghrelin 100 IJg/kg subcutaneously （sc） twice daily）; ghrelin＋GW9662 group （received the PPAR-y antagonist GW9662 at 2 mg/kg sc, and then ghrelin as above）; saline controls. Normal male Wistar Kyoto rats （n=-12） served as normal controls. Four weeks later, the effects of ghrelin on cardiac remodeling were evaluated by echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and histopathological examination, and gene expression analysis （PPAR-y protein and mRNA expression）. The serum levels of C-reactive protein （CRP） and tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-a were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Ghrelin prevented ventricular remodeling, increased PPAR-y expression in the myocardium, suppressed collagen I and collagen Ill mRNA expression, and also decreased the serum levels of TNF-a, but not CRP. All abovementioned effects of ghrelin were inhibited by GW9662. Conclusion Ghrelin inhibited ventricular remodeling induced by hypertension, and the preventive effects of ghrelin may be mediated by the anti-inflammatory actions of the PPAR-y-dependent pathway.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling in human sperm physiology

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma （PPARy） is a member of the PPARs, which are transcription factors of the steroid receptor superfamily. PPARy acts as an important molecule for regulating energy homeostasis, modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal （HPG） axis, and is reciprocally regulated by HPG. In the human, PPARγprotein is highly expressed in ejaculated spermatozoa, implying a possible role of PPARγ signaling in regulating sperm energy dissipation. PPARγ protein is also expressed in Sertoli cells and germ cells （spermatocytes）. Its activation can be induced during capacitation and the acrosome reaction. This mini-review will focus on how PPARy signaling may affect fertility and sperm quality and the potential reversibility of these adverse effects.

Hepatic lipid homeostasis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγor PPARG)is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily.It plays a master role in the differentiation and proliferation of adipose tissues.It has two major isoforms,PPARγ1 and PPARγ2,encoded from a single gene using two separate promoters and alternative splicing.Among them,PPARγ2 is most abundantly expressed in adipocytes and plays major adipogenic and lipogenic roles in the tissue.Furthermore,it has been shown that PPARγ2 is also expressed in the liver,specifically in hepatocytes,and its expression level positively correlates with fat accumulation induced by pathological conditions such as obesity and diabetes.Knockout of the hepatic Pparg gene ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by diet or genetic manipulations.Transcriptional activation of Pparg in the liver induces the adipogenic program to store fatty acids in lipid droplets as observed in adipocytes.Understanding how the hepatic Pparg gene expression is regulated will help develop preventative and therapeutic treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Due to the potential adverse effect of hepatic Pparg gene deletion on peripheral tissue functions,therapeutic interventions that target PPAR g for fatty liver diseases require fine-tuning of this gene's expression and transcriptional activity。

Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in southern Chinese population:role of altered interaction with myocyte enhancer factor 2C

Background Some single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y coactivator （PGC）-1α gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes in different populations, and studies on Chinese patients yielded controversial results. The objective of this case-control study was to explore the relationship between SNPs of PGC-1α and type 2 diabetes in the southern Chinese population and to determine whether the common variants： Gly482Ser and Thr394Thr, in the PGC-1α gene have any impacts on interaction with myocyte enhancer factor （MEF） 2C. Methods The SNPs in all exons of the PGC-1α gene was investigated in 50 type 2 diabetic patients using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism （PCR-SSCP） and direct sequencing. Thereafter, 263 type 2 diabetic patients and 282 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP）. A bacterial two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis were used to investigate whether Gly482Ser and Thr394Thr variants in the PGC-1α gene alter the interaction with MEF2C. Results Three frequent SNPs （Thr394Thr, Gly482Ser and Thr528Thr） were found in exons of the PGC-1α gene. Only the Gly482Ser variant had a different distribution between diabetic patients and healthy subjects, with the 482Ser allele more frequent in patients than in controls （40.1% vs 29.3%, P〈0.01）. Even in controls, the 482Ser（A） carriers were more likely to have higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than the 482Gly（G） carriers. The 394A-482G-528A haplotype was associated with protection from diabetes, while the 394A-482A-528A was associated with the susceptibility to diabetes. The bacterial two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the 482Ser variant was less efficient than the 482Gly variant to interact with MEF2C, whereas the 394Thr （A） had a synergic effect on the interaction between 482Ser variant and MEF2C. Conclusions The results suggested that the 482Ser variant of PGC-1α conferred the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the southern Chinese population. The underlying mechanism may be attributable, at least in part, to the altered interaction between the different variants （Gly482Ser, Thr394Thr） in the PGC-1α gene and MEF2C.

Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and their precursor fatty acids regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes and major peroxisome proliferator responsive element-bearing target genes in HepG2 cell model

The purpose of this study was to examine the induction profiles （as judged by quantitative reverse tran- scription polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）） of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） α,β, y subtypes and major PPAR-target genes bearing a functional peroxisome proliferator responsive element （PPRE） in HepG2 cell model upon feeding with cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid （9-CLA） or trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid （10-CLA） or their precursor fatty acids （FAs）. HepG2 cells were treated with 100 pmol/L 9-CLA or 10-CLA or their precursor FAs, viz., oleic, linoleic, and trans-11-vaccenic acids against bezafibrate control to evaluate the induc- tion/expression profiles of PPAR （α, β, γ subtypes and major PPAR-target genes bearing a functional PPRE, i.e., fatty acid transporter （FAT）, glucose transporter-2 （GLUT-2）, liver-type FA binding protein （L-FABP）, acyl CoA oxidase-1 （ACOX-1）, and peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme （PBE） with reference to β-actin as house keeping gene. Of the three housekeeping genes （glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH）, β-actin, and ubiquitin）, β-actin was found to be stable. Dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO）, the common solubilizer of agonists, showed a significantly higher induction of genes analyzed, qRT-PCR profiles of CLAs and their precursor FAs clearly showed upregulation of FAT, GLUT-2, and L-FABP （-0.5-.0-fold）. Compared to 10-CLA, 9-CLA decreased the induction of the FA metabolizing gene ACOX-1 less than did PBE, while 10-CLA decreased the induction of PBE less than did ACOX-I. Both CLAs and precursor FAs upregulated PPRE-beadng genes, but with comparatively less or marginal activation of PPAR subtypes This indicates that the binding of CLAs and their precursor FAs to PPAR subtypes results in PPAR activation, thereby induction of the target transporter genes coupled with downstream lipid metabolising genes such as ACOX-1 and PBE. To sum up, the expression profiles of these candidate genes showed that CLAs and their precursor FAs are involved in lipid signalling by modulating the PPAR a, 13, or ~ subtype for the indirect activation of the PPAR-target genes, which may in turn be responsible for the supposed health effects of CLA, and that care should be taken while calculating the actual fold induction values of candidate genes with reference to housekeeping gene and DMSO as they may impart false positive results.

Effect of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Coactivator-1 Alpha Variants on Spontaneous Clearance and Fibrosis Progression during Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Moroccan Patients

Hepatitis C virus(HCV)is still one of the main causes of liver disease worldwide.Metabolic disorders,including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),induced by HCV have been shown to accelerate the progression of fibrosis to cirrhosis and to increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.An optimal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha(PPARGC1A)activity is crucial to prevent NAFLD installation.The present study aims to investigate the associations between two common PPARGC1A polymorphisms(rs8192678 and rs12640088)and the outcomes of HCV infection in a North African context.A series of 592 consecutive Moroccan subjects,including 292 patients with chronic hepatitis C(CHC),100 resolvers and 200 healthy controls were genotyped using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay.PPARGC1A variations at rs8192678 and rs12640088 were not associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV infection(adjusted ORs=0.76 and 0.79 respectively,P[0.05,for both).Furthermore,multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that both SNPs were not associated with fibrosis progression(OR=0.71;95%CI 0.20–2.49;P=0.739;OR=1.28;95%CI 0.25–6.54;P=0.512,respectively).We conclude that,in the genetic context of South Mediterranean patients,rs8192678 and rs12640088 polymorphisms of PPARGC1 A are neither associated with spontaneous clearance nor with disease progression in individuals infected with HCV.

Analysis of an adult diabetes mellitus caused by a rare mutation of the gene:A case report

BACKGROUND This study presents the clinical and genetic mutation characteristics of an unusual case of adult-onset diabetes mellitus occurring in adolescence,featuring a unique mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARG)gene.Data Access Statement:Research data supporting this publication are available from the NN repository at www.NNN.org/download/.CASE SUMMARY The methodology employed entailed meticulous collection of comprehensive clinical data from the probands and their respective family members.Additionally,high-throughput sequencing was conducted to analyze the PPARG genes of the patient,her siblings,and their offspring.The results of this investigation revealed that the patient initially exhibited elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy,accompanied by insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia.Furthermore,these strains displayed increased susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease without any discernible aggregation patterns.The results from the gene detection process demonstrated a heterozygous mutation of guanine(G)at position 284 in the coding region of exon 2 of PPARG,which replaced the base adenine(A)(exon2c.284A>Gp.Tyr95Cys).This missense mutation resulted in the substitution of tyrosine with cysteine at the 95th position of the translated protein.Notably,both of her siblings harbored a nucleotide heterozygous variation at the same site,and both were diagnosed with diabetes.CONCLUSION The PPARG gene mutation,particularly the p.Tyr95Cys mutation,may represent a newly identified subtype of maturity-onset diabetes of the young.This subtype is characterized by insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders.

吡格列酮对大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅激活因子lα表达的影响

目的观察吡格列酮对大鼠缺血/再灌注损伤心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ辅激活因子lα(PGC-lα)表达的影响。方法 24只SD大鼠随机分为4组(n=6):缺血/再灌注组、吡格列酮5 mg/(kg·d)组、吡格列酮10 mg/(kg·d)组、吡格列酮10 mg/(kg·d)+过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)特异性阻断剂GW9662组,利用在体结扎左前降支的方法建立缺血/再灌注损伤模型,脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)检测心肌细胞凋亡,RT-PCR方法检测心肌组织PGC-lαmRNA的变化,Western blot检测心肌组织PGC-lα蛋白的变化。结果 TUNEL法显示吡格列酮抑制缺血/再灌注心肌细胞凋亡[(21.4±8.8)%、(17.3±8.7)%、(40.1±12.3)%,P<0.05)],吡格列酮上调PGC-lα表达(P<0.05),GW9662逆转吡格列酮对凋亡细胞的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制吡格列酮促进PGC-lα表达上调的作用(P<0.05)。结论吡格列酮抑制缺血/再灌注损伤诱导的心肌细胞凋亡,吡格列酮促进PGC-lα上调,这两种作用是由PPARγ介导的。

PPARγ激动剂对单核细胞炎症反应的调控作用

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)激动剂对单核细胞炎症反应的影响。方法体外培养THP-1人单核细胞,将细胞分为对照组、实验组、吡格列酮组和GW9662组。对照组仅加入细胞培养液;实验组用胰腺炎相关性腹水(PAAF)刺激细胞;吡格列酮组在PAAF作用前加入终浓度为20μmol/L的PPARγ激动剂吡格列酮进行干预;GW9662组:在吡格列酮干预前30 min,先行加入PPARγ拮抗剂GW9662,最后加入PAAF。分组处理6 h后收集各组细胞,采用Real-Time PCR技术检测促炎症细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素6(IL-6)mRNA的表达;分别采用RT-PCR和Western blotting法检测PPARγmRNA和蛋白的表达。结果 PAAF刺激后,与对照组比较,实验组、吡格列酮组和GW9662组细胞TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量明显升高,PPARγmRNA的相对表达量明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与实验组比较,吡格列酮组TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量明显降低,PPARγmRNA的相对表达量明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与吡格列酮组比较,GW9662组TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA的相对表达量均明显升高,PPARγmRNA的相对表达量明显降低,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Western blotting检测结果显示:各组PPARγ的蛋白表达与mRNA表达的变化趋势相似,但吡格列酮组与对照组、GW9662组与吡格列酮组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PPARγ激动剂可通过上调PPARγ表达,减少PPAF刺激所致的促炎症细胞因子的产生,从而抑制单核细胞的炎症反应。

选择性COX-2抑制剂、PPARγ激动剂在非酒精性脂肪肝病中应用的研究进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病是临床最常见的慢性肝病,以肝细胞脂肪变为主要特征,可逐渐进展为脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化甚至肝硬化、肝癌。近年来,选择性环氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)抑制剂及PPARγ激动剂与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系受到关注。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPARγ)可能通过与COX-2相互作用,参与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病过程。现将选择性COX-2抑制剂及PPARγ激动剂在非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的应用做一综述。

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ激动剂对直流电刺激后兔缺血心肌组织中PTEN蛋白表达及左室重构的影响

目的探讨染色体10缺失的磷酸酶与张力蛋白同源物基因（PTEN）在兔急性心肌梗死（MI）边缘区心肌组织中的表达及其意义以及过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（PPAR）γ激动剂（罗格列酮）对其表达的影响。方法50只日本大耳白兔，随机分为假手术组（SH组，n=5）、MI组n=15、常规电刺激组（EFs组，n=15）和罗格列酮干预电刺激组（R．EFs组，n=15）。结扎冠状动脉左前降支建立急性MI或SH组模型后，在结扎血管两侧心外膜上缝合固定一对铂金电极，直流电刺激（电场强度4．0V／cm，30min／d），罗格列酮以4mg／（kg·d）灌胃。实验终点以Western印迹法检测各组1周、2周及4周时心肌组织中PTEN表达并测定左、右心室重量和血流动力学指标。结果正常心肌组织和缺血心肌组织均有一定程度PTEN表达，EFs组心肌组织中PTEN表达较MI组升高（P〈0．01），罗格列酮干预使缺血心肌组织中PTEN表达较EFs组进一步升高（P〈0．05），同时左室收缩功能较EFs组进一步改善。结论PPARy激动剂可进一步促进缺血心肌组织在直流电刺激后PTEN的表达，从而使左心室功能得到改善。

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ激动剂在终末期肾脏病中的研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)是一种细胞核受体,除了能够调节机体糖脂代谢外,在抗炎、抗纤维化、调节免疫及抗动脉粥样硬化等方面也发挥着重要作用。终末期肾脏病(ESRD)患者由于疾病本身和肾脏替代治疗的介入常存在胰岛素抵抗和微炎症状态,心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率显著高于普通人群。新近关于PPAR-γ激动剂应用于ESRD的研究结果提示PPAR-γ激动剂能够改善ESRD患者上述病理生理。本文就这方面的研究进展以及目前有关热点问题进行综述。

PPAR-γ激动剂对哮喘急性发作期患者T淋巴细胞磷酸化STAT6影响的体外实验研究

目的观察过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)激动剂罗格列酮对哮喘急性发作期(简称哮喘急发)患者T淋巴细胞磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子6(p-STAT6)及IL-4表达的影响,探讨罗格列酮的抗炎机制。方法选取健康对照组(A组)10例,哮喘急发患者10例,抽血、分离、纯化、培养外周血T淋巴细胞;其中,哮喘急发患者标本分为哮喘急发未干预组(B组,n=10)和哮喘急发罗格列酮干预组(C组,n=10),C组在T淋巴细胞培养开始时加入罗格列酮(浓度为10-4mol/L)。培养48 h后,采用ELISA法测定培养上清液IL-4浓度,Western blot法和免疫组织化学法检测T淋巴细胞p-STAT6的表达水平。结果B组患者的IL-4水平高于A组和C组[(170.34±9.05)pg/mL比(76.82±7.06)pg/mL和(123.59±8.70)pg/mL,P均<0.05],其中C组IL-4水平高于A组(P<0.05)。B组患者的p-STAT6表达水平高于A组和C组[Western blot法:6.28±0.19比3.07±0.18和4.12±0.16,P均<0.01;免疫组织化学法:(36.58±7.41)%比(11.39±4.02)%和(23.92±5.89)%,P均<0.05],其中C组p-STAT6表达水平高于A组(Western blot法:P<0.01;免疫组织化学法:P<0.05)。B组患者的IL-4水平与p-STAT6水平呈正相关(Western blot法:r=0.86,P<0.01;免疫组织化学法:r=0.82,P<0.01)。结论罗格列酮可抑制哮喘急发患者体外培养的T淋巴细胞p-STAT6的表达及IL-4的分泌。

PPAR γ在子宫内膜癌中的研究进展

过氧化氢酶增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)是细胞核雌激素受体家族成员,包括PPARα、β/δ和γ。PPARγ参与脂肪与碳水化合物的代谢过程,因与多种代谢性疾病及肿瘤形成密切相关而成为研究的热点。PPARγ是配体依赖的转录因子,与子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移有关,但在子宫内膜癌中的研究较少,且具体作用机制尚不明确。综述PPARγ在子宫内膜癌相关的研究进展,旨在探讨PPARγ参与子宫内膜癌发生发展的机制,为临床后续的抗肿瘤治疗提供理论依据。

PPAR-γ激动剂对大鼠角膜碱烧伤后NF-κB和TNF-α表达的影响

目的探讨眼局部应用过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPAR-γ)激动剂吡格列酮对大鼠角膜碱烧伤后核因子-κB(nuclear factorκB,NF-κB)和肿瘤坏死因子α(tumornecrosis factorα,TNF-α)表达的影响。方法48只健康SPF级SD大鼠角膜碱烧伤后随机分组,每组12只鼠(12眼),Ⅰ组为碱烧伤治疗组(ⅠA为低剂量组;ⅠB为高剂量组),结膜下分别注射0.2g.L-1、0.8g.L-1吡格列酮0.1mL,每天1次。Ⅱ组为治疗对照组,结膜下注射地塞米松0.5mg(0.1mL),每天1次。Ⅲ组为空白对照组,结膜下注射生理盐水0.1mL,每天1次。所有大鼠右眼为实验眼,左眼做为阴性对照,均连续注射2周。观察碱烧伤后第1天、第4天、第7天、第14天的角膜新生血管(corneal neovascularization,CNV)的发展及PPAR-γ、NF-κB和TNF-α在各时间段表达。结果PPAR-γ自烧伤后第1天开始表达,随着CNV的发生发展,PPAR-γ、NF-κB及TNF-α的表达呈上升趋势。与ⅠB组CNV发生率相比较,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组明显延迟、生长抑制;ⅠA组与Ⅱ组相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。ⅠB组在碱烧伤后第4天、第7天、第14天CNV生长面积分别为(5.42±0.25)mm2、(8.14±0.25)mm2、(9.67±0.42)mm2,与ⅠA组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组相比差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05);碱烧伤后第7天,ⅠB组PPAR-γ的表达较Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组明显上升,NF-κB、TNF-α表达均有不同程度的下降,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。结论PPAR-γ激动剂吡格列酮抑制大鼠CNV的生成,减轻炎性反应且与剂量浓度有关。其机制可能与活化后的PPAR-γ,在炎症早期有效阻止NF-κB活化,降低TNF-α表达有关。

Heme oxygenase-1 prevents liver fibrosis in rats by regulating the expression of PPAR_γ and NF-_κB

AIM:To investigate the effects of heme oxygenase(HO)-1 on liver fibrosis and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ) and nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) in rats.METHODS:Sixty Wistar rats were used to construct liver fibrosis models and were randomly divided into 5 groups:group A(normal,untreated),group B(model for 4 wk,untreated),group C(model for 6 wk,untreated),group D [model for 6 wk,treated with zinc protoporphyrin Ⅸ(ZnPP-Ⅸ) from week 4 to week 6],group E(model for 6 wk,treated with hemin from week 4 to week 6).Next,liver injury was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and albumin levels.The degree of hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by measuring serum hyaluronate acid(HA),type Ⅳ collagen(Ⅳ-C) and by histological examination.Hydroxyproline(Hyp) content in the liver homogenate was determined.The expres-sion levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) in liver tissue were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).The expression levels of PPARγ and NF-κB were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting.RESULTS:The expression of HO-1 increased with the development of fibrosis.Induction of HO-1 by hemin significantly attenuated the severity of liver injury and the levels of liver fibrosis as compared with inhibition of HO-1 by ZnPP-Ⅸ.The concentrations of serum ALT,AST,HA and Ⅳ-C in group E decreased compared with group C and group D(P < 0.01).Amount of Hyp and α-SMA in the liver tissues in group E decreased compared with group C(0.62 ± 0.14 vs 0.84 ± 0.07,1.42 ± 0.17 vs 1.84 ± 0.17,respectively,P < 0.01) and group D(0.62 ± 0.14 vs 1.11 ± 0.16,1.42 ± 0.17 vs 2.56 ± 0.37,respectively,P < 0.01).The expression of PPARγ at levels of transcription and translation decreased with the development of fibrosis especially in group D;and it increased in group E compared with groups C and D(0.88 ± 0.15 vs 0.56 ± 0.19,0.88 ± 0.15 vs 0.41 ± 0.11,respectively,P < 0.01).The expression of NF-κB increased with the development of fibrosis especially in group D;and it decreased in group E compared with groups C and D(1.43 ± 0.31 vs 1.89 ± 0.29,1.43 ± 0.31 vs 2.53 ± 0.54,respectively,P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:Our data demonstrate a potential mechanism that HO-1 can prevent liver fibrosis by enhancing the expression of PPARγ and decreasing the expression of NF-κB in liver tissues.