As pesticide residues in bayberry has raised serious concern from the public in China, a monitoring survey was carried out during 2013–2014 and 157 samples were analyzed in total. Twenty-three pesticides were detecte...As pesticide residues in bayberry has raised serious concern from the public in China, a monitoring survey was carried out during 2013–2014 and 157 samples were analyzed in total. Twenty-three pesticides were detected among the 44 pesticides analyzed and at least one pesticide was detected in 63% of 99 samples. Whereas 45.6% of samples were found with two or more pesticide residues, and 23.6% of samples with four or more pesticide residues. Probabilistic risk assessments indicated that estimated daily intake（EDI） of cyhalothrin at the P97.5th percentile level is 1.11 times larger than the acceptable daily intake（ADI） for children, the estimated short-term intake（ESTI） at the P97.5th percentile level is 1.9 and 1.78 times larger than the acute reference dose（ARf D） for adult and children, respectively, indicating the potential risk concern from pyrethroids. EDI of the pesticides with anti-androgenic effects ranged from 0.15–2.46 of ADI, the probability of exposure exceeding the ADI was 7.1 and 31.1% for adults and children, respectively, the probability of exposure of pyrethroids exceeding the ADI was 3.8% for children. Exposures for other pesticides and groups were below 1.0. Because the co-occurrence of frequency of cyhalothrin and cypermethrin was 9.55%, the combinations of pesticides detected with anti-androgenic effects has not been found in the present monitoring, the results indicate that the pesticide residues in bayberry will not constitute serious public health risk, however, they are significant for the management of pesticide use on bayberry and dietary health risk in China.展开更多
Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This...Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins（＇Mondego＇, ＇Sado＇ and ＇Tejo＇） on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions（SSDs）, in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions（ms PAFs） were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.展开更多
Winegrape is an important perennial crop in California,USA.Each year California winegrape farming consumes about 20 million kilograms of pesticides that have been a pollutant source to the fresh water systems of the s...Winegrape is an important perennial crop in California,USA.Each year California winegrape farming consumes about 20 million kilograms of pesticides that have been a pollutant source to the fresh water systems of the state.The variation of pesticide use among winegrape growers has been significant.It has been observed that some growers have developed effective ways to reduce pesticide use,yet control pests efficiently to ensure harvest.Iden-tification of the growers with low and high pesticide use is very helpful to extension programs that aim on reducing pesticide environmental risk.In this study,an index approach is proposed to quantitatively measure pesticide use intensity at grower level.An integrated pesticide use index is developed by taking pesticide quantity and toxicity into account.An additive formula and a multiplying formula were used to calculate the pesticide use index,i.e.,PUI and PUIM.It was found that both PUI and PUIM were capable of identifying the low and high pesticide users while PUI was slightly more conservative than PUIM.All pesticides used in California winegrape farming were taken into account for calculating the indices.Madera County,one of the largest winegrape producers in California,was taken as an example to test the proposed approach.In year 2000,among the total 208 winegrape growers,28 with PUI≤10 and 34 with 10<PUI≤20 were identified as low pesticide users who were characterized with both low quantity and low toxicity of pesticide use.Most of the growers had small-sized vineyards,i.e.,one field and small planted areas.Furthermore,they had very low pesticide use intensity,used only 1-2 types of pesticides(mainly fungicides) ,applied few pesticides(1-3 only) ,and emphasized the use of low toxicity compounds.Meanwhile,19 growers with PUI>60,identified as high pesticide users,had large-sized vineyards,i.e.,more fields and large planted areas.They used all types of pesticides and many compounds,which indicated that their pest controls heavily depended on pesticides rather than on-farm management.Through the case study,the proposed approach proved to be useful for analyzing the growers'pesticide use intensities and interpreting their pesticide use behaviors,which led to a new start point for further investigation of searching ways to reduce pesticide environmental risk.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301490)the Zhejiang Provincial Major Scientific and Technology Project for Agriculture,China(2015C02043)the Zhejiang Provincial Major Scientific and Research Project for Agriculture,China(ZJNY2017001)
文摘As pesticide residues in bayberry has raised serious concern from the public in China, a monitoring survey was carried out during 2013–2014 and 157 samples were analyzed in total. Twenty-three pesticides were detected among the 44 pesticides analyzed and at least one pesticide was detected in 63% of 99 samples. Whereas 45.6% of samples were found with two or more pesticide residues, and 23.6% of samples with four or more pesticide residues. Probabilistic risk assessments indicated that estimated daily intake（EDI） of cyhalothrin at the P97.5th percentile level is 1.11 times larger than the acceptable daily intake（ADI） for children, the estimated short-term intake（ESTI） at the P97.5th percentile level is 1.9 and 1.78 times larger than the acute reference dose（ARf D） for adult and children, respectively, indicating the potential risk concern from pyrethroids. EDI of the pesticides with anti-androgenic effects ranged from 0.15–2.46 of ADI, the probability of exposure exceeding the ADI was 7.1 and 31.1% for adults and children, respectively, the probability of exposure of pyrethroids exceeding the ADI was 3.8% for children. Exposures for other pesticides and groups were below 1.0. Because the co-occurrence of frequency of cyhalothrin and cypermethrin was 9.55%, the combinations of pesticides detected with anti-androgenic effects has not been found in the present monitoring, the results indicate that the pesticide residues in bayberry will not constitute serious public health risk, however, they are significant for the management of pesticide use on bayberry and dietary health risk in China.
文摘Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins（＇Mondego＇, ＇Sado＇ and ＇Tejo＇） on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions（SSDs）, in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions（ms PAFs） were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.
基金Project(No.200903054)supported by the Chinese National Commonweal Research Project on Agriculture:Comprehensive Techniques for Pesticide Risk Assessment in China
文摘Winegrape is an important perennial crop in California,USA.Each year California winegrape farming consumes about 20 million kilograms of pesticides that have been a pollutant source to the fresh water systems of the state.The variation of pesticide use among winegrape growers has been significant.It has been observed that some growers have developed effective ways to reduce pesticide use,yet control pests efficiently to ensure harvest.Iden-tification of the growers with low and high pesticide use is very helpful to extension programs that aim on reducing pesticide environmental risk.In this study,an index approach is proposed to quantitatively measure pesticide use intensity at grower level.An integrated pesticide use index is developed by taking pesticide quantity and toxicity into account.An additive formula and a multiplying formula were used to calculate the pesticide use index,i.e.,PUI and PUIM.It was found that both PUI and PUIM were capable of identifying the low and high pesticide users while PUI was slightly more conservative than PUIM.All pesticides used in California winegrape farming were taken into account for calculating the indices.Madera County,one of the largest winegrape producers in California,was taken as an example to test the proposed approach.In year 2000,among the total 208 winegrape growers,28 with PUI≤10 and 34 with 10<PUI≤20 were identified as low pesticide users who were characterized with both low quantity and low toxicity of pesticide use.Most of the growers had small-sized vineyards,i.e.,one field and small planted areas.Furthermore,they had very low pesticide use intensity,used only 1-2 types of pesticides(mainly fungicides) ,applied few pesticides(1-3 only) ,and emphasized the use of low toxicity compounds.Meanwhile,19 growers with PUI>60,identified as high pesticide users,had large-sized vineyards,i.e.,more fields and large planted areas.They used all types of pesticides and many compounds,which indicated that their pest controls heavily depended on pesticides rather than on-farm management.Through the case study,the proposed approach proved to be useful for analyzing the growers'pesticide use intensities and interpreting their pesticide use behaviors,which led to a new start point for further investigation of searching ways to reduce pesticide environmental risk.
