Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO_2) Controlled Atmosphere on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity of Three Storage Pests in Chinese Medicinal Materials

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effect of controlled atmosphere stress of carbon dioxide （ CO2 ） on Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity of in- sect, so as to analyze the biological mechanism of the action of controlled atmosphere stress on insect. [ Method] Using nitrotetrazolium blue chloride （NBT） light reduction method, SOD activity of drugstore beetle （ Stegobium panlceum ）, cigarette beetle （ Lasioderma serricorne） and coffee bean beetle （Araecerus fasciculatus） was studied, and the stress response of the enzyme under controlled atmosphere stress of CO2 was analyzed. [ Result ] SOD activity of drugstore beetle, cigarette beetle and coffee bean beetle exposed to controlled atmosphere stress of high concentrations of CO2 for 3 and 6 h had certain degree of increase, and the activity sig- nificantly increased from 2.011±0.954,2.664±0.218 and 1.458±0.718 to 3. 135±0. 105,3.050±0.673 and 2.975±0.229 U/（per pest · 30 min） after treat- ment for 6 h. [ Conclusion] Controlled atmosphere stress of high concentrations of CO2 had certain activation effect on SOD activity of storage pest in Chinese me- dicinal material within the context of sub-lethal events. The results could enrich the insecticidal mechanism of controlled atmosphere and theoretical system of analy- sis on insect resistance to controlled atmosphere.

全国秋粮旺季收购进入集中上量阶段

目前全国秋粮旺季收购进入集中上量阶段,截至12月15日,主产区粮食企业累计收购秋粮超过9000万吨,同比增加近500万吨,粮食收购平稳有序。党中央、国务院高度重视粮食安全,习近平总书记多次强调中国人的饭碗任何时候都要牢牢端在自己手中,饭碗主要装中国粮。

Evaluation of Insecticidal Properties of Some Medicinal Herbs on the Confused Flour Beetle Tribolium confusum （Tenebrionidae： Coleoptera）

Five concentrations effects of nine herb powders against the confused flour beetle T. confusum have been studied under controlled conditions. The insecticidal effects of using powders on the egg, larval, pupal and adult stages of the insect showed that some of which （e.g., Foeniculum capillaceum and Anethum graveolens） have certain effects on the different stages of the studied insect even at the lowest concentrations. The mentioned herb powders showed very high mortality for egg stage reached 96.6% and 93.3% respectively at the lowest concentration and 100% at the highest concentration for both powders. Other powdered herbs showed prolonged effect of durations for larval stage. For example, Acorus calamus prolonged this duration to 34.2 days, at the first concentration while it was 25.4 days for control treatment. At the second concentration it was 53 and 41.5 days for An. gr. and Pimpinella anisum respectively, also Matricaria chamomilla showed similar effect at the 4th and 5th concentrations. Comparing with high numbers of progeny for the control treatment, also some powdered herbs showed high effect on respiration of the adults. The quantity of oxygen consumed by untreated beetles during the time of experiment （90 min） was so high than that of beetles treated with Ac. caL, Artemisia absinthium and AL sat. Moreover the internal systems of both sex males and females have been affected, ducts showing different changes when studied anatomically giving small size of ovarioles, deformed of accessory glands, swollen of stink glands with liquid oil. Majority of those males showed small testis. Most of the mentioned effects were happened as results of the powders of A c. cal., Al. sat., and Ma. ch., also the powders of F. cap., and A. abs., decrease the sizes of the testis, and accessory glands.

The Effect of Infestation by the Confused Flour Beetle （Tribolium Confusum Duv.） on Specifications of Wheat Flour

The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infestation by the confused flour beetle Tribolium confusum on the specification of flour and its product. The results of this work showed that infestation by the confused flour beetle with 5 pairs of adult stage and its progeny within 3 months period may cause high deterioration and damaged of the flour specification. The people in lraq get their flour from some official and non-official mills which they produce not so good quality of this flour in addition to which it contains some times an infestation with the two species of the flour beetles T. castaneum and T. confusum, when people do not use this quantity as quickly as possible during this period of storage, the beetles will be increased in numbers and make the flour unacceptable for any kind of pastes or bread. The infestation by this beetle causes great pollution to the flour by the ecdysial of larvae and a bad smell that it leaves on the flour and all its products.

Study the Effects of the Longheaded Flour Beetle Latheticus oryzae in the Specification of Flour

The objective of this research is to investigate the impact of infection by the long-headed flour beetle m the specification of flour and its products, during three periods of infection 20, 40 and 60 days, which was confirmed by experiments, as was the impact of periods 40 and 60 days are clear, and that laboratory tests showed a significant decrease in weight, volume and specific volume of the loaf manufactured of infested flour as comparing with an uninfected one. The weight of the original sample was 150 g., has dropped to 135 g for the 60 days infection period and 35 ℃ of incubator. Deterioration of external features of the manufactured loaf also appeared （color, crust appearance, degree of baking and proliferation line）, and attributes of the interior （granulation, color, smell and test of pulp）. The total sample size was 465 mL while it was 288.9 mL for the 60 days infected sample. The color of flour also changed at the same period of infection and reached 6.61 stacks, while that of the uninfected was 3.7 stacks. The proportion of protein for the infected flour dipped to 21.39% as comparing with 28% for the health sound. The Amylograph, Farinograph and Extensograph tests showed considerable differences for many characters of dough made by the infected and non-infected flour. For example the value of B.U. was 980 for the infected flour and 560 B.U. for the uninfected one, and the arrival time was 4.18 min for the 60 days infection and 1.3 rain for the healthy. Also the value of the Critical Coefficient of Dough was 188 B.U. as compared with 64 B.U. for the uninfected sample.