Compensatory Damages in Personal Information Public Interest Litigation in China: Challenges and Prospects

In contrast to private interest litigation,public interest litigation provides a more potent solution to personal information infringements marked by extensive scope,unspecified victims,and limited individual loss.However,com⁃pensatory damages remain a contentious issue,both in theory and in practice,within the legal framework of personal in⁃formation public interest litigation.Through an empirical study conducted within China's judicial practice,this paper reveals that the pending issue concerning the nature and function of compensatory damages has caused highly contra⁃dictory verdicts regarding their calculation and allocation,as well as their relationship with other forms of pecuniary li⁃abilities.Only by acknowledging the role of compensatory damages imposed in personal information public interest liti⁃gation as"Skimming off Excess Profits",and affirming their function as deterrence rather than compensation can they truly achieve the broader objective of safeguarding personal information security and promoting public welfare,as well as avoid disrupting the harmony of the existing legal landscape.

Research on Multi-modal In-Vehicle Intelligent Personal Assistant Design

Intelligent personal assistants play a pivotal role in in-vehicle systems,significantly enhancing life efficiency,driving safety,and decision-making support.In this study,the multi-modal design elements of intelligent personal assistants within the context of visual,auditory,and somatosensory interactions with drivers were discussed.Their impact on the driver’s psychological state through various modes such as visual imagery,voice interaction,and gesture interaction were explored.The study also introduced innovative designs for in-vehicle intelligent personal assistants,incorporating design principles such as driver-centricity,prioritizing passenger safety,and utilizing timely feedback as a criterion.Additionally,the study employed design methods like driver behavior research and driving situation analysis to enhance the emotional connection between drivers and their vehicles,ultimately improving driver satisfaction and trust.

Personal voice in College English writing: Should it be developed or not?

Academic writing in College English Teaching is considered to be one of the most importanttopics. More important ly, the issue of personal voice in ESL writing attracts many second language researchers' attention recently. Through reviewing the supportive or opposite perspectives about using personal voice in writing, the paper aims to explore the barriers to expressing personal voice. The most significant part is to give some pedagogical implications for teaching academic writing.

Correlation analysis of mental health conditions and personality of patients with alcohol addiction

BACKGROUND Alcohol addiction,or alcohol dependence,refers to a psychological state of strong craving for alcohol caused by drinking when both the drinking times and alcohol consumption reach a certain level.Alcohol addiction can cause irreversible damage,leading to mental illness or mental disorders,negative changes in their original personality,and a tendency to safety incidents such as committing suicide or violent attacks on others.Significant attention needs to be given to the mental health of alcohol addicts,which could reflect their abnormal personality traits.However,only a few papers on this issue have been reported in China.AIM To investigate the correlation between mental health and personality in patients with alcohol addiction.METHODS In this single-center observational study,we selected 80 patients with alcohol addiction as the research subjects,according to the criteria of the K10 scale to evaluate the mental health of patients with alcohol addiction,and divided these patients into four groups based on the evaluation results:Good,average,relatively poor and bad.And then analyzed the correlation between mental health conditions and personality characteristics from these four groups of patients.RESULTS The average score of the K10 scale(Kessler 10 Simple Psychological Status Assessment Scale)in 80 patients with alcohol addiction was 25.45 points,the median score was 25 points,the highest score was 50 points,and the lowest score was 11 points.Pearson's analysis showed that the K10 score was positively correlated with the scores of these two subscales,such as the P-subscale and the N-subscale(P<0.05).In contrast,the K10 score had no significant correlation with the scores from the E-subscale and the L-subscale(P>0.05).CONCLUSION The mental health conditions of patients with alcohol addiction are positively correlated with their personality characteristics.

Developing a Comprehensive Regime for Personal Information Protection in Networked Chinese Public Sectors

With the increasing sharing and reuse of personal information resources for better public services, the effective protection and management of personal information as organizational and individual assets as well as social resources are becoming more and more important in networked Chinese public sectors. Existing studies of personal information protection in China is mainly conducted from the legal perspective with a focus on the development of appropriate legislation and policies at the national level. There is little research on how specific legislation and polices can actually be implemented in an effective manner and what impacts such legislation and policies have on individuals, organizations, and the society. To adequately address this issue, this study investigates the legal requirements for personal information protection based on the relevant laws, regulations, and standards in China. It proposes a comprehensive regime for personal information protection in the networked public sectors in China. Such a regime takes the advantages of existing discipline-based approaches, legal requirements, and control mechanisms for personal information protection. It can be used to facilitate the provision of public services in the networked Chinese public sectors through the adequate protection of personal information and the effective management of personal information.

Whole Person Education of English Majors through English Public Speaking

English public speaking proves to play a significant role in the speaker's whole person education, which has been gaining increasing attention among scholars at home and abroad. The paper analyzes possible relations between them and argues that great importance and awareness are supposed to be attached to the development and promotion of English public speaking especially among English majors for them to be more versatile and more competitive both in job markets and in work places.

Experimentation with Personal Identifiable Information

In this paper, actual personal identifiable information (PII) texts are analyzed to capture different types of PII sensitivities. The sensitivity of PII is one of the most important factors in determining an individual’s perception of privacy. A “gradation” of sensitivity of PII can be used in many applications, such as deciding the security level that controls access to data and developing a measure of trust when self-disclosing PII. This paper experiments with a theoretical analysis of PII sensitivity, defines its scope, and puts forward possible methodologies of gradation. A technique is proposed that can be used to develop a classification scheme of personal information depending on types of PII. Some PII expresses relationships among persons, some specifies aspects and features of a person, and some describes relationships with nonhuman objects. Results suggest that decomposing PII into privacy-based portions helps in factoring out non-PII information and focusing on a proprietor’s related information. The results also produce a visual map of the privacy sphere that can be used in approximating the sensitivity of different territories of privacy-related text. Such a map uncovers aspects of the proprietor, the proprietor’s relationship to social and physical entities, and the relationships he or she has with others.

Implementation of a Biometric Interface in Voice Controlled Wheelchairs

In order to assist physically handicapped persons in their movements,we developed an embedded isolated word speech recognition system(ASR)applied to voice control of smart wheelchairs.However,in spite of the existence in the industrial market of several kinds of electric wheelchairs,the problem remains the need to manually control this device by hand via joystick;which limits their use especially by people with severe disabilities.Thus,a significant number of disabled people cannot use a standard electric wheelchair or drive it with difficulty.The proposed solution is to use the voice to control and drive the wheelchair instead of classical joysticks.The intelligent chair is equipped with an obstacle detection system consisting of ultrasonic sensors,a moving navigation algorithm and a speech acquisition and recognition module for voice control embedded in a DSP card.The ASR architecture consists of two main modules.The first one is the speech parameterization module(features extraction)and the second module is the classifier which identifies the speech and generates the control word to motors power unit.The training and recognition phases are based on Hidden Markov Models(HMM),K-means,Baum-Welch and Viterbi algorithms.The database consists of 39 isolated speaker words(13 words pronounced 3 times under different environments and conditions).The simulations are tested under Matlab environment and the real-time implementation is performed by C language with code composer studio embedded in a TMS 320 C6416 DSP kit.The results and experiments obtained gave promising recognition ratio and accuracy around 99%in clean environment.However,the system accuracy decreases considerably in noisy environments,especially for SNR values below 5 dB(in street:78%,in factory:52%).

Analysis on Ecological Personality Right--In the Perspective of Environmental Personality Right

This essay focuses on expanding the traditional theory of personality right and referring to the outside legislative cases in order to promote environmental information disclosure,the purpose,therefore is to realize the ecological personality right.

PPPM (Predictive, Preventive and Personalized Medicine) as a New Model of the National and International Healthcare Services and Thus a Promising Strategy to Prevent a Disease: From Basics to Practice

Nowadays the system of public health is constructed in such a manner so that its main objective is the recovery of an already sick person, while prediction and prevention receive little attention. Meanwhile the development of these aspects of medicine can lead to the ability to control morbidity among the population, to identify chronic and genetic diseases in the early stages of development, and thus to prevent their further progression. This will reduce traditionally high costs of sick people treatment and the number of disabled population, and improve the quality and duration of life. The elaboration of new fields of science that are working on the study and interpretation of data obtained during laboratory and clinical research, creation of new methods for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, provides an opportunity now to implement a new strategy, called PPPM, and gets promising results, which should lead to further development of an existing medicine.

Police Emergency Commitment Powers in Cases of Persons Experiencing Mental Health Crisis in “Public Spaces”: Review of the Commitment Process in England and Wales, in Comparison to the Practice in the United States of America (USA)

Police emergency commitment powers for detention of persons in the community perceived to be seriously mentally ill for further specialist examination in a designated facility have always raised interest in medical and legal circles on both sides of the Atlantic. The objective of this article is to detail the police commitment procedure in England and Wales, as dictated by the mental health act of 1983 (MHA 1983) amended in 2007 (MHA 2007);and compare this with similar legal provisions as prevails under current state mental health statutes in the United States of America (USA). The comparative review of the commitment processes in England and Wales to that of the USA reveals that the process in England and Wales seeks to primarily ensure that persons with mental disorder (PWMD) in crisis are directed to a specialist hospital for evaluation and appropriate specialist care. In the USA such persons in a good number of cases may end up in the criminal justice system due to application of the “dangerousness” standard. Additionally whereas in England and Wales the commitment law is uniform in law and application, the federal system in the USA is such that the commitment law may have minor variations depending on the individual states. The minor variation in state commitment laws may engender a situation where the commitment law in England and Wales may seem relatively equitable and just towards PWMD in crisis, compared to the state commitment laws in the USA.

论声音权益的法律保护模式

声音具有独特性,是自然人身份识别与社会交往的媒介。比较法上主要通过公开权、一般人格权、独立人格权或人格利益等模式对声音权益予以保护。公开权模式仅保护声音的经济价值、弱化其人格权属性。声音虽然与知识产权存在密切关联,但其主要不是知识产权的客体。一般人格权在具体化过程中也面临保护对象与边界不清晰的问题。我国《民法典》并没有承认声音为独立的具体人格权类型,而对声音权益采取了法定的独立人格利益保护模式,是更为简明、清晰的制度安排。声音权益虽不属于具体人格权,但作为一项人格利益可参照适用肖像权保护的规定。

论个人信息保护民事公益诉讼起诉主体的范围与顺位

自个人信息保护民事公益诉讼在我国开展以来,理论界与实务界就对该类诉讼的起诉主体存在较大争议,分歧主要集中在范围界定与诉权顺位两个方面。《个人信息保护法》第70条虽然对该类诉讼的起诉主体作了规定,但主体范围不明以及诉权顺位不清的问题仍未得到彻底解决。要正确实施该制度,应否定“履行个人信息保护职责的部门”的起诉资格,扩张“法律规定的消费者组织”的范围,明确“由国家网信部门确定的组织”的条件,并以《民事诉讼法》第58条及不同类型民事公益诉讼之间的关系为依据,厘清不同起诉主体的诉权顺位。当受侵害对象为普通公民时,应尊重检察机关民事公益诉权的补充性,将“国家网信部门确定的组织”的起诉顺位置于检察机关之前;当受侵害对象为众多消费者时,应考虑到受侵害对象的特殊身份,依次由“法律规定的消费者组织”“由网信部门确定的组织”和检察机关行使起诉权。

生成式人工智能个人信息安全挑战及敏捷治理

生成式人工智能秘密收集个人敏感数据,冲破“知情同意”原则和“最小必要”原则的限制,或将使信息关联违法高发。生成式人工智能信息收集行为主动、收集内容全面、泛化能力强劲,对“知情同意”原则和“最小必要”原则带来严重挑战。宏观层面,我国现有民事法律无力于数据安全治理,刑事法律缺乏明确的违法计量标准,由行政法规挑起数据法治大梁。微观层面,我国现有法律规范体系对被侵权人加以不合理的举证义务,司法救济路径单一,不利于权利救济。选择风险控制路径,从算法协议透明化、治理场景化和多方位协同化应对信息关联违法等方面展开制度构建,引入个人敏感数据单独监管制度和预防性公益诉讼制度破解该困局。

大数据公共管理情境下的个人信息披露态度

文章在大数据公共管理背景下,以新冠疫情防控期间的个人信息披露态度为例,研究个人内在因素和外在环境因素对个人信息披露态度的影响,以期为建构大数据公共管理中个人信息和谐的“披露-采集”关系提供理论支撑。研究设计综合保护动机理论和调节定向理论,引入隐私顾虑作为中介变量,构建结构方程模型;通过问卷调查法,收集覆盖16个城市4,800份大规模样本进行分析。研究发现:自我效能负向影响隐私顾虑,主观规范正向影响隐私顾虑,隐私顾虑负向影响个人信息披露态度;促进定向个体比预防定向个体隐私顾虑水平更低,更倾向于支持公共管理中的个人信息披露,同时调节定向特质在自我效能与隐私顾虑之间具有显著调节效应。

三大数据资产化路径探析

数据资产化是抓住数字机遇,实现数据价值,推进经济社会数字化转型的关键环节。本研究认为,公共数据、企业数据和个人数据三大类数据是数据要素的主体。目前对三大数据的资产化实现路径研究不足,阻碍了数据要素的价值释放。本文系统梳理了数据资产的相关概念,深入探讨了来自公共、企业和个人的三大数据资产化路径。研究结果表明,公共数据可以面向政府内部或供给社会使用,分别借助共享和开放、授权运营三种路径产生社会效益或经济利益,形成公共数据资产;企业在持有数据或不持有数据两种权属配置下,可以对数据进行不同程度的加工、处理,从而完成数据价值的深挖和数据利益的再分配,形成存货、无形资产等类型的数据资产;个人数据资产化的相关实践较少,主要依靠供需双方直接交易或委托数据中介机构交易两种路径完成市场化流转,形成个人数据资产。通过对这一议题的探讨,研究期望为数据要素价值实现和数据资源有效配置提供理论指导和实践借鉴。

数据立法核心问题的类型化展开

数据立法是数据基础制度的重要组成,其核心问题应根据不同权属主体类型展开探讨。数据与信息在个人领域具有相同法律涵义,因此,个人信息立法同样适用于个人数据保护,但个人数据的财产属性尚不具备法律保护价值;在个人数据形成企业数据过程中,数据企业应通过适当措施充分且始终保障其安全性,企业数据财产权是一种相对权,这种相对性表现在数据产品交易前端和后端;公共数据工作重心在于制度建设,开放共享是公共数据产品基本属性,探索有偿使用制度将对其高质量发展起到直接促进作用。

基于个性化时空聚类的差分隐私轨迹保护模型

随着位置感知设备的普及,轨迹数据已广泛应用于现实生活。然而,轨迹数据通常与敏感标签相关联,不当地分享或发布这些数据可能会泄露用户的隐私,且不同数据的敏感程度互异。针对上述问题,文章提出了基于个性化时空聚类的差分隐私轨迹保护模型。首先,针对轨迹中海量时间数据与隐私保护的需要,文章提出模糊均值聚类算法(FCM算法);其次,在空间分割的过程中,通过密度进行聚类,并实现个性化调整隐私预算分配的目的,从而提高数据效用;再次,在轨迹合成阶段,对比真实轨迹数据,选择更具代表性的轨迹;最后,在发布阶段,引入Laplace机制对轨迹数目进行隐私保护。为了验证文章所提出的模型在轨迹效用与隐私保护上的成果,将该模型与另外两种模型在4个阶段上进行了比较。实验结果表明,文章所提出的模型在数据效用方面提升15.45%,在相同隐私预算下,隐私保护强度提升至少35.62%。

效力性强制性规定的规范构造:要素缺失与补正

强制性规定在司法实践中被分为效力性与管理性,这在相当程度上是为防范公法的不当干涉,实现管制与自治的平衡。该概念构造试图仅根据规范意旨将强制性规定一分为二,并对法律行为效力具有不同影响,充斥着公法管制思维,先验地肯定某一社会公共利益绝对高于所有个人利益,却忽略了社会公共利益的多元性以及最终服务于个人利益,而且个人利益也会转化为社会公共利益,应当采取违法行为效力个案具体认定的私法思路。评价法律行为效力不能完全无视私主体主观因素,法律行为无效作为私法上最严厉的惩罚,如果绝对否定主客观相一致将会过度侵犯行为自由。商事营利追求和自由主义等特性也要求对商事交易行为的无效更为慎重。应当避免将合同生效、履行这一私法逻辑推论不当套用到公法规制当中,不顾其对于私法自治干预程度的巨大差异。

个人数据保护和公共利益平衡的实证研究

在全球范围内,个人数据保护与公共利益的维护已经成为一个备受关注的重要法律问题。本文通过实证研究,对各国和地区关于个人数据保护的立法及其在数据立法中对公共利益的立场进行了深入调查和分析。研究发现,不论是在法规制定还是在实际执行中,关于如何平衡个人数据保护和公共利益的关系仍然存在提升的空间。为此,本文提出了一个新的理论框架,重新解释了公共利益的概念,并通过实证检验了这一理论框架的可行性。该框架旨在为平衡个人数据保护和公共利益提供一种创新的方法。通过深度剖析不同国家和地区的现行实践,以及在法规制定中对公共利益考量的差异,该理论框架试图在尊重个人隐私的前提下,促进更加有效、公正和全面的数据治理。