An innovative approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands in development of alternative therapeutic interventions

Alzheimer＇s disease is a multifactorial pathology, for which no cure is currently available. Nowadays, researchers are moving towards a new hypothesis of the onset of the illness, linking it to a metabolic impairment, q-his innovative approach will lead to the identification of new targets for the preparation of new effective drugs. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands are the ideal candidates to reach the necessary breakthrough to defeat this complicate disease.

The interplay between non-esterified fatty acids and bovine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: results of an in vitro hybrid approach

Background: In dairy cows circulating non-esterified fatty acids(NEFA) increase early post-partum while liver and other tissues undergo adaptation to greater lipid metabolism, mainly regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPAR). PPAR are activated by fatty acids(FA), but it remains to be demonstrated that circulating NEFA or dietary FA activate bovine PPAR. We hypothesized that circulating NEFA and dietary FA activate PPAR in dairy cows.Methods: The dose-response activation of PPAR by NEFA or dietary FA was assessed using HP300 e digital dispenser and luciferase reporter in several bovine cell types. Cells were treated with blood plasma isolated from Jersey cows before and after parturition, NEFA isolated from the blood plasma, FA released from lipoproteins using milk lipoprotein lipase(LPL), and palmitic acid(C16:0). Effect on each PPAR isotype was assessed using specific synthetic inhibitors.Results: NEFA isolated from blood serum activate PPAR linearly up to ~ 4-fold at 400 μmol/L in MAC-T cells but had cytotoxic effect. Addition of albumin to the culture media decreases cytotoxic effects of NEFA but also PPAR activation by ~ 2-fold. Treating cells with serum from peripartum cows reveals that much of the PPAR activation can be explained by the amount of NEFA in the serum(R~2 = 0.91) and that the response to serum NEFA follows a quadratic tendency, with peak activation around 1.4 mmol/L. Analysis of PPAR activation by serum in MAC-T, BFH-12 and BPAEC cells revealed that most of the activation is explained by the activity of PPARδ and PPARγ, but not PPARα. Palmitic acid activated PPAR when added in culture media or blood serum but the activation was limited to PPARδ and PPARα and the response was nil in serum from post-partum cows. The addition of LPL to the serum increased > 1.5-fold PPAR activation.Conclusion: Our results support dose-dependent activation of PPAR by circulating NEFA in bovine, specifically δand γ isotypes. Data also support the possibility of increasing PPAR activation by dietary FA;however, this nutrigenomics approach maybe only effective in pre-partum but not post-partum cows.

The Influence of the Pro12Ala Mutation of PPARγ2 Receptor Gene on β-cells Restoration and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes with Hypertension

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether a PPAR72 Prol2Ala polymorphism was associated with insulin resistance, β-cellfunction and hypertension in Chinese populations. 289 unrelated Chinese subjects first diagnosed Type 2 diabetes （HbAC1〈6.0） were investigated, including 132 hypertensive diabetic （HTD） subjects, 157 normotensive diabetic （NTD） subjects. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were collected from all participants, as well as several venous blood samples during oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT）. Biochemical measurements （high-density lipoprotein （HDL） and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL）, triglycerides） and PPARγ2 Pro12Ala genotype were also determined. And insulin resistance and β-cells function was assessed by HOMA-IR and HOMA-β respectively. The frequency of subjects bearing the Pro12Ala was lower in the hypertension group （3. 03 %） than in the non-hypertension group （5.7 %） （P〈0.05） after adjusted for age, BMI and gender. Hypertensive diabetic Pro12Ala subjects had lower fasting plasma glucose level （P=0. 0127）, and better glucose tolerance 60 min after oral glucose （P=0. 0361）. Moreover, plasma insulin concentrations at 60 min was lower than those without A variant （P = 0. 0275）, and both hypertensive Ala/Pro in HOMA-β （P ： 0. 0455） and AUC for insulin （P=0. 0473） were higher, and HOMA-IR was lower （P=0. 0375） as compared with hypertensive Pro/Pro subjects. No association was observed between Prol2Ala genotype and BMI, total cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol or triglycerides in either group. Our findings suggested that the Ala 12 allele of the PPARγ2 gene may improve insulin resistance and ameliorate β-cell function reserves in T2DM with hypertension, and protect patients from hypertension in T2DM. As an important thrifty gene, environment factors may exerts an effect of PPARγ2 on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance.

Analysis of an adult diabetes mellitus caused by a rare mutation of the gene:A case report

BACKGROUND This study presents the clinical and genetic mutation characteristics of an unusual case of adult-onset diabetes mellitus occurring in adolescence,featuring a unique mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARG)gene.Data Access Statement:Research data supporting this publication are available from the NN repository at www.NNN.org/download/.CASE SUMMARY The methodology employed entailed meticulous collection of comprehensive clinical data from the probands and their respective family members.Additionally,high-throughput sequencing was conducted to analyze the PPARG genes of the patient,her siblings,and their offspring.The results of this investigation revealed that the patient initially exhibited elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy,accompanied by insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia.Furthermore,these strains displayed increased susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease without any discernible aggregation patterns.The results from the gene detection process demonstrated a heterozygous mutation of guanine(G)at position 284 in the coding region of exon 2 of PPARG,which replaced the base adenine(A)(exon2c.284A>Gp.Tyr95Cys).This missense mutation resulted in the substitution of tyrosine with cysteine at the 95th position of the translated protein.Notably,both of her siblings harbored a nucleotide heterozygous variation at the same site,and both were diagnosed with diabetes.CONCLUSION The PPARG gene mutation,particularly the p.Tyr95Cys mutation,may represent a newly identified subtype of maturity-onset diabetes of the young.This subtype is characterized by insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders.

Team players in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunctionsassociated steatotic liver disease:The basis of development of pharmacotherapy

Nutrient metabolism is regulated by several factors.Social determinants of health with or without genetics are the primary regulator of metabolism,and an unhealthy lifestyle affects all modulators and mediators,leading to the adaptation and finally to the exhaustion of cellular functions.Hepatic steatosis is defined by presence of fat in more than 5%of hepatocytes.In hepatocytes,fat is stored as triglycerides in lipid droplet.Hepatic steatosis results from a combination of multiple intracellular processes.In a healthy individual nutrient metabolism is regulated at several steps.It ranges from the selection of nutrients in a grocery store to the last step of consumption of ATP as an energy or as a building block of a cell as structural component.Several hormones,peptides,and genes have been described that participate in nutrient metabolism.Several enzymes participate in each nutrient metabolism as described above from ingestion to generation of ATP.As of now several publications have revealed very intricate regulation of nutrient metabolism,where most of the regulatory factors are tied to each other bidirectionally,making it difficult to comprehend chronological sequence of events.Insulin hormone is the primary regulator of all nutrients’metabolism both in prandial and fasting states.Insulin exerts its effects directly and indirectly on enzymes involved in the three main cellular function processes;metabolic,inflammation and repair,and cell growth and regeneration.Final regulators that control the enzymatic functions through stimulation or suppression of a cell are nuclear receptors in especially farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/RXR ligands,adiponectin,leptin,and adiponutrin.Insulin hormone has direct effect on these final modulators.Whereas blood glucose level,serum lipids,incretin hormones,bile acids in conjunction with microbiota are intermediary modulators which are controlled by lifestyle.The purpose of this review is to overview the key players in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease(MASLD)that help us understand the disease natural course,risk stratification,role of lifestyle and pharmacotherapy in each individual patient with MASLD to achieve personalized care and target the practice of precision medicine.PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to identify publication related to metabolism of carbohydrate and fat in states of health and disease states;MASLD,cardiovascular disease and cancer.More than 1000 publications including original research and review papers were reviewed.

Association between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in southern Chinese population:role of altered interaction with myocyte enhancer factor 2C

Background Some single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y coactivator （PGC）-1α gene have been reported to be associated with type 2 diabetes in different populations, and studies on Chinese patients yielded controversial results. The objective of this case-control study was to explore the relationship between SNPs of PGC-1α and type 2 diabetes in the southern Chinese population and to determine whether the common variants： Gly482Ser and Thr394Thr, in the PGC-1α gene have any impacts on interaction with myocyte enhancer factor （MEF） 2C. Methods The SNPs in all exons of the PGC-1α gene was investigated in 50 type 2 diabetic patients using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism （PCR-SSCP） and direct sequencing. Thereafter, 263 type 2 diabetic patients and 282 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism （PCR-RFLP）. A bacterial two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis were used to investigate whether Gly482Ser and Thr394Thr variants in the PGC-1α gene alter the interaction with MEF2C. Results Three frequent SNPs （Thr394Thr, Gly482Ser and Thr528Thr） were found in exons of the PGC-1α gene. Only the Gly482Ser variant had a different distribution between diabetic patients and healthy subjects, with the 482Ser allele more frequent in patients than in controls （40.1% vs 29.3%, P〈0.01）. Even in controls, the 482Ser（A） carriers were more likely to have higher levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than the 482Gly（G） carriers. The 394A-482G-528A haplotype was associated with protection from diabetes, while the 394A-482A-528A was associated with the susceptibility to diabetes. The bacterial two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the 482Ser variant was less efficient than the 482Gly variant to interact with MEF2C, whereas the 394Thr （A） had a synergic effect on the interaction between 482Ser variant and MEF2C. Conclusions The results suggested that the 482Ser variant of PGC-1α conferred the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in the southern Chinese population. The underlying mechanism may be attributable, at least in part, to the altered interaction between the different variants （Gly482Ser, Thr394Thr） in the PGC-1α gene and MEF2C.

胰岛素受体底物2基因突变可能与青少年起病的成人型糖尿病有关:一例报道及其遗传学分析

青少年起病的成人型糖尿病(MODY)是一类以胰岛β细胞功能障碍为特征的、有较高遗传异质性的单基因遗传糖尿病。截至2022年8月,已发现14种明确的MODY致病基因。本文报道了1例疑似MODY患者,通过外显子组测序鉴定了1个胰岛素受体底物2(IRS2)基因突变,并在患者11名家系成员中进行了验证,提出IRS2基因是一个新的MODY候选致病基因,为MODY的诊断和治疗提供更多的参考资料。

Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and their precursor fatty acids regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor subtypes and major peroxisome proliferator responsive element-bearing target genes in HepG2 cell model

The purpose of this study was to examine the induction profiles （as judged by quantitative reverse tran- scription polymerase chain reaction （qRT-PCR）） of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor （PPAR） α,β, y subtypes and major PPAR-target genes bearing a functional peroxisome proliferator responsive element （PPRE） in HepG2 cell model upon feeding with cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid （9-CLA） or trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid （10-CLA） or their precursor fatty acids （FAs）. HepG2 cells were treated with 100 pmol/L 9-CLA or 10-CLA or their precursor FAs, viz., oleic, linoleic, and trans-11-vaccenic acids against bezafibrate control to evaluate the induc- tion/expression profiles of PPAR （α, β, γ subtypes and major PPAR-target genes bearing a functional PPRE, i.e., fatty acid transporter （FAT）, glucose transporter-2 （GLUT-2）, liver-type FA binding protein （L-FABP）, acyl CoA oxidase-1 （ACOX-1）, and peroxisomal bifunctional enzyme （PBE） with reference to β-actin as house keeping gene. Of the three housekeeping genes （glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH）, β-actin, and ubiquitin）, β-actin was found to be stable. Dimethyl sulfoxide （DMSO）, the common solubilizer of agonists, showed a significantly higher induction of genes analyzed, qRT-PCR profiles of CLAs and their precursor FAs clearly showed upregulation of FAT, GLUT-2, and L-FABP （-0.5-.0-fold）. Compared to 10-CLA, 9-CLA decreased the induction of the FA metabolizing gene ACOX-1 less than did PBE, while 10-CLA decreased the induction of PBE less than did ACOX-I. Both CLAs and precursor FAs upregulated PPRE-beadng genes, but with comparatively less or marginal activation of PPAR subtypes This indicates that the binding of CLAs and their precursor FAs to PPAR subtypes results in PPAR activation, thereby induction of the target transporter genes coupled with downstream lipid metabolising genes such as ACOX-1 and PBE. To sum up, the expression profiles of these candidate genes showed that CLAs and their precursor FAs are involved in lipid signalling by modulating the PPAR a, 13, or ~ subtype for the indirect activation of the PPAR-target genes, which may in turn be responsible for the supposed health effects of CLA, and that care should be taken while calculating the actual fold induction values of candidate genes with reference to housekeeping gene and DMSO as they may impart false positive results.

Advances in Studies of Chiglitazar Sodium,a Novel PPAR Pan-Agonist,for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Chiglitazar sodium is a new peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(PPAR)pan-agonist with independent intellectual property rights in China.It can treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and regulate metabolism by modestly activating PPARα,PPARγ,and PPARδto improve insulin sensitivity,regulate blood glucose,and promote fatty acid oxidation and utilization.Chiglitazar sodium has a significant insulin-sensitizing effect and is advantageous in reducing fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels,particularly at the 48 mg dose in patients with concomitant high triglycerides in terms of blood glucose and triglyceride level control.

Relationship Research of PPAR-γ Gene Polymorphisms with Adiponectin and Leptin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To investigate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (peroxisome)in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Proliferators-activated receptors-γ ,PPARs-γ (γ )gene.polymorphisms about serum lipofuscin and leptin.Methods:One humdred and twenty patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to our hospital from June 2015 to June 2018 were selected.The patients were divided into an obese group and a non-obese group of 60 patients each according to their waist circumference.A polymerase chain reaction-length polymorphism protocol was implemented in all patients to explore the PPAR-γ gene polymorphism and blood glucose,lipid,adiponectin and leptin levels were measured in both groups.Results:PPAR-γ gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetic patients were dominated by wild-type homozygous;The levels of total cholesterol,triglyceride and LDL cholesterol in the obese group were significantly higher than those in the non-obese group,while the levels of HDL cholesterol were lower than those in the non-obese group.There is significant difference in comparison between groups(P<0.05)Those canrying the A alele had a significant lipid disorder profile and decreased adiponectin levels.Conclusions:PPAR-γ gene polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes are not significantly associated with adiponectin and leptin,and only in the obese group,the patients with the Allele A showed significant dyslipidemia and a declining trend of adiponectin levels.

Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinases-2 in gastric carcinoma and lymph node metastases

Background Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ （PPARγ） is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Activation of PPARγ has recently been demonstrated to inhibit various tumor cells growth, progression and metastasis. E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion system is now considered to be an “invasion suppressor system” in cancer tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 （MMP-2） is a prerequisite for metastasizing tumor cells. However their correlation is still unknown in gastric carcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of PPAR7, E-cadherin, MMP-2 and their correlation in gastric carcinoma and metastases. Methods Gastric carcinoma tissues and their corresponding lymph nodes with metastases and the adjacent non-tumor tissues were obtained from 54 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy. Expression of PPARγ, E-cadherin and MMP-2 was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Results The nuclear expression level of PPARγ in neoplastic cells was significantly lower than that in the normal controls （P〈0.001）, with the expression of PPARγ being weaker in primary tumors compared with that in metastases. In all neoplastic cells, E-cadherin was expressed with abnormal patterns （cytoplasm pattern, cytoplasm and membrane pattern or absent）, compared with normal cells where E-cadherin was expressed with a normal pattern （membrane pattern）. Compared with the normal tissues, the expression level of E-cadherin decreased in primary tumors and further decreased in metastases （P〈0.001）. Membrane staining of MMP-2 was detected in the foveolar epithelia of normal gastric mucosa, whereas predominant cytoplasm staining of MMP-2 was found in malignant tissues. The expression of MMP-2 was stronger in metastatic tissues than in primary tumors. In neoplastic foci the expression of PPARγ was negatively correlated with MMP-2 expression （P〈0.05）. However, there was no correlation between E-cadherin and PPARγ or MM P-2 expression. Conclusions Down-regulation of PPARγ and E-cadherin and up-regulation of MMP-2 in neoplastic foci might be helpful to gastric carcinogenesis and metastases. An inverse relationship between PPARγ and MMP-2 in human gastric carcinoma suggests that PPARγ might modulate MMP-2 expression and affect gastric cancer metastases.

Hepatic lipid homeostasis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγor PPARG)is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily.It plays a master role in the differentiation and proliferation of adipose tissues.It has two major isoforms,PPARγ1 and PPARγ2,encoded from a single gene using two separate promoters and alternative splicing.Among them,PPARγ2 is most abundantly expressed in adipocytes and plays major adipogenic and lipogenic roles in the tissue.Furthermore,it has been shown that PPARγ2 is also expressed in the liver,specifically in hepatocytes,and its expression level positively correlates with fat accumulation induced by pathological conditions such as obesity and diabetes.Knockout of the hepatic Pparg gene ameliorates hepatic steatosis induced by diet or genetic manipulations.Transcriptional activation of Pparg in the liver induces the adipogenic program to store fatty acids in lipid droplets as observed in adipocytes.Understanding how the hepatic Pparg gene expression is regulated will help develop preventative and therapeutic treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD).Due to the potential adverse effect of hepatic Pparg gene deletion on peripheral tissue functions,therapeutic interventions that target PPAR g for fatty liver diseases require fine-tuning of this gene's expression and transcriptional activity。

PPARγ_2基因Pro12Ala多态性与2型糖尿病及其一级亲属血脂的相关性研究

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)γ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与2型糖尿病(T2DM)及其一级亲属血脂的相关性。方法将研究对象按WHO 1999年T2DM的诊断与分型标准分为T2DM组(156例,为T2DM患者且其家族中有血缘关系的T2DM患者≥2例)、T2DM一级亲属中正常糖耐量组即NFDR组(168例,为T2DM的一级亲属中糖耐量正常者)、无糖尿病家族史的正常糖耐量组即NC组(150例,与T2DM无血缘关系,且经口服糖耐量检测排除T2DM和糖耐量异常IGT者)。每组按体重指数(BMI)再分为肥胖组(BMI≥25kg/m2)和非肥胖组(BMI<25kg/m2)。应用聚合酶链反应-限制性内切酶片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala多态性,比较不同基因型患者的血脂水平。结果 T2DM组患者BMI显著高于NC组(P<0.05);NC组、NFDR组、T2DM组甘油三酯(TG)依次增高,3者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);胆固醇(TC)依次增高,但3者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);T2DM组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HLD)显著低于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3组的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。T2DM组PA/AA基因型患者较PP基因型患者的TG、TC、LDL高(P<0.05),其中肥胖组PA/AA基因型较PP基因型患者的TG、TC、LDL高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在非肥胖组中的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NFDR组PA/AA基因型较PP基因型中TG、TC、LDL有增高趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其中肥胖组中PA/AA基因型较PP基因型中TG、TC、LDL高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在非肥胖组中的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NC组PA/AA基因型与PP基因型患者的TC、TG、HDL、LDL水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),在NC肥胖组及NC非肥胖组中两种基因型患者的各血脂水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PPARγ2基因Pro12Ala多态性与西北地区汉族T2DM及其一级亲属血脂相关,以肥胖者明显,但可能对血脂的影响甚微。

应用BP人工神经网络探讨PPAR-γ和RXR-α基因多态性与汉族人群2型糖尿病遗传易感性的关系

目的:探讨BP人工神经网络(BPANN)在研究过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)和视黄醛α受体(RXR-α)基因单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点与中国南方地区汉族人群2型糖尿病(T2DM)易感性关系中的应用特点。方法:采用BPANN分析方法,对591例2型糖尿病患者和724例正常对照者的基因多态性位点的分型结果、血清脂联素水平以及其他所有可能的影响因素按照平均影响值(MIV)的绝对值大小排序,并与Logistic回归模型的分析结果相比较,用多因子降维法(MDR)分析基因间的交互作用。结果:BPANN多因素分析中,2型糖尿病危险因子的顺位为血清脂联素浓度、高血压史、腰围、rs4240711、rs3132291、rs3856806、2型糖尿病家族史、饮酒、高脂血症史、吸烟、年龄、BMI指数、rs1045570、性别、rs2920502、rs6537944、rs4842194、rs17827276、rs1801282;而多因素Logistic回归分析中只有8个变量入选最终模型,因子顺位为高血压史、T2DM家族史、腰围、饮酒、吸烟、rs4240711、rs4842194、血清脂联素浓度;多因子降维法(MDR)分析结果显示模型X1X2X3(rs3856806,rs3132291,rs4240711)为最佳模型(交叉验证一致性10/10,P=0.0107)。结论:PPAR-γ和RXR-α基因多态性改变的交互作用对于中国南方汉族T2DM遗传易感性可能具有一定的作用。BPANN用于筛选T2DM等复杂多病因疾病的影响因素,可能提供更切合实际情况的模型。

β3-肾上腺素能受体基因变异对肥胖、2型糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗发病机制的研究进展

近年来的研究发现,β3-肾上腺素能受体(β3-AR)基因变异与肥胖、2型糖尿病(T2DM)和胰岛素抵抗有关。β3-AR基因多态性是通过自主神经来影响代谢的,在β3-AR受体结合、信号转导和调节机制上的缺陷,可能会导致对脂肪组织及脂质分解反应的消失。因此,加速了肥胖及其相关的T2DM、胰岛素抵抗的发生。其他的研究表明,β3-AR可使解耦联蛋白(UCP)及过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体-γ2(PPAR-γ2)的表达增加,并且β3-AR与这两种基因联合变异在肥胖、T2DM和代谢综合征中有协同作用。

过氧化物酶体增生物激活物受体γ诱导的平滑肌细胞凋亡过程中相关基因p53和bcl-2表达的变化

目的 :观察氧化修饰的低密度脂蛋白 (ox-LDL)、过氧化物酶体增生物激活物受体γ(PPARγ)的两种激动剂噻唑烷二酮类 (TZDs)的药物ciglitazone和 15脱氧 -前列腺素J2 (15d -PGJ2 )、PPARγ抑制剂PGF2α诱导血管平滑肌细胞 (VSMC)凋亡过程中 ,对凋亡相关基因p5 3和bcl - 2表达的影响。方法 :将不同浓度ox -LDL和ciglitazone和 15脱氧 -前列腺素J2 (15d -PGJ2 )与原代培养的SD大鼠VSMC孵育。加入PPARγ的抑制剂PGF2α,用流式细胞仪测定细胞凋亡率。用免疫组织化学方法观察凋亡相关基因蛋白P5 3和Bcl- 2的表达。结果 :ox -LDL和ciglitazone、15d -PGJ2 可诱导VSMC凋亡 ,PPARγ的抑制剂PGF2α抑制其凋亡。此过程中 ,P5 3表达随诱导剂浓度的增加而表达增加 ,加入PGF2α后 ,P5 3蛋白的表达又降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;凋亡相关基因bcl- 2的变化也有显著意义。结论 :PPARγ的活性改变了凋亡相关基因的表达 ;凋亡相关基因p5 3和bcl- 2参与了PPARγ诱导的平滑肌细胞凋亡过程。

中国潍坊地区汉族人过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Prol2Ala多态性与糖尿病的相关性

目的观察中国潍坊地区汉族人过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Prol2Ala多态性的分布情况,探讨其与2型糖尿病的相关性。方法利用聚合酶链反应限制片长多态性测定170例2型糖尿病患者和54例健康人过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Prol2Ala基因型,比较基因型和等位基因频率在不同组间的差异。结果在224例潍坊地区汉族人中,过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Pro12Ala多态性分布以Pro/Pro基因型为主,Pro/Pro、Pro/Ala及Ala/Ala基因型频率分别为0.902、0.094及0.004,Pro等位基因的频率为0.9487,Ala等位基因频率为0.0513。正常对照组中Ala等位基因的频率为0.093,明显高于糖尿病组(0.041,P=0.039)。结论潍坊地区汉族人过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Pro12Ala多态性(Ala等位基因)可能是2型糖尿病发病的保护性因子。

PPAR-γ_2基因Pro12Ala多态性与2型糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体-γ基因外显子2(PPAR-γ2)的Pro12Ala多态性与2型糖尿病患者动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法运用多聚酶链式反应-限制性片段长度基因多态性分析方法(PCR-RFLP法),对56例伴动脉粥样硬化(动脉粥样硬化组)和120例无动脉粥样硬化(非动脉粥样硬化组)的2型糖尿病患者PPAR-γ2基因的Pro12Ala多态性位点进行基因分型。结果动脉粥样硬化组AA基因型频率显著高于非动脉粥样硬化组(7.14%vs.0.83%,P<0.05),Ala等位基因频率也显著高于非动脉粥样硬化组(40.18%vs.27.92%,P<0.05)。结论 PPAR-γ2的Pro12Ala变异与糖尿病患者发生动脉粥样硬化有关。

过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因多态性与2型糖尿病及其早期动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的探讨过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因多态性与2型糖尿病及早期动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应—限制性片长多态性检测大连地区汉族人2型糖尿病患者(包括动脉粥样硬化组和非动脉粥样硬化组)过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因外显子B的Pro12Ala变异。结果在动脉粥样硬化组、非动脉粥样硬化组及对照组中过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Pro/Pro基因型频率分别为0.961、0.896及0.892,Pro/Ala分别为0.039、0.104及0.108,Ala/Ala均为0,过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Pro12Ala变异在对照组和糖尿病组间以及非动脉粥样硬化组和动脉粥样硬化组间差异均无显著性(P=0.407,P=0.096)。结论过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ2基因Pro12Ala变异与2型糖尿病及其早期动脉粥样硬化的发生无明显相关。

核转录因子PPARγ2的研究进展

过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ2 (PPARγ2 )是一个转录因子 ,属于核受体超家族的成员之一。其主要在脂肪组织表达 ,对脂肪细胞分化进行调控。其常见多态性Pro12Ala已发现与肥胖及 2型糖尿病关系密切。它也是治疗糖尿病药物噻唑烷二酮类药物 (TZDs)作用的靶分子。因此 ,对其进行代谢调控分子机制的研究 ,可能有助于对