We Must De It,Do It Persistently,and Do It Well

The start of the sixth session of the China Auto Inter- national Exhibition Tour brings a Chinese wind that sweeps across auto markets both at home and abroad.To strike while the iron is hot,China's Foreign Trade in-

Transrectal ultrasonography in infertile patients with persistently elevated bacteriospermia

Aim： To identify and define prostate and seminal vesicle abnormalities in patients with chronic male accessory gland infection （MAGI） who failed to respond to antibacterial treatment. Methods： We selected 67 consecutive patients with MAGI and persistently elevated bacteriospermia （≥ 10^6 colony forming units [CFU]/mL） after three antibiotic courses. Fourteen infertile patients with initial chronic microbial （≥ 10^6 CFU/mL） MAGI who responded to antibacterial treatment （〈 10^3 CFU/mL） served as a control group. All patients and controls underwent transrectal ultrasonography （TRUS） scans and semen analysis. Patients with low seminal plasma volume （〈 1.5 mL） underwent both preejaculatory and post-ejaculatory TRUS examination. Results： TRUS revealed multiple abnormalities indicative of： （i） bilaterally extended prostato-vesiculitis （group A： 52 cases, 77.6%） （nine of these patients also had micro-emphysematous prostate abscess）; and （ii） prostato-vesiculitis with unilateral or bilateral sub-obstruction of the ejaculatory ducts （group B： 15 cases, 22.4%）. Mean sperm concentration, total sperm number, ejaculate volume and pH value were significantly higher in group A than in group B. In addition, sperm forward motility and the percentage of normal forms were significantly worse than in controls, whereas leukocyte concentration was significantly higher in group A. Group B patients had all sperm parameters, but their pH values, significantly different from those of controls. Conclusion： Although antibiotic therapy is considered suitable when microbial MAGI is suspected, it is impossible to account for a poor response to antibiotics merely on the basis of conventional criteria （clinical history, physical and ejaculate signs）. Thus, TRUS may be helpful in the follow-up of these patients.

E Sequence Analysis of Persistently Infected Mutant Japanese Encephalitis Virus Strains

Summary： A persistent infection model was established after human hepatoma cells infected by Japanese encephalitis viruses were subcultured for several times. Viral titers of mutant viruses in persistently infected cells were examined by plaque methods using BHK cells. Nucleotides of the E coding region of two wild and two mutant viruses were amplified by RT-PCR. PCR products were sequenced by ABI-PRSM^TM310 sequencing system. Compared to JaGAr-01 wild strains, four amino acids were replaced （E61Tyr→Asp, E219His→Tyr, E384Val→Glu, E418Pro→Ala） in the E sequence of JaGAr-01 persistently-infected mutant strains. Eleven amino acid replacement （E51Arg →Ser, E61Tyr→Asp, E83Lys→Glu, E123Ser→Arg, E209Arg→Lys, E227Pro→Ser, E276Asp→er, E290Arg→Lys, E387Lys→Arg, E418Leu→Pro, E454Arg→Gly） was also noted when we compared the E sequence between persistently infected Nakayama and its wild strains. A lot of similarities of amino acid sequence between mutant strains JaGAr-01 and Nakayama were also noted. It was concluded that geno-variation existed in E region of mutant viruses and the mutant protein encoded by E region, especially the mutation of E61 （Tyr→Asp） may contribute to the maintenance of the persistent infection of Japanese encephalitis virus.

Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis Complicated by Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Herpes simplex virus is the most common etiology for life-threatening sporadic encephalitis worldwide. Antiviral therapy with acyclovir has been shown to reduce mortality and should be started promptly in patients with clinically suspected viral encephalitis before serological confirmation of the diagnosis. Despite antiviral treatment, it is associated with significant mortality and a wide range of neurologic sequelae or neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical presentation includes fever, headache, altered mental status, and focal or generalized seizures. In some cases, it can present with focal neurological deficits, such as an acute stroke. The aim of this study is to identify rare complications of HSVE. Presentation: We present a case of a 71-year-old female patient with herpes virus encephalitis and an ischemic cerebral accident. The findings of CT scan of the brain revealed an extensive right temporal hypodensity. CSF findings include an elevated protein level, normal glucose level and pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance. The lumbar tap confirmed the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the CSF. Neurological manifestations include focal neurological deficit with left-sided hemiparesis and coma. After 40 days of complex therapy, an improvement in the mental state was observed. Conclusion: There are varying degrees of neurologic sequelae among survivors in children and adults despite the antiviral treatment. Herpes simplex encephalitis has significant morbidity and high mortality due to the lack of prophylactic treatment and preventable strategies.

Identification of HIV-1 specific T lymphocyte responses in highly exposed persistently seronegative Chinese

Background Studies of highly exposed persistently seronegative （HEPS） individuals may provide valuable information on mechanisms of protection and on vaccine design. Cellular immune responses play a critical role in containing human immunodeficiency virus. However, the cellular immune responses in HEPS individuals have not been thoroughly assessed at the entire viral genome level. Methods Ten HEPS Chinese with a history of frequent penetrative vaginal intercourse （mean frequency, at least once a week）, with some unprotected sexual contact occurring in the weeks or days immediately before enrollment, 25 HIV-1 seropositive individuals, 10 HIV-1-seronegative healthy individuals with low-risk sexual behavior and no history suggestive of exposure to HIV-1 infection were enrolled. HIV-1-specific T cell responses were comprehensively analyzed by an interferon- 7 Elispot assay against 770 overlapping peptides spanning all HIV-1 proteins. Results HIV-1-specific T-cell responses of interferon- 7 secretion were identified in 3 （30%） out of 10 HEPS individuals; the specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were targeted at Pol （2/10）, Env （2/10）, and Tat （1/10）. HIV-1-specific T-cell responses of interferon- ~ secretion were identified in 20 （80%） out of 25 seropositive intravenous drug users （IDUs）, revealing that all HIV-1 proteins and protein subunits could serve as targets for HIV-1-specific CD8^＋ T cell responses with 85% recognizing Gag, 80% recognizing Nef, 75% recognizing Pol, 60% recognizing Env, 55% recognizing Vpu, 45% recognizing Vpr, 20% recognizing Vif, 20% recognizing Tat and 15% recognizing Rev in these seropositive individuals. None of the seronegative healthy individuals gave the positive T-cell responses. Conclusions About 30% of HEPS Chinese mounted HIV-1 specific T cell immune responses. Cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1 may be developed through non-productive infections.

The Persistence and Zonal Scale of Atmospheric Dipolar Modes

This study investigates the relationship between the persistence and the zonal scale of atmospheric dipolar modes(DMs). Results from the daily data of ERA5 and the long-term output of an idealized atmospheric model show that the atmospheric DMs with a broader(narrower) zonal scale dipolar structure possess a longer(shorter) persistence. A detailed vorticity budget analysis indicates that the persistence of a hemispheric-scale DM(1/1 DM) and a regional or sectoral DM(1/8 DM) in the model both largely rely on the persistence of the nonlinear eddy forcing. Linear terms can indirectly reduce the persistence of the anomalous nonlinear eddy forcing in a 1/8 DM by modifying the baroclinicity via the arousal of anomalous vertical motions. Therefore, the atmospheric DMs with a broader(narrower) zonal scale possess a longer(shorter) persistence because the effects of the linear terms are less(more) pronounced when the atmospheric DMs have better(worse) zonal symmetry. Further analyses show that the positive eddy feedback effect is weak or even absent in a 1/8DM and the high-frequency eddy forcing acts more like a concomitant phenomenon rather than a leading driving factor for a 1/8 DM. Thus, the hemispheric-scale DM and the regional or sectoral DMs are different, not only in their persistence but also in their dynamics.

THE PERSISTENCE OF SOLUTIONS IN A NONLOCAL PREDATOR-PREY SYSTEM WITH A SHIFTING HABITAT

In this paper,we mainly study the propagation properties of a nonlocal dispersal predator-prey system in a shifting environment.It is known that Choi et al.[J Differ Equ,2021,302:807-853]studied the persistence or extinction of the prey and of the predator separately in various moving frames.In particular,they achieved a complete picture in the local diffusion case.However,the question of the persistence of the prey and of the predator in some intermediate moving frames in the nonlocal diffusion case was left open in Choi et al.'s paper.By using some a prior estimates,the Arzelà-Ascoli theorem and a diagonal extraction process,we can extend and improve the main results of Choi et al.to achieve a complete picture in the nonlocal diffusion case.

Yield of alarm features in predicting significant endoscopic findings among hospitalized patients with dyspepsia

BACKGROUND Dyspepsia is a very prevalent upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms complex.Some of these symptoms might arise from serious underlying diseases,so the promotion of evidence-based guidelines could potentially better align evaluation and treatment.AIM To determine the value of alarm features as a predictive factor for significant endoscopic findings(SEFs)among hospitalized patients presenting with dyspepsia.METHODS We conducted a retrospective case-control study including information about 6208 endoscopic procedures performed for hospitalized patients.Patients were divided into two groups,with and without SEFs,and compared to elucidate the ability of the different alarm features to predict SEFs.RESULTS During the study,605 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria.When the demographics and clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared,tachycardia(P<0.05),normocytic anemia,(P<0.05),leukocytosis(P<0.05),and hypoalbuminemia(P<0.05)documented on admission prior to endoscopy were strong predictors of SEFs.Among the alarm features,upper gastrointestinal bleeding,persistent vomiting,odynophagia[odds ratio(OR)=3.81,P<0.05;OR=1.75,P=0.03;and OR=7.81,P=0.07,respectively]were associated with SEFs.Unexplained weight loss was strongly associated with malignancy as an endoscopic finding(OR=2.05;P<0.05).In addition,long-term use of anti-aggregate medications other than aspirin(P<0.05)was correlated to SEFs.CONCLUSION Novel predictors of SEFs were elucidated in this study.These parameters could be used as an adjunctive in decision making regarding performing upper endoscopy in hospitalized patients with dyspepsia.

Characteristics and Mechanisms of Persistent Wet–Cold Events with Different Cold-air Paths in South China

We investigate the characteristics and mechanisms of persistent wet–cold events(PWCEs)with different types of coldair paths.Results show that the cumulative single-station frequency of the PWCEs in the western part of South China is higher than that in the eastern part.The pattern of single-station frequency of the PWCEs are“Yangtze River(YR)uniform”and“east–west inverse”.The YR uniform pattern is the dominant mode,so we focus on this pattern.The cold-air paths for PWCEs of the YR uniform pattern are divided into three types—namely,the west,northwest and north types—among which the west type accounts for the largest proportion.The differences in atmospheric circulation of the PWCEs under the three types of paths are obvious.The thermal inversion layer in the lower troposphere is favorable for precipitation during the PWCEs.The positive water vapor budget for the three types of PWCEs mainly appears at the southern boundary.

Detecting APT-Exploited Processes through Semantic Fusion and Interaction Prediction

Considering the stealthiness and persistence of Advanced Persistent Threats(APTs),system audit logs are leveraged in recent studies to construct system entity interaction provenance graphs to unveil threats in a host.Rule-based provenance graph APT detection approaches require elaborate rules and cannot detect unknown attacks,and existing learning-based approaches are limited by the lack of available APT attack samples or generally only perform graph-level anomaly detection,which requires lots of manual efforts to locate attack entities.This paper proposes an APT-exploited process detection approach called ThreatSniffer,which constructs the benign provenance graph from attack-free audit logs,fits normal system entity interactions and then detects APT-exploited processes by predicting the rationality of entity interactions.Firstly,ThreatSniffer understands system entities in terms of their file paths,interaction sequences,and the number distribution of interaction types and uses the multi-head self-attention mechanism to fuse these semantics.Then,based on the insight that APT-exploited processes interact with system entities they should not invoke,ThreatSniffer performs negative sampling on the benign provenance graph to generate non-existent edges,thus characterizing irrational entity interactions without requiring APT attack samples.At last,it employs a heterogeneous graph neural network as the interaction prediction model to aggregate the contextual information of entity interactions,and locate processes exploited by attackers,thereby achieving fine-grained APT detection.Evaluation results demonstrate that anomaly-based detection enables ThreatSniffer to identify all attack activities.Compared to the node-level APT detection method APT-KGL,ThreatSniffer achieves a 6.1%precision improvement because of its comprehensive understanding of entity semantics.

Hydromassage of macular hole edges for large and persistent full-thickness macular holes

●AIM:To introduce the macular hole(MH)hydromassage technique as a potentially beneficial approach for the treatment of large or persistent MH.●METHODS:This retrospective observational case series comprised 16 consecutive patients(17 eyes)diagnosed with MH.Inclusion criteria involved a hole aperture diameter larger than 600μm or the presence of an unclosed MH larger than 600μm following the previous vitrectomy.Standard MH repair procedures were administered in all cases,involving the manipulation and aspiration of the hole margin through the application of water flow with a soft-tip flute needle.A comprehensive assessment was conducted for each case before and after surgery,and optical coherence tomography(OCT)images were captured at every follow-up point.●RESULTS:The mean preoperative aperture diameter was 747±156μm(range 611-1180μm),with a mean base diameter of 1390±435μm(range 578-2220μm).Following surgery,all cases achieved complete anatomical closure of MH,with 13 cases(76.5%)exhibiting type 1 closure and 4 cases(23.5%)demonstrating type 2 closure.No significant differences were observed in the preoperative OCT variables between the two closure types.Eyes with type 1 closure showed a significantly improved visual acuity(0.70±0.10,range 0.50-0.80)compared to those with type 2 closure(0.90±0.12,range 0.80-1.00,P=0.014).●CONCLUSION:The MH hydromassage technique demonstrates promising results,achieving acceptable closure rates in cases of large or persistent MH.This technique may serve as an effective adjunctive maneuver during challenging MH surgery.

Clinical study of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-tolymphocyte ratio in hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis and acute biliary pancreatitis with persistent organ failure

BACKGROUND The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR)and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio(PLR)are novel inflammatory indicators that can be used to predict the severity and prognosis of various diseases.We categorize acute pancreatitis by etiology into acute biliary pancreatitis(ABP)and hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis(HTGP).AIM To investigate the clinical significance of NLR and PLR in assessing persistent organ failure(POF)in HTGP and ABP.METHODS A total of 1450 patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis(AP)for the first time at Shanxi Bethune Hospital between January 2012 and January 2023 were enrolled.The patients were categorized into two groups according to the etiology of AP:ABP in 530 patients and HTGP in 241 patients.We collected and compared the clinical data of the patients,including NLR,PLR,and AP prognostic scoring systems,within 48 h of hospital admission.RESULTS The NLR(9.1 vs 6.9,P<0.001)and PLR(203.1 vs 160.5,P<0.001)were significantly higher in the ABP group than in the HTGP group.In the HTGP group,both NLR and PLR were significantly increased in patients with severe AP and those with a SOFA score≥3.Likewise,in the ABP group,NLR and PLR were significantly elevated in patients with severe AP,modified computed tomography severity index score≥4,Japanese Severity Score≥3,and modified Marshall score≥2.Moreover,NLR and PLR showed predictive value for the development of POF in both the ABP and HTGP groups.CONCLUSION NLR and PLR vary between ABP and HTGP,are strongly associated with AP prognostic scoring systems,and have predictive potential for the occurrence of POF in both ABP and HTGP.

Risk factors associated with intraoperative persistent hypotension in pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND Intraoperative persistent hypotension(IPH)during pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)is linked to adverse postoperative outcomes,yet its risk factors remain unclear.AIM To clarify the risk factors associated with IPH during PD,ensuring patient safety in the perioperative period.METHODS A retrospective analysis of patient records from January 2018 to December 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University identified factors associated with IPH in PD.These factors included age,gender,body mass index,American Society of Anesthesiologists classification,comorbidities,medication history,operation duration,fluid balance,blood loss,urine output,and blood gas parameters.IPH was defined as sustained mean arterial pressure<65 mmHg,requiring prolonged deoxyepinephrine infusion for>30 min despite additional deoxyepinephrine and fluid treatments.RESULTS Among 1596 PD patients,661(41.42%)experienced IPH.Multivariate logistic regression identified key risk factors:increased age[odds ratio(OR):1.20 per decade,95%confidence interval(CI):1.08-1.33](P<0.001),longer surgery duration(OR:1.15 per additional hour,95%CI:1.05-1.26)(P<0.01),and greater blood loss(OR:1.18 per 250-mL increment,95%CI:1.06-1.32)(P<0.01).A novel finding was the association of arterial blood Ca^(2+)<1.05 mmol/L with IPH(OR:2.03,95%CI:1.65-2.50)(P<0.001).CONCLUSION IPH during PD is independently associated with older age,prolonged surgery,increased blood loss,and lower plasma Ca^(2+).

Enhancing predictive accuracy in hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis:Role of red cell distribution width and prospective studies

This letter addresses the study titled“Red cell distribution width:A predictor of the severity of hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis”by Lv et al published in the World Journal of Experimental Medicine.The study offers a valuable analysis of red cell distribution width(RDW)as a predictive marker for persistent organ failure in patients with hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis.The study results suggest that RDW,combined with the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis score,could enhance the predictive accuracy for severe outcomes.Further investigation into the role of RDW in different severities of acute pancreatitis is recommended.Additionally,the need for large-scale and multicenter prospective studies to validate these findings is emphasized.

Insider threat detection approach for tobacco industry based on heterogeneous graph embedding

In the tobacco industry,insider employee attack is a thorny problem that is difficult to detect.To solve this issue,this paper proposes an insider threat detection method based on heterogeneous graph embedding.First,the interrelationships between logs are fully considered,and log entries are converted into heterogeneous graphs based on these relationships.Second,the heterogeneous graph embedding is adopted and each log entry is represented as a low-dimensional feature vector.Then,normal logs and malicious logs are classified into different clusters by clustering algorithm to identify malicious logs.Finally,the effectiveness and superiority of the method is verified through experiments on the CERT dataset.The experimental results show that this method has better performance compared to some baseline methods.

Hysteroscopic cervical biopsy for women with persistent human papillomavirus infection after loop electrosurgical excision procedure: A case report

BACKGROUNDAlmost all cases of cervical cancer can be attributed to human papillomavirus(HPV) infection. The loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is widelyused to treat HPV-mediated disease;thus, cervical cancer is highly preventable.However, LEEP does not necessarily clear HPV rapidly and may affect theaccuracy of the results of ThinPrep cytology test (TCT) and cervical biopsy due tothe formation of cervical scars.CASE SUMMARYA 40-year-old woman underwent LEEP for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade1 approximately 10 years ago. Subsequent standard cervical cancer screeningsuggested persistent HPV-52 infection, but TCT results were negative. Cervicalbiopsy under colposcopy was performed thrice over a 10-year period, yieldingnegative pathology results. She developed abnormal vaginal bleeding after sexualactivity, persisting for approximately 1 year, and underwent hysteroscopy in ourhospital. Histopathologic evaluation confirmed adenocarcinoma in situ of theuterine cervix.CONCLUSIONPatients with long-term persistent, high-risk HPV infection and negative pathologyresults of cervical biopsy after LEEP are at risk of cervical cancer. Hysteroscopicresection of cervical canal tissue is recommended as a supplement tocervical biopsy because it helps define the lesion site and may yield a pathologicdiagnosis.

Long chikungunya?An overview to immunopathology of persistent arthralgia

Chikungunya fever(CF)is caused by an arbovirus whose manifestations are extremely diverse,and it has evolved with significant severity in recent years.The clinical signs triggered by the Chikungunya virus are similar to those of other arboviruses.Generally,fever starts abruptly and reaches high levels,followed by severe polyarthralgia and myalgia,as well as an erythematous or petechial maculopapular rash,varying in severity and extent.Around 40%to 60%of affected individuals report persistent arthralgia,which can last from months to years.The symptoms of CF mainly represent the tissue tropism of the virus rather than the immunopathogenesis triggered by the host's immune system.The main mechanisms associated with arthralgia have been linked to an increase in T helper type 17 cells and a consequent increase in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Βligand and bone resorption.This review suggests that persistent arthralgia results from the presence of viral antigens post-infection and the constant activation of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 in synovial macrophages,leading to local infiltration of CD4+T cells,which sustains the inflammatory process in the joints through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.The term"long chikungunya"was used in this review to refer to persistent arthralgia since,due to its manifestation over long periods after the end of the viral infection,this clinical condition seems to be characterized more as a sequel than as a symptom,given that there is no active infection involved.

The Transport and Persistence of Escherichia coli in Leachate from Poultry Litter Amended Soils

Fecal coliform bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) are one of the main sources of groundwater pollution. An assessment of the transport and Persistence of E. coli in poultry litter amended Decatur silty Clay soil and Hartsells Sandy soil was conducted using soil columns and simulated groundwater leaching. Enumeration of initial E. coli was determined to range from 2.851 × 103 to 3.044 × 103 CFU per gram of soil. These results have been used in a batch study to determine the persistence rate of E. coli in Decatur silty Clay soil and Hartsells Sandy soil. Results prove that E. coli survival growth rate increases for clay soil later than and at a higher rate than sandy soil. The column study has determined that E. coli was transported at a rate of 3.7 × 106 CFU for Decatur silty loam and 6.3 × 106 CFU for Hartsells sandy per gram of soil. Further, linear regression analysis predictions show higher porosity and soil moisture content affect transport, and Hartsells sandy soil has higher transport of E. coli due to its higher porosity and lower volumetric water content.

Beyond Defense: Proactive Approaches to Disaster Recovery and Threat Intelligence in Modern Enterprises

As cyber threats keep changing and business environments adapt, a comprehensive approach to disaster recovery involves more than just defensive measures. This research delves deep into the strategies required to respond to threats and anticipate and mitigate them proactively. Beginning with understanding the critical need for a layered defense and the intricacies of the attacker’s journey, the research offers insights into specialized defense techniques, emphasizing the importance of timely and strategic responses during incidents. Risk management is brought to the forefront, underscoring businesses’ need to adopt mature risk assessment practices and understand the potential risk impact areas. Additionally, the value of threat intelligence is explored, shedding light on the importance of active engagement within sharing communities and the vigilant observation of adversary motivations. “Beyond Defense: Proactive Approaches to Disaster Recovery and Threat Intelligence in Modern Enterprises” is a comprehensive guide for organizations aiming to fortify their cybersecurity posture, marrying best practices in proactive and reactive measures in the ever-challenging digital realm.

The Roles of Low-level Jets in “21·7” Henan Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall Event

An extremely heavy rainfall event lasting from 17 to 22 July 2021 occurred in Henan Province of China, with accumulated precipitation of more than 1000 mm over a 6-day period that exceeded its mean annual precipitation. The present study examines the roles of persistent low-level jets(LLJs) in maintaining the precipitation using surface station observations and reanalysis datasets. The LLJs triggered strong ascending motions and carried moisture mainly from the outflow of Typhoon In-fa(2021). The varying directions of the LLJs well corresponded to the meridional shifts of the rainfall. The precipitation rate reached a maximum during 20-21 July as the LLJs strengthened and expanded vertically into double LLJs, including synoptic-weather-system-related LLJs(SLLJs) at 850–700 hPa and boundary-layer jets(BLJs)at ~950 hPa. The coupling of the SLLJ and BLJ provided strong mid-and low-level convergence on 20 July, whereas the SLLJ produced mid-level divergence at its entrance that coupled with low-level convergence at the terminus of the BLJ on21 July. The formation mechanisms of the two types of LLJs are further examined. The SLLJs and the low-pressure vortex(or inverted trough) varied synchronously as a whole and were affected by the southwestward movement of the WPSH in the rainiest period. The persistent large total pressure gradient force at low levels also maintained the strength of low-level geostrophic winds, thus sustaining the BLJs on the synoptic scale. The results based on a Du-Rotunno 1D model show that the Blackadar and Holton mechanisms jointly governed the BLJ dynamics on the diurnal scale.