This is a reflection on how cultural schema principles might be incorporated into the Oral English classroom. More specifically, it notes on how a strategy was developed for freshmen and sophomore classes of English m...This is a reflection on how cultural schema principles might be incorporated into the Oral English classroom. More specifically, it notes on how a strategy was developed for freshmen and sophomore classes of English majors over the period of an entire term. The findings indicate that Cultural Schema Theory plays a significant role in the facilitation of College English.展开更多
XML is the standard format for data exchange between inter-enterprise applications on the Internet. To facilitate data exchange, industry groups define public document type that specify the format of the XML data to b...XML is the standard format for data exchange between inter-enterprise applications on the Internet. To facilitate data exchange, industry groups define public document type that specify the format of the XML data to be exchanged between their applications. In this paper, we propose a new method to solve the problem of automating the conversion of relational data into XML. During the conversion, we considers not only the structure of relational schemas, but also semantic constraints such as inclusion dependencies during the translation--it takes as input a relational schema where multiple tables are interconnected through inclusion dependencies and converts it into an X-Schema. Finally, in order to validate our proposal, we present experimental results using real schemas.展开更多
Our aim is to study the early maladaptive schemas and the memory span abilities and to evaluate the relationship between these schemas and the memory in one side and academic performance in the other side among Morocc...Our aim is to study the early maladaptive schemas and the memory span abilities and to evaluate the relationship between these schemas and the memory in one side and academic performance in the other side among Moroccan students. A cross-sectional study is conducted among 212 students, randomly selected from different institutions of the IBN TOFAIL University, located in the city of Kenitra (NW of Morocco). Three neurocognitive tests are used: the short version of the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire to evaluate the early maladaptive schemas (EMS), the sub-test of the Wechsler to evaluate the working memory among these subjects, and a general questionnaire about socio-economic data, nutritional and mental health status and also, academic performances of each student. The obtained results showed some significant negative correlations between forward memory span and activated schema, and significant negative correlations are registered between backward memory span and activated schema. More, thirty-three percent of students passed the exams of the autumn term against 67% who failed it. Moreover, significant negative correlations are registered between the schemas and the number of Units validated in the autumn term. In addition, fifty-three percent of students had a normal forward memory, 47% had an excellent forward memory and no one had pathological one. However, 63% had a pathological backward memory span, 28% had normal memory and 9% had an excellent backward memory. The EMS appeared in connection with the student’s working memory and the academic performance. Deeper investigations are needed to understand this relationship and also to study other possible factors that could affect this important neurocognitive function.展开更多
Background Many psychotherapy theories emphasise the importance of self-schema and other-schema,but most previous studies focused on the explicit self-schema in major depressive disorder(MDD).However,the limited studi...Background Many psychotherapy theories emphasise the importance of self-schema and other-schema,but most previous studies focused on the explicit self-schema in major depressive disorder(MDD).However,the limited studies of implicit self-schema in MDD have shown inconsistencies in their findings.Furthermore,only a few studies have investigated the implicit other-schema,and the pathway illustrating how implicit schemas influence depression remains unclear.Aims The primary aim of our study was to explore the characteristics of implicit self-schema and otherschema in patients with MDD.We also examine the chain-mediating effect of attachment relationships and interpersonal trust.Methods The present study included 88 patients with MDD and 88 healthy controls(HCs).The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17,Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory—Revised Questionnaire,Trust Scale and the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task(EAST)were used to assess depressive symptoms,attachment relationships,interpersonal trust and implicit schemas,respectively.Paired sample t-test was used to compare the reaction time(RT)for positive and negative words within the two groups.Analysis of covariance was used to explore the difference between two groups from the perspective of implicit schemas and interpersonal patterns.The chain mediation model was verified by bootstrap.Results(1)For interpersonal patterns,patients with MDD scored significantly higher on attachment anxiety(F=82.150,p<0.001)and attachment avoidance(F=23.192,p<0.001)and scored significantly lower on the predictability(F=30.297,p<0.001),dependence(F=39.728,p<0.001)and faith(F=60.997,p<0.001)dimensions of interpersonal trust.(2)As for implicit schemas,no significant difference was found between the RT for positive self-words and negative self-words in patients with MDD(t=−1.056,p=0.294).However,the HC responded faster to positive self-words than negative self-words(t=−3.286,p=0.001).The RT for positive other-words and negative other-words were significantly different in both patients with MDD(t=2.943,p=0.004)and HCs(t=−2.482,p=0.015),with opposite directions.The EAST effect of other-schema in patients with MDD was significantly different from that in HCs(F=13.051,p<0.001).(3)For the total sample,the EAST effect of other-schema significantly correlated with attachment avoidance,interpersonal trust and depressive symptoms.Attachment avoidance and interpersonal trust were the chain mediators between the EAST effect of other-schema and depressive symptoms(95%CI:−0.090 to−0.008).However,no significant results were found for the EAST effect of other-schema when correlation and mediation analyses were performed for HCs and patients with MDD separately.Conclusions This study verified that patients with MDD have abnormal interpersonal patterns and negative implicit schemas.However,no mediating effect of attachment relationships and interpersonal trust was found.展开更多
Social interactions strategies refer to saying the proper words and sentences on proper occasions. They could be affected by different cultural backgrounds （schemas）. Culture is usually treated as the basis of our s...Social interactions strategies refer to saying the proper words and sentences on proper occasions. They could be affected by different cultural backgrounds （schemas）. Culture is usually treated as the basis of our social interactions which influences the way we deal with problems, and even our thought and behavior. Therefore, although many communication problems occur on the interpersonal level, most difficulties and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences. With a deeper comprehension, the cultural differences are the schema differences which are a kind of framework of a specific culture that exists in people＇s brain and influences people＇s judgments and behavior of daily life. Furthermore, this schema conflict would also confuse people＇s judgment and make them to choose the wrong way to respond. Thus, the schema conflict interferes our social interactions.展开更多
Objective: Aim of the study is to examine the relationships between early maladaptive schemas and the character and temperament aspects of personality, which are known as two approaches to the understanding of persona...Objective: Aim of the study is to examine the relationships between early maladaptive schemas and the character and temperament aspects of personality, which are known as two approaches to the understanding of personality structure. Methods: We conducted the study using the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and the Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in 122 university students from different schools. Results and Conclusion: Results demonstrated that there are high level of positive as well as negative correlations between most of TCI items and some of the sub-scales of the YSQ, including vulnerability, social isolation and defectiveness. In consistent with the Halvorsen et al.’s findings, our study demonstrated that harm avoidance had a positive relationship with several EMSs, including emotional deprivation, deficiency, dependence, failure, subjugation and selfsacrifice. More importantly, we obtained the results consistent with theirs regarding the negative correlations between self-directedness and almost all of EMSs, with the exception of the schema of subjugation. We concluded that although some of the personality characteristics contained in the YSQ and the TCI are appeared to be related to each other, we need more studies to support the Young et al.’s suggestion that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are likely to reflect underlying characterological factors of personality.展开更多
文摘This is a reflection on how cultural schema principles might be incorporated into the Oral English classroom. More specifically, it notes on how a strategy was developed for freshmen and sophomore classes of English majors over the period of an entire term. The findings indicate that Cultural Schema Theory plays a significant role in the facilitation of College English.
基金the Liaoning Province Education Department Funding Project (2008D028)
文摘XML is the standard format for data exchange between inter-enterprise applications on the Internet. To facilitate data exchange, industry groups define public document type that specify the format of the XML data to be exchanged between their applications. In this paper, we propose a new method to solve the problem of automating the conversion of relational data into XML. During the conversion, we considers not only the structure of relational schemas, but also semantic constraints such as inclusion dependencies during the translation--it takes as input a relational schema where multiple tables are interconnected through inclusion dependencies and converts it into an X-Schema. Finally, in order to validate our proposal, we present experimental results using real schemas.
文摘Our aim is to study the early maladaptive schemas and the memory span abilities and to evaluate the relationship between these schemas and the memory in one side and academic performance in the other side among Moroccan students. A cross-sectional study is conducted among 212 students, randomly selected from different institutions of the IBN TOFAIL University, located in the city of Kenitra (NW of Morocco). Three neurocognitive tests are used: the short version of the Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire to evaluate the early maladaptive schemas (EMS), the sub-test of the Wechsler to evaluate the working memory among these subjects, and a general questionnaire about socio-economic data, nutritional and mental health status and also, academic performances of each student. The obtained results showed some significant negative correlations between forward memory span and activated schema, and significant negative correlations are registered between backward memory span and activated schema. More, thirty-three percent of students passed the exams of the autumn term against 67% who failed it. Moreover, significant negative correlations are registered between the schemas and the number of Units validated in the autumn term. In addition, fifty-three percent of students had a normal forward memory, 47% had an excellent forward memory and no one had pathological one. However, 63% had a pathological backward memory span, 28% had normal memory and 9% had an excellent backward memory. The EMS appeared in connection with the student’s working memory and the academic performance. Deeper investigations are needed to understand this relationship and also to study other possible factors that could affect this important neurocognitive function.
基金supported by grants from the Shanghai Mental Health Center(No.CRC2017YB01)and from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.21Y11905400).
文摘Background Many psychotherapy theories emphasise the importance of self-schema and other-schema,but most previous studies focused on the explicit self-schema in major depressive disorder(MDD).However,the limited studies of implicit self-schema in MDD have shown inconsistencies in their findings.Furthermore,only a few studies have investigated the implicit other-schema,and the pathway illustrating how implicit schemas influence depression remains unclear.Aims The primary aim of our study was to explore the characteristics of implicit self-schema and otherschema in patients with MDD.We also examine the chain-mediating effect of attachment relationships and interpersonal trust.Methods The present study included 88 patients with MDD and 88 healthy controls(HCs).The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17,Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory—Revised Questionnaire,Trust Scale and the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task(EAST)were used to assess depressive symptoms,attachment relationships,interpersonal trust and implicit schemas,respectively.Paired sample t-test was used to compare the reaction time(RT)for positive and negative words within the two groups.Analysis of covariance was used to explore the difference between two groups from the perspective of implicit schemas and interpersonal patterns.The chain mediation model was verified by bootstrap.Results(1)For interpersonal patterns,patients with MDD scored significantly higher on attachment anxiety(F=82.150,p<0.001)and attachment avoidance(F=23.192,p<0.001)and scored significantly lower on the predictability(F=30.297,p<0.001),dependence(F=39.728,p<0.001)and faith(F=60.997,p<0.001)dimensions of interpersonal trust.(2)As for implicit schemas,no significant difference was found between the RT for positive self-words and negative self-words in patients with MDD(t=−1.056,p=0.294).However,the HC responded faster to positive self-words than negative self-words(t=−3.286,p=0.001).The RT for positive other-words and negative other-words were significantly different in both patients with MDD(t=2.943,p=0.004)and HCs(t=−2.482,p=0.015),with opposite directions.The EAST effect of other-schema in patients with MDD was significantly different from that in HCs(F=13.051,p<0.001).(3)For the total sample,the EAST effect of other-schema significantly correlated with attachment avoidance,interpersonal trust and depressive symptoms.Attachment avoidance and interpersonal trust were the chain mediators between the EAST effect of other-schema and depressive symptoms(95%CI:−0.090 to−0.008).However,no significant results were found for the EAST effect of other-schema when correlation and mediation analyses were performed for HCs and patients with MDD separately.Conclusions This study verified that patients with MDD have abnormal interpersonal patterns and negative implicit schemas.However,no mediating effect of attachment relationships and interpersonal trust was found.
文摘Social interactions strategies refer to saying the proper words and sentences on proper occasions. They could be affected by different cultural backgrounds （schemas）. Culture is usually treated as the basis of our social interactions which influences the way we deal with problems, and even our thought and behavior. Therefore, although many communication problems occur on the interpersonal level, most difficulties and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences. With a deeper comprehension, the cultural differences are the schema differences which are a kind of framework of a specific culture that exists in people＇s brain and influences people＇s judgments and behavior of daily life. Furthermore, this schema conflict would also confuse people＇s judgment and make them to choose the wrong way to respond. Thus, the schema conflict interferes our social interactions.
文摘Objective: Aim of the study is to examine the relationships between early maladaptive schemas and the character and temperament aspects of personality, which are known as two approaches to the understanding of personality structure. Methods: We conducted the study using the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and the Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in 122 university students from different schools. Results and Conclusion: Results demonstrated that there are high level of positive as well as negative correlations between most of TCI items and some of the sub-scales of the YSQ, including vulnerability, social isolation and defectiveness. In consistent with the Halvorsen et al.’s findings, our study demonstrated that harm avoidance had a positive relationship with several EMSs, including emotional deprivation, deficiency, dependence, failure, subjugation and selfsacrifice. More importantly, we obtained the results consistent with theirs regarding the negative correlations between self-directedness and almost all of EMSs, with the exception of the schema of subjugation. We concluded that although some of the personality characteristics contained in the YSQ and the TCI are appeared to be related to each other, we need more studies to support the Young et al.’s suggestion that early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are likely to reflect underlying characterological factors of personality.
