The Sum and Difference of Two Constant Elasticity of Variance Stochastic Variables

We have applied the Lie-Trotter operator splitting method to model the dynamics of both the sum and difference of two correlated constant elasticity of variance (CEV) stochastic variables. Within the Lie-Trotter splitting approximation, both the sum and difference are shown to follow a shifted CEV stochastic process, and approximate probability distributions are determined in closed form. Illustrative numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of these approximate distributions. These approximate probability distributions can be used to valuate two-asset options, e.g. spread options and basket options, where the CEV variables represent the forward prices of the underlying assets. Moreover, we believe that this new approach can be extended to study the algebraic sum of N CEV variables with potential applications in pricing multi-asset options.

Dynamics and screening characteristics of a vibrating screen with variable elliptical trace

The ideal motion characteristics for the vibrating screen was presented according to the principle of screening process with constant bed thickness.A new vibrating screen with variable elliptical trace was proposed.An accurate mechanical model was constructed according to the required structural motion features.Applying multi-degree-of-freedom vibration theory,characteristics of the vibrating screen was analyzed.Kinematics parameters of the vibrating screen which motion traces were linear,circular or elliptical were obtained.The stable solutions of the dynamic equations gave the motions of the vibrating screen by means of computer simulations.Technological parameters,including amplitude,movement velocity and throwing index,of five specific points along the screen surface were gained by theoretical calculation.The results show that the traces of the new designed vibrating screen follow the ideal screening motion.The screening efficiency and processing capacity may thus be effectively improved.

Simulation of Variable Viscosity and Jeffrey Fluid Model for Blood Flow Through a Tapered Artery with a Stenosis

Non-Newtonian fluid model for blood flow through a tapered artery with a stenosis and variable viscosity by modeling blood as Jeffrey fluid has been studied in this paper. The Jeffrey fluid has two parameters, the relaxation time A1 and retardation time A2. The governing equations are simplified using the case of mild stenosis. Perturbation method is used to solve the resulting equations. The effects of non-Newtonian nature of blood on velocity profile, temperature profile, wall shear stress, shearing stress at the stenotsis throat and impedance of the artery are discussed. The results for Newtonian fluid are obtained as special case from this model.

The Life Predictions in Whole Process Realized with Different Variables and Conventional Materials Constants for Elastic-Plastic Materials Behaviors under Unsymmetrical Cycle Loading

Author researches a lot of the mathematical models and the related conventional material constants in the traditional and the modem mechanics; to adopt two types of variables a and D, for the fatigue-damage-fracture behaviors to elastic-plastic steels contained flaws, to put forward several calculation models, which are the driving force and the life prediction expressions at each stage and in whole process; for the key parameters .A1 and ,A2 in two stages, there are functional relation with other conventional material constants σF,m1 and M2,λ2, they are defined as the new calculable comprehensive material constants, and indicate their physical and geometrical meanings. In addition, for conversion methods between two types of variables, relevant calculating example is provided. Thereby, make a linking between the fracture mechanics and the damage mechanics, communicating their relationships. This works for saving man powers and funds on fatigue-damage-fracture testing that will be having practical significance.

Preface to the Special Issue “Unified Perspective of Climate Variability and Change”

Forty years ago, Klaus Wyrtki （1975） of University of Hawaii discovered that E1 Nifio warming off South America is not a result of local wind change but a response to the relaxed equatorial trade winds some 10 000 km away near the international dateline. The Kelvin wave mechanism was quickly verified from wind-forced ocean model simulations. Consequent develop- ments show that the dance between the fast-reacting atmosphere and slow-evolving ocean sets the pace of E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO; Philander, 1990）. The concept of ocean-atmosphere interaction has revolutionized our view of the climate system and led to operational climate prediction.

The Control System Simulation of Variable-Speed Constant-Frequency Wind Turbine

In general,Variable-Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF)Wind generation system is controlled by stator voltage orientation method which based on the mathematic model of VSCF Wind generation system and discussed the control strategy.Present the whole dynamic control model of variable-speed wind generator system in MATLAB/ Simulink,and the simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Modeling and Analysis of Variable Frequency Inverted Sine PWM Technique for a Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter

In cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter, a variable frequency inverted sine PWM technique is modeled for hybrid electric vehicles. It has a particular advantage of increasing power which is achieved using series connection of H-bridge and also this topology is capable to produce superior spectral quality with considerable improvement of fundamental voltage. The variable frequency inverted sine PWM technique produces lesser torque ripple and enhances the fundamental output voltage mainly at lower modulation index ranges. The topologies of multilevel inverter are flying capacitor, diode clamped and cascaded inverter. In the paper, we will discuss about the cascaded multilevel inverter based on inverted sine PWM technique. The two switching strategies widely used to control multilevel inverters are constant frequency inverted sine PWM (CF-ISPWM) and variable frequency inverted sine PWM (VF-ISPWM). This implies that switch utilization substantially reduces 32.35% of the constant frequency inverted sine PWM switching technique. The performance of the technique is validated in terms of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Torque ripple which significantly reduces when compared to constant frequency ISPWM. The analysis of conventional triangular PWM inverter and inverted sine PWM inverter using constant and variable switching scheme is done in MATLAB Simulink and verified experimentally by FPGA Spartan 3E processor.

On the Cosmic Evolution of the Quantum Vacuum Using Two Variable G Models and Winterberg’s Thesis

We work within a Winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two varying G models, where G, is Newton’s constant, and G-1, increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of Winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.

Effect of Curing Regime on Degree of Al^(3+) Substituting for Si^(4+) in C-S-H Gels of Hardened Portland Cement Pastes

The effect of curing regime on degree ofAl3＋ substituting for Si^4＋ （Al/Si ratio） in C-S-H gels of hardened Portland cement pastes was investigated by 29Si magic angel spinning （MAS） nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） with deconvolution technique. The curing regimes included the constant temperature （20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃） and variable temperature （simulated internal temperature of mass concrete with 60 ℃ peak）. The results indicate that constant temperature of 20 ℃ is beneficial to substitution ofAl3＋ for Si4＋, and AI/Si ratio changes to be steady after 180 d. The increase of Al/Si ratio at 40 ℃is less than that at 20℃ for 28 d. The other three regimes of high temperature increase Al/Si ratio only before 3 d, on the contrary to that from 3 to 28 d. However, the 20 ℃ curing stage from 28 to 180 d at variable temperature regime, is beneficial to the increase of AI/Si ratio which is still lower than that at constant temperature regime of 20 ℃ for the same age. A nonlinear relation exists between the Al/Si ratio and temperature variation or mean chain length （MCL） of C-S-H gels, furthermore, the amount ofAl3＋ which can occupy the bridging tetrahedra sites in C-S-H structure is insufficient in hardened Portland cement pastes.

On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)wind power generation,the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power.The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most.We presented a novel maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid.The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve,which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness.Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.

THE APPLICATION RESEARCH OF VIDEO SERVER SYSTEM FOR VIDEO ON DEMAND

A comprehensive research on key issues of the large-scale video server system for Video On Demand (VOD) client/server system is conducted based mainly on real time (rt)/non-real time (nrt) Variable Bit Rate or Constant Bit Rate (VBR/CBR) MPEG-2 MP@ML Signal Program Transport Stream (SPTS) for movies, and general architecture for storage, control, caching subsystems from Loosely Coupled Computer (LCC), Symmetric Multiple Processing (SMP), and Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) video server is conceptualized. Meanwhile, Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) storage system are presented and the centralized FCP/SAN huge storage technology is introduced in terms of its scalability, throughput, and connectivity performances.

A Short Discussion on the Gravitational Redshift in the Light of an Alleged Local Variability of the Planck Constant

The aim of this paper fundamentally lies in proposing an alternative explanation to the so-called gravitational redshift. The above-mentioned phenomenon, experimentally verified more than half a century ago, is commonly legitimised by means of Special Relativity. In our case, since time is considered as being absolute, we simply postulate a local variability of the Plank constant. Ultimately, we carry out an alternative deduction of the relation that expresses the gravitational redshift as a function of a parameter that, in our case, does not coincide with a Schwarzschild coordinate.

Cosmological Inconstant, Supernovae 1a and Decelerating Expansion

In 1998, two groups of astronomers, one led by Saul Perlmutter and the other by Brian Schmidt, set out to determine the deceleration—and hence the total mass/energy—of the universe by measuring the recession speeds of type la supernovae (SN1a), came to an unexpected conclusion: ever since the universe was about 7 billion years old, its expansion rate has not been decelerating. Instead, the expansion rate has been speeding up. To justify this acceleration, they suggested that the universe does have a mysterious dark energy and they have emerged from oblivion the cosmological constant, positive this time, which is consistent with the image of an inflationary universe. To explain the observed dimming of high-redshift SN1a they have bet essentially on their distance revised upwards. We consider that an accelerated expansion leads right to a “dark energy catastrophe” (i.e., the chasm between the current cosmological vacuum density value of 10 GeV/m3 and the vacuum energy density proposed by quantum field theory of ~10122 GeV/m3). We suppose rather that the universe knows a slowdown expansion under the positive pressure of a dark energy, otherwise called a variable cosmological constant. The dark luminosity of the latter would be that of a “tired light” which has lost energy with distance. As for the low brilliance of SN1a, it is explained by two physical processes: The first relates to their intrinsic brightness—supposedly do not vary over time—which would depend on the chemical conditions which change with the temporal evolution;the second would concern their apparent luminosity. Besides the serious arguments already known, we strongly propose that their luminosity continually fades by interactions with cosmic magnetic fields, like the earthly PVLAS experiment which loses much more laser photons than expected by crossing a magnetic field. It goes in the sense of a “tired light” which has lost energy with distance, and therefore, a decelerated expansion of the universe. Moreover, we propose the “centrist” principle to complete the hypothesis of the cosmological principle of homogeneity and isotropy considered verified. Without denying the Copernican principle, he is opposed to a “spatial” theoretical construction which accelerates the world towards infinity. The centrist principle gives a “temporal” and privileged vision which tends to demonstrate the deceleration of expansion.

The Perihelion Precession of the Planets Indicates a Variability of the Gravitational Constant

The gravitational constant G according to the theory of NEWTON is the most imprecise constant of all physical constants. Moreover, there are a number of phenomena which suggest that this is caused by its invariant nature and the gravitation constant might be in fact a variable. In this article, a possible dependence of the gravitational constant on the distance between the two mass points is determined from the observed values of the perihelion displacement of the planets. However, to fit the observed measurements the 1/r2 dependence is modified to a 1/r2+1/R dependence with “R” as the Rydberg constant. With the proposed new power function, the perihelion precessions of the planets are recalculated and then compared with previous observations as well as the postulated anomaly of Saturn.

Thermodynamics of charged AdS black hole surrounded by quintessence in restricted phase space

We study thermodynamics of charged AdS black hole surrounded by quintessence in a new formalism which is called the restricted phase space thermodynamics.This context is based on Visser’s holographic thermodynamics with a fixed antide Sitter radius and a variable Newton constant.The conjugate variables,central charge C and the chemical potential m,are introduced as a new pair of thermodynamic variables.We find that the iso-e-charge T-S curve becomes non-monotonic when Q<Q_(c).Correspondingly,the F-T curve exhibits a swallow tail structure.This behavior is considered as a van der Waals-like phase transition.As the value of b related to the energy density of Kiselev’s fluid becomes larger,the critical temperature T_(c)will decrease.Thus,the van derWaals-like phase transition will occur at lower temperature.There is always a non-quilibrium transition from a small unstable black hole to a large stable black hole state in the isocoltage T-S process.There exist a maximum and a Hawking-Page phase transition points in theμ-C plane.As the value of b related to Kiselev’s fluid becomes larger,the Hawking-Page phase transition will occur at lower temperature in the isovoltageμ-T process.For other values of the state parameterω,there also exists van der Waals-like phase transition.

Effect of Gravitational Formula Change on Gravitational Anomalies

The gravitational constant G is a basic quantity in physics, and, despite its relative imprecision, appears in many formulas, for example, also in the formulas of the Planck units. The “relative inaccuracy” lies in the fact that each measurement gives different values, depending on where and with which device the measurement is taken. Ultimately, the mean value was formed and agreed upon as the official value that is used in all calculations. In an effort to explore the reason for the inaccuracy of this quantity, some formulas were configured using G, so that the respective quantity assumed the value = 1. The gravitational constant thus modified was also used in the other Planck equations instead of the conventional G. It turned out that the new values were all equivalent to each other. It was also shown that the new values were all represented by powers of the speed of light. The G was therefore no longer needed. Just like the famous mass/energy equivalence E = m * c2, similar formulas emerged, e.g. mass/momentum = m * c, mass/velocity = m * c2 and so on. This article takes up the idea that emerges in the article by Weber [1], who describes the gravitational constant as a variable (Gvar) and gives some reasons for this. Further reasons are given in the present paper and are computed. For example, the Planck units are set iteratively with the help of the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. In this article, eleven Planck units are set iteratively using the variable Gvar, so that the value of one unit equals 1 in each case. If all other units are based on the Gvar determined in this way, a matrix of values is created that can be regarded both as conversion factors and as equivalence relationships. It is astonishing, but not surprising that the equivalence relation E = m * c2 is one of these results. All formulas for these equivalence relationships work with the vacuum speed of light c and a new constant K. G, both as a variable and as a constant, no longer appears in these formulae. The new thing about this theory is that the gravitational constant is no longer needed. And if it no longer exists, it can no longer cause any difficulties. The example of the Planck units shows this fact very clearly. This is a radical break with current views. It is also interesting to note that the “magic” number 137 can be calculated from the distances between the values of the matrix. In addition, a similar number can be calculated from the distances between the Planck units. This number is 131 and differs from 137 with 4.14 percent. This difference has certainly often led to confusion, for example, when measuring the Fine Structure Constant.

IMPROVEMENT IN WAVEFORM OF SWITCHING POINT-PRESET SPWM INVERTERS

Total harmonic distortion (THD) is one of the key technical indexes of inverter output voltage. Optimization o f switching points and filter parameters could ensure the switching-point-preset sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) inverters with low harmonyic content in theory.The THD value would be increased by switching time delay of power devices and control circuit. A new control coecuit with delay time compensation is presented in this paper. With this control scheme, the output of the inverter could be basically identified with the theory given.Test results of experimental circuit verify that the control circuit presented in this paper is feasible. The THD of the inverter output voltage could be reduced to a certain extent by this method.

变频调速装置振动响应仿真及试验分析

本文建立了变频调速装置及其工装的三维模型,并采用三维有限元分析方法,分析其模态,给定条件下的正弦扫频及随机振动时的响应加速度值,验证试验方法的可行性,结果表明:基于变频调速装置及工装模型的模态分析,谐响应分析能较为准确地分析变频调速装置在振动试验中产生的响应和变形,能够为变频调速装置的优化设计提供理论依据,有限元分析方法具有实际应用价值,能为试验提供参考价值。

Detection of Casimir Radiation from Our Sun

This paper extends the previous experimental work on Planck’s constant h and the vacuum field, whose spectrum is determined by h. In particular it adds additional experimental evidence supporting temporal and spatial variations in the vacuum field, including the Sun as a source at 13 sigmas of certainty. The vacuum field has long been a mystery of physics, having enormous theoretical intensity set by Planck’s constant h and yet no obvious physical effect. Hendrick Casimir first proposed that this form of E & M radiation was real in 1948 and suggested an experiment to verify its existence. Over 50 experiments since then have confirmed that this vacuum radiation is real, is a form of electro-magnetic radiation, and varies in time and space over 10:1 in our laboratory compared to its standard QM spectrum. Two other authors have found the fine structure constant α (proportional to 1/h) is varying across the cosmos at up to 4.2 sigma certainty. All these results suggest that the vacuum field (and thus h) varies in time and space. In a previous paper we reported our tunnel diode experimental results as well as the results of six other organizations (including German, Russian and US national labs).The six organizations reported sinusoidal annual variations of 1000 - 3000 ppm (peak-to-valley) in the decay rates of 8 radionuclides over a 20-year span, including beta decay (weak interaction) and alpha decay (strong interaction). All decay rates peaked in January-February and minimized in July-August without any candidate cause suggested. We confirmed that Planck’s constant was the cause by verifying similar variations in Esaki tunnel diode current, which is purely electromagnetic. The combined data from previous strong and weak decays plus our own E & M tunnel data showed similar magnitude and time phasing for strong, weak and E & M interactions, except that the tunnel diode temporal variations were 180 deg out of phase—as we predicted. The logic for this 180 deg phase shift was straight forward. Radioactive decay and electron tunneling both have h in the denominator of the tunneling exponent, but tunnel diodes also have h2 in the numerator of the exponent due to the size of atoms being proportional to h2. This extra h2 makes the exponent proportional to h for electron tunneling instead of proportional to 1/h for strong and weak decay—shifting the annual oscillation for E & M tunnel current by 180 deg. Radioactive decay had a maximum around January-February of each year and a minimum around July-August of each year. Tunnel current (the equivalent to radioactive decay rate) had the opposite—a minimum around January of each year and a maximum around July of each year. This predicted and observed sign flip in the temporal variations between radioactive decay and electron tunneling provides strong evidence that h variations across the Earth’s orbit are the cause of these annual cycles. In this paper we take the next step by verifying whether the Sun and a potential more distant cosmic source radiate the vacuum E & M field, just as all stars generate massive amounts of regular E & M radiation. We reprocessed two years of data, 6 million data points, from our tunnel diode experiment to search for day-night oscillations in tunnel current. Here we assume that the Earth would block the radiated vacuum field half of each day. Sun-locked signals have 365 cycles per year and cosmos locked signals have 366 cycles per year. With our two years of data, these two signals are separated by a null-signal, which is not locked to the Earth or to the cosmos—allowing us to clearly distinguish the solar and cosmic sources. 1) We found sun-locked variations in the vacuum field, peaking around local noon with 10-13 probability of false alarm. Other potential causes are carefully examined and ruled out. 2) We also found cosmos-locked variations in the vacuum field, peaking at the right ascension of the red super-giant star Betelgeuse with 10-7 probability of false alarm. Cosmos locked sources are easily distinguished from the solar source because they have one extra cycle per year, two extra cycles during the two years of the experiment. They are thus independent Fourier components, easily separated by a Fourier transform. Both of these high probability detections support that the vacuum field spectrum may vary in space and time and be enhanced by stellar sources.

Experimental Evidence for Variability in Planck’s Constant

Annual variations of 1000 - 3000 ppm (peak-to-valley) have been observed in the decay rates of 8 radionuclides over a 20 year span by six organizations on three continents, including beta decay (weak interaction) and alpha decay (strong interaction). In searching for a common cause, we hypothesized that small variations in Planck’s constant might account for the observed synchronized variations in strong and weak decays. If so, then h would be a maximum around January-February of each year and a minimum around July-August of each year based on the 20 years of radioactive decay data. To test this hypothesis, a purely electromagnetic experiment was set up to search for the same annual variations. From Jun 14, 2011 to Jan 29, 2014 (941 days), annual variations in tunneling voltage through 5 parallel Esaki tunnel diodes were recorded. It found annual variations of 826 ppm peak-to-valley peaking around Jan 1. These variations lend support to the hypothesis that there is a gradient in h of about 21 ppm across the Earth’s orbit.