Insecticidal Potential of α-Pinene and β-Caryophyllene against Myzus persicae and Their Impacts on Gene Expression

Myzus persicae(M.persicae)is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses.Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M.persicae,are reported to be unsafe for environment,humans,and beneficial insects.Furthermore,several species of Myzus have been found to develop resistance due to over application of these insecticides.Therefore,it is required to find some novel insecticide that would be safe for the environment as well as for humans.In the current study,two major pure constituentsα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against M.persicae using a fumigant toxicity assay.Furthermore,impact ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene on expression of five different genes,e.g.,HSP 60,FPPS I,OSD,TOL and ANT responsible for reproduction,dispersion,and growth of M.persicae has also been investigated.To perform fumigant toxicity assay,five different concentrations(3.5,4,4.5,5 and 6μL L−1)ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene were prepared.Lethal concentration(LC)was calculated,and gene expression studies were executed through qRT PCR at LC30 ofα-pinene andβ-caryophyllene.Both constituents demonstrated excellent fumigant toxicity effects against M.persicae at all five concentrations.However,α-pinene shows significantly better results(98%)as compared toβ-caryophyllene(80%)after 72 h at 6μL L−1 of dose.The highest upregulation in expression was demonstrated at LC30 dose ofα-pinene in five in three out of five genes understudy(TOL,ANT,and FPPS I).Conversely,two genes HSP 60 and OSD demonstrated downregulation at LC30 dose ofβ-caryophyllene.Conclusively,our results highlighted the promising insecticidal potential of both compoundsα-pinene andβ-caryophylleneby interfering with the reproduction and development related processes in M.persicae,allowing us to recommend the phytoconstituents under investigation as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides.

The Control Efficiency of Plant Alcohol Extracts on the Laboratory Populations of Myzus persicae(Sulzer)and Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

The effects of semiochemicals extracted from 63 species of plants, on peach aphid (Myzus persicae) and mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi), were studied in laboratory. The deterrent rate, reproduction deterrent index and the interferential index of population control (ⅡPC) was used to evaluate the efficiency of semiochemicals on population control of the two target aphids. The results showed that the extracts of 34 species of common plants have noticeable effect on both aphid populations, especially, Xanthium sibiricum Petr.Et Widd. and Syngonium podophyllum Schott. These plant extracts could be used to construct the plant protectant to protect crops.

Study on multi-target mechanism of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) and Semen Persicae (Taoren) on adhesion intestinal obstruction based on network pharmacology

Objective: To explore the mechanism of action of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang)(RERR) and Semen Persicae (Taoren)(SP) on adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO). Methods: The main targets of the active ingredients of RERR and SP were filtered based on the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology analysis platform. Cytoscape 3.2.1 was applied to build the ingredient-target network of RERR and SP for AIO. Results: Fifteen active components were predicted from the RERR and SP herb pair, such as aloe-emodin, catechin, rhein, gibberellin (GA) 119, GA120 and GA121. These components were applied to 59 targets mainly involved in many biological processes such as signal transduction, anti-apoptosis, and inflammatory response involved in activating the immune effect. Conclusion: This study proposes the system pharmacology method and identifies the potent combination therapeutic mechanism of RERR and SP for AIO. This strategy will provide a new insight to the study of herb combinations.

Occurrence Regularity of Myzus persicae and Aphid- transmitted Virus Disease in Zhenyuan County of Guizhou

[Objective]The paper provided a reference for establishment of effective prevention mechanism against aphids in Zhenyuan tobacco area. [Method]The initial population quantity of aphids in early spring,migration of winged aphids,occurrence regularity and damage status of Myzus persicae and aphid-transmitted virus( PVY + CMV) were investigated in Zhenyuan County from 2014 to 2015 using 10-point checkerboard sampling method,yellow dish trapping method and 5-point sampling method. [Result] The total amount of aphids in Brassica campestris was the largest among overwintering hosts,with an average of 18. 44 specimen / plant. The migration of winged aphids presented bimodal pattern; the population dynamics of wingless aphids presented unimodal pattern,and the occurrence peak was from May to June.[Conclusion]Field control against M. persicae in tobacco fields should be conducted from mid May to early June.

Toxicity of newly isolated piperideine alkaloids from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, against the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)

The green peach aphid, Myzuspersicae (Sulzer), is a major insect pest of many agronomic and horticultural crops and is distributed worldwide. Aphid management is often based on application of insecticides. However, the aphid is now resistant to many of these and much interest has recently developed in identification of novel alternative insecticides. Venom isolated from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsisinvicta Buren, is composed of two groups of alkaloids, piperidines and piperideines, and has shown activity against many organisms including fungi, bacteria, mites and several insects. Prior to the study reported herein, no information on the venom’s activity to Myzuspersicae has been reported. Both of the alkaloids were active against M.persicae. The 24 h LC50 values were116.6 and 91.5 ppm for the piperideine and piperidine extracts, respectively. Based on overlap of the 95% fiducial limits the LC50 values for the two alkaloids did not significantly differ. At the high dosages, mortality occurred in as few as four hours and all treated aphids were dead by six hours. Little additional mortality was detected in the 48-hobservation. Both piperideine and piperidine extracts isolated from red imported fire ant venom possess sufficient activity to cause death of green peach aphids and at high dosages, death occurs rapidly. In the search for new replacements to synthetic insecticides, these extracts may offer a novel but potentially successful alternative.

Zasmidium persicae comb.nov.,a new leaf spotting hyphomycete from Laos

Comprehensive examination of cercosporoid leaf-spotting hyphomycetes was carried out in the southern areas of Laos.During this study,a species of Stenella was recorded for the first time from Laos,and according to current taxonomic concepts,this species is transferred to the genus Zasmidium.

Plants affect the horizontal transmission of a new densovirus infecting the green peach aphid Myzus persicae by modulating honeydew production

In a tritrophic context of plant-insect-entomopathogen,plants play important roles in modulating the interaction of insects and their pathogenic viruses.Currently,the influence of plants on the transmission of insect viruses has been mainly studied on baculoviruses and some RNA viruses,whereas the impact of plants on other insect viruses is largely unknown.Here,we identified a new densovirus infecting the green peach aphid Myzus persicae and tested whether and how host plants influence the transmission of the aphid densovirus.The complete single-stranded DNA genome of the virus,M.persicae densovirus 2,is 5727 nt and contains inverted terminal repeats.Transcription and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the virus was distinct from other a few identified aphid densoviruses.The virus abundance was detected highly in the intestinal tract of aphids,compared with the lower level of it in other tissues including head,embryo,and epidermis.Cabbage and pepper plants had no obvious effect on the vertical transmission and saliva-mediated horizontal transmission of the virus.However,the honeydew-mediated horizontal transmission among aphids highly depended on host plants(65%on cabbages versus 17%on peppers).Although the virus concentration in the honeydew produced by aphids between 2 plants was similar,the honeydew production of the infected aphids reared on peppers was dramatically reduced.Taken together,our results provide evidence that plants influence the horizontal transmission of a new densovirus in an aphid population by modulating honeydew secretion of aphids,suggesting plants may manipulate the spread of an aphid-pathogenic densovirus in nature.

Evidence for transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi by migratory flight of Myzus persicae alates

The alates of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, were daily trapped from the air from late October through early January and carried to laboratory for determination of fungal infection by individually rearing them for 7 d on detached cabbage leaves in Petri dishes. Among 760 alates trapped, 266 (35%) were found carrying various fungal pathogens, 87.3% of them died due to mycosis during the first 3-day period of rearing and the rest died in the following two days. Most of the deaths of the alates were attributed to entomophthoralean fungi, taking 94.4%, and the rest were the hyphomycetous fungus Beauveria bassiana. Among the Entomophthorales-killed alates, P. neoaphidis took a proportion of 66.1%, Z. anhuiensis 22.6%, E. planchoniana 9.7%, and N. fresenii 1.6%, respectively. Two alates were found suffering from cross infection of two fungal species, i.e. P. neoaphidis with Z. anhuiensis and N. fresenii, respectively. The results represent the first report on transmission of aphid-pathogenic fungi

Effect of Semen Persicae Extract Combined with Cultured Cordyceps on Reversing Capillarization of Sinusidsin patients with Hepato-Cirrhosis

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Efficacy and biosafety assessment of neuropeptide CAPA analogues against the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae)

Insect CAPA neuropeptidesare considered to affect water and ion balance by mediating the physiological metabolism activities of the Malpighian tubules.In previous studies,the CAPA-PK analogue 1895(2Abf-Suc-FGPRLamide)was reported to decrease aphid fitness when administered through microinjection or via topical application.However,a further statistically significant decrease in the fitness of aphids and an increased mortality could not be established with pairwise combinations of 1895 with other CAPA analogue.In this study,we assessed the topical application of new combinations of 1895 with five CAPA-PVK analogues on the fitness of aphids.We found that 1895 and CAPA-PVK analogue 2315(ASG-[β3L]-VAFPRVamide)was statistically the most effective combination to control the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae nymphs via topical application,leading to 72%mortality.Additionally,the combination(1895+2315)was evaluated against a selection of beneficial insects,that is,a pollinator(Bombus terrestris)and three natural enemies(Chrysoperla carnea,Nasonia vitripennis,and Adalia bipunctata).We found no significant influence on food intake,weight increase,and survival for the pollinator and the three representative natural enemies.These results could facilitate to further establish and generate CAPA analogues as alternatives to broad spectrum and less friendly insecticides.

孝昌血桃气候品质评价模型及区划应用

利用湖北省孝昌县丰山镇桃(Amygdalus persica Linn.)品种孝昌血桃品质数据和同期气象资料,基于文献研究和实地调查分析了关键期气象因子对品质的综合贡献以及气候品质与果实品质之间的关系,构建了孝昌血桃气候品质评价模型,并对模型进行了验证和区划应用。结果表明,果实迅速膨大期至成熟期是孝昌血桃品质形成的关键期,该时段的温度、光照、降水和湿度是影响其品质的主要气候因子;气候品质指标为果实膨大期前3候的平均气温、气温累计日较差、日照时数以及果实成熟期前3候的日照时数、降水量、相对湿度;模型计算的气候品质指数与果实综合品质指数高度相关,相关系数为0.944;模型对主产区2011—2022年的孝昌血桃气候品质评价结果中,有11年与果实综合品质等级基本相符,比例高达90%以上;应用模型对孝昌县近5年的孝昌血桃气候品质等级区划结果中,有4年气候品质为“优”和“特优”的面积超过了85%。

丛枝菌根真菌对桃幼苗生长及硒富集的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicata)、隐类球囊霉(Paraglomus occultum)和幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)4种丛枝菌根真菌对桃[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch]幼苗生长及硒富集特性的影响。结果表明,施用脆无梗囊霉增加了桃幼苗的生物量,促进了桃幼苗的生长,使桃幼苗的根系和地上部分生物量分别比未施用增加了11.28%和9.18%,也在一定程度上提高了光合色素含量、过氧化酶活性及过氧化氢酶活性。施用摩西球囊霉、隐类球囊霉和幼套球囊霉3种丛枝菌根真菌降低了桃幼苗的生物量、光合色素含量及抗氧化酶活性或对其没有显著影响。施用脆无梗囊霉也在一定程度上增加了桃幼苗的总硒含量及有机硒含量,其中地上部分的总硒含量和有机硒含量分别较未施用增加了8.01%和9.34%。施用摩西球嚢霉、隐类球囊霉和幼套球囊霉降低了桃幼苗的总硒含量及有机硒含量或对其没有显著影响。

氨基酸水溶肥促进桃苗生长

氨基酸水溶肥是具有营养效果好、无污染等优点的新型绿色肥料。以桃(Prunus persica L.)苗为材料,通过盆栽试验探究施用不同稀释倍数(600、900、1200、1500倍)的氨基酸水溶肥对桃苗生长的影响,以期筛选出效果最佳的喷施浓度。结果表明,施用氨基酸水溶肥增加了桃苗各部位的生物量,其根、茎、叶及地上部分生物量在稀释倍数为1500倍时最高,较对照分别增加了54.83%、51.28%、35.73%和42.12%;施用氨基酸水溶肥提高了桃苗光合色素含量,当稀释倍数为1500倍时,桃苗的光合色素含量最大;施用氨基酸水溶肥提高了桃苗的抗氧化酶活性,但降低了桃苗的可溶性蛋白质含量。因此,稀释1500倍的氨基酸水溶肥为促进桃苗生长的最佳喷施浓度。

Identification and expression analysis of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis key gene PpHCT in peach

Shikimic acid/quinic acid hydroxy cinnamyl transferase(HCT)is one of the key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway.However,the role of the HCT gene in chlorogenic acid(CGA)biosynthesis in peach fruit remains unclear.For this,we identified the accumulation pattern of CGA in four peach cultivars,cloned and characterized 11 PpHCT gene members,and further analyzed the expression patterns of these PpHCT genes during fruit development.The contents of CGAs in the four peach cultivars all exhibited a trend of increasing and then decreasing during the fruit growth and development.Moreover,the contents of CGAs in the peel and flesh were tissue-specific.Gene structure analysis indicated that the PpHCT genes were highly conserved,containing two exons and one intron.The protein structure analysis demonstrated that the PpHCT proteins contained two conserved motifs(HXXXD,DFGWG)and a transferase domain(PF02458),which belonged to the BAHD acyltransferase family.The cis-acting element analysis suggested that the promoters of PpHCT genes contained many light-related,hormone-related,stress-related,tissue-specific,and circadian-related elements,and they could participate in a variety of biological processes.Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HCT proteins of peach were closely related to the HCT proteins of plum and had a close evolutionary relationship.The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression levels of PpHCT1 and PpHCT2 showed an opposite trend to the accumulation of CGA,whereas the expression levels of PpHCT4,PpHCT5,PpHCT7,PpHCT8,and PpHCT11 demonstrated the same trend as CGA accumulation.It was worth noting that only PpHCT4 and PpHCT5 were highly expressed in the two high-CGA cultivars but showed low levels of expression in the two low-CGA cultivars.Therefore,it was hypothesized that these two genes might be key genes to the synthesis of CGA in peach fruit.Those findings provide a theoretical basis for further study on the biological functions of the HCT gene and help to reveal the molecular mechanism of CGA.

The Potential Efficacy of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Nanostructure Against Brown Rot of Peach fruits

Production of peaches(Prunus persica(L.)Batsch)for both local market and export is increasing each year in Egypt.Brown rot disease,caused by Monilinia laxa and Monilinia fructigena,is considered one of the most important postharvest rots affecting peaches in Egypt and economic losses are increasing.Antifungal activity of glycyrrhizic acid nanoparticles(GA-NPs)and glycyrrhizic acid(GA)at 0.2 and 0.4 mmol/L was investigated as a control for both these brown rot pathogens on peach fruits in both in vitro and in vivo studies.In the in vitro studies,GA-NPs were the most effective as shown by the ability to decrease linear growth of both brown rot pathogens in potato dextrose agar(PDA)amended with 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs.Micrographs of M.fructigena exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA showed mycelial deformations,nodule formation,detachment of the cell wall,shrinkage and inhomogeneous cytoplasmic materials with large vacuoles.Mycelium of M.laxa exposed to 0.4 mmol/LGA-NPs resulted in thinner and distorted hyphae,nodule formation,cell wall thinning,and swellings.The GANPs and GA treatments improved fruit quality by maintaining firmness and total soluble solids(TSS).GA-NPs were more effective in decreasing decay incidence than their bulk material.The 0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs completely inhibited the disease on naturally infected peach fruits for both seasons of 2018 and 2019.Furthermore,0.4 mmol/L GA-NPs reduced the disease incidence in inoculated fruits by 95(M.laxa)and 88%(M.fructigena)in 2018 season and 96(M.laxa)and 85%(M.fructigena)in 2019 season.In conclusion,GA-NPs could enhance the resistance of peaches against brown rot caused by M.laxa and M.fructigena.

桃蚜DNA提取方法的研究

[目的]探讨不同方法提取桃蚜DNA效果。[方法]以桃蚜为试验材料,采用近年来用于提取小型昆虫DNA的方法,包括2种十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)法、十六烷基三乙基溴化铵(CTAB)法、醋酸钾(KAc)法和2种饱和氯化钠(NaCl)法,并作了进一步的改进,对单只蚜虫进行基因组DNA的提取,用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和微量紫外分光光度计等检测手段比较分析所提DNA的浓度和纯度。[结果]6种方法除KAc法外,都可以提取到较高浓度的基因组DNA。其中,较适宜的方法为饱和NaCl法Ⅱ。[结论]该方法探讨了不同方法提取桃蚜DNA效果,为桃蚜基因提取提供了技术支持。

不同寄主植物对草莓桃蚜生存繁殖的影响

研究了取食草莓(Fragaria ananassa)的桃蚜(Myzus persicae)对7种不同寄主植物的取食嗜好,并测定了其在4种不同寄主植物上生长繁殖习性。结果表明,桃蚜嗜好寄主植物为草莓、辣椒、莴苣、萝卜;取食草莓的桃蚜发育历期最短,取食辣椒和莴苣的桃蚜发育历期相当,而取食萝卜的桃蚜不能完成整个发育历期;取食莴苣的桃蚜平均单头产卵量最高;取食草莓和莴苣的桃蚜存活率最高、其次为辣椒,取食萝卜的桃蚜存活率最低。

湖北郧西地区烟蚜的种群数量动态研究

于2011～2012年系统调查了郧西烟区不同海拔和品种烟田的烟蚜[Myzus persicae （Sulzer）]数量，结果表明，不同海拔地区烟蚜数量差异显著，高海拔地区烟蚜数量明显大于低海拔地区。烟蚜对不同品种烟草的选择性不同，香料烟烟蚜发生最重，烤烟和晒烟发生较轻。2011年烟蚜的发生量远大于2012年，且有翅蚜的比例较大；2012年烟蚜发生量较轻，有翅蚜的比例始终处于较低水平。

云南鱼藤提取物对2种蚜虫的杀虫活性研究

以萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)、桃蚜(Myzus persicae)为供试昆虫,研究云南鱼藤(Derris yunnanensisChun)乙醇提取物、乙酸乙酯提取物、正丁醇提取物、水提取物的杀虫活性。结果表明,云南鱼藤乙醇提取物对萝卜蚜和桃蚜的杀虫活性的大小顺序为:正丁醇提取物>乙醇提取物>乙酸乙酯提取物>水提取物;除水提取物外,其他提取物均对供试昆虫有较好的杀虫活性,且浓度越高杀虫活性越强。推断云南鱼藤中对萝卜蚜和桃蚜有杀虫活性的成分主要分布在高极性的正丁醇萃取部位。

五种杀虫剂蘸根处理对烟蚜的防治效果

为了寻找投入低廉、简单高效的施药方式,采用盆栽试验和大田试验研究了烟苗移栽时用吡虫啉等农药蘸根处理对烟蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulzer)]的防治效果及对烟株生长发育的影响。结果表明,盆栽移栽时用吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、呋虫胺、吡蚜酮蘸根处理,药后50 d内对烟蚜的防治效果均在97.84%以上;大田试验移栽时用吡虫啉等农药蘸根处理,持效期可达50 d,50 d内防效为20.41%~100.00%;移栽时用吡虫啉等农药蘸根处理,对大田烟草生长发育没有影响。5种杀虫剂可以通过蘸根的方式在烟草种植中使用。