Regional selection of insecticides and fungal biopesticides to control aphids and thrips and improve the forage quality of alfalfa crops

The efficacies of biological and conventional chemical insecticides against two major insect pests of alfalfa(aphids and thrips)were compared in three sites across China’s alfalfa belt.In addition,the persistence of the residues of chemical insecticides in alfalfa and their influence on the quality of alfalfa hay were examined.Efficacy varied among the different biological and chemical insecticides.The chemical insecticides were significantly more effective than biopesticides in a short time-frame.The efficacy period of biopesticides was significantly longer than that of chemical insecticides,and the corrected mortality rate of aphids in all regions was above 50%at 14 days after application.The analysis of pesticide residues showed that the residual doses of all the pesticides were within the allowed ranges after the safe period.The acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber contents in alfalfa hay were higher and the protein content was lower in chemical insecticide treatments than in biopesticide treatments in Hebei.The relative feeding value of alfalfa hay treated with Metarhizium anisopliae IPP330189 was the highest among the treatments.Compared with chemical insecticides,the yield of alfalfa hay was higher in the biopesticides treatments.Biopesticides show a stronger control effect on insect populations and also a better improvement in the quality of alfalfa hay than chemical insecticides.This study provides a basis for exploring and developing a comprehensive control regime for alfalfa insect pests in the different alfalfa-growing regions in China,and for reducing chemical insecticide usage and improving forage quality.

Correction:Making the Complicated Simple:A Minimizing Carrier Strategy on Innovative Nanopesticides

The Nano-Micro Letters(2024)16:193,article by Shangguan et al.,entitled“Making the Complicated Simple:A Minimizing Carrier Strategy on Innovative Nanopesticides”(Nano-Micro Lett.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01413-5),was published online on 14 May,2024,with errors.The structural formulas and captions of the three acyl chlorides in Fig.3A were wrong.They should be as shown below.

Evaluation of Agricultural Contamination Level by Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Sediments of Rivers and Water Bodies for Shrimp Fishing in the Lower Ouémé: Case of the Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele Stations in Benin

This study assessed sediment contamination by heavy metals and pesticide active ingredients linked to chemical inputs used in agricultural activities in the lower Ouémé. Pesticide residues from the organochlorine, pyrethroid and organophosphorus families were investigated by gas chromatography, and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mg, Cr and Hg) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The metallic pollution indices, the contamination factor (CF) and the ecological risk index were calculated. The results revealed 8 active ingredients in the rainy season and 9 in the dry season. Glyphosate was the active ingredient with the highest concentration at all stations, 9.65 ± 0.84 mg/kg recorded in the dry season at the Aguigadji station. All glyphosate values were above the EQS. DDT, Atrazine and Endosulfan also showed high concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons. Emamectin, Abamectin and Lambda Cyhalothrin also showed high concentrations in the dry season at Aguigadji, Ahlan and Sele. Only glyphosate was recorded at the control station (Toho), but in very low concentrations. Lead showed the highest concentrations at all the stations, 265.96 ± 21.02 mg/Kg in the rainy season and 255.38 ± 79.09 mg/Kg in the dry season, all detected at the Aguigadji station and above the EQS. Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu and Cr were all representative in both the dry and rainy seasons at the contaminated stations. Manganese showed high concentrations in the rainy season. Pb showed very high contamination (FC ≥ 6) at the Aguigadji and Ahlan stations and significant contamination (3 ≤ FC 6) at the Sele station in both the rainy and dry seasons. Ni, Hg and Cd, showed either moderate or significant contamination at the contaminated stations. The risk values showed a considerable ecological Ri (190 ≤ Ri < 380) in the rainy season and a moderate ecological Ri (95 ≤ Ri < 190) in the dry season at these contaminated stations.

Resistance Monitoring of Field Populations of Panonychus citri to Three Pesticides

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the development of Panonychus citri resistance to commonly used pesticides in major citrus producing areas in China,and to screen out new green and efficient agents for its control and prevention.[Methods]The resistance changes of field populations of P.citri to abamectin,pyridaben,and bifenazate in 12 locations across five provinces in China were compared using the leaf disc impregnation method.[Results]P.citri in the tested areas exhibited the most severe resistance to abamectin,with approximately 91.7%of the field populations showing high levels of resistance to abamectin(112.1-560.5 times);50%of P.citri populations exhibited high levels of resistance to pyridaben(123.0-202.7 times),while the remaining populations showed intermediate levels of resistance(25.6-80.3 times);except for the Zhejiang Xiangshan 2019 and Jiangxi Yudu 2019 populations,which exhibited a medium level of resistance to bifenazate,the remaining 10 monitored populations demonstrated a high level of resistance to bifenazate(140.4-686.1 times).[Conclusions]It is advisable to discontinue the use of abamectin and bifenazate due to significant resistance observed in populations of P.citri monitored in 12 locations across 5 provinces.It is recommended to reduce the frequency of pyridaben use and alternate with other acaricides that have different mechanisms of action due to the varying degrees of resistance developed.

Sensitivity of Commercial Enzyme Inhibition Colorimetric Pesticide Residue Rapid Test Kit to a Variety of Pesticides

[Objectives]To fully understand the quality of commercial enzyme inhibition-colorimetric pesticide residue rapid detection kits,so that they can play a greater role in the detection and supervision of agricultural products.[Methods]The sensitivity of 28 kinds of pesticides was determined by using the commercially available enzyme inhibition colorimetric rapid detection kit with Hendu brand.[Results]There was a significant difference in the sensitivity of the kit to each pesticide,and the kit was more sensitive to dichlorvos among the 28 pesticides tested.The sensitivity to methyl isosalifos,dimethoate,isocarbophos,fenthion and phorate was poor,and the sensitivity to quinalphos was different between 3.0 and 2.5 mL.[Conclusions]The large difference of the sensitivity of the enzyme inhibition-colorimetric rapid detection kit for pesticide residues to different kits is a reason for the false positive and false negative test results of the kit,which needs to be considered by relevant personnel.

Agricultural Contamination of the Surface Waters of the Upper Ouémé in Benin: The Case of Heavy Metals and Pesticides

Objective: The main objective of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of surface waters by heavy metals and pesticides. Method: To this end, data were collected in December 2022 from four specific sampling stations: Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro. Levels of heavy metals, including cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead, were measured and subjected to in-depth statistical analysis using graphical summation models. In addition, the concentrations of pesticide active ingredients present in the samples were interpreted and evaluated. The statistical data collected during this study were processed using R software, version 3.5.0. Results: The values obtained at the different stations Okpara, Térou, Affon and Adjiro are respectively Arsenic (2 × 10-4 mg/L;2.2 × 10-1 mg/L;1.2 × 10-4 mg/L;2 × 10-4 mg/L), Cadmium (4.4 × 10-5 mg/L;1.1 × 10-2 mg/L;10-4 mg/L;4 × 10-4 mg/L). Then Copper (7 × 10-4 mg/L;3 × 10-3 mg/L;7 × 10-4 mg/L;1 × 10-4 mg/L), Iron (1.51 mg/L;6.4 × 10-1 mg/L;2.0012 mg/L;2.9 × 10-1 mg/L), Lead (0 mg/L;0 mg/L;1.5 × 10-3 mg/L;1.5 × 10-3 mg/L). Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Mercury, nickel and chromium were not detected in surface waters. It is important to note that the values obtained for trace metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, nickel and lead) were all below the guideline standards set by the WHO in 2006 for uncontaminated surface waters. This indicates that the surface waters of the Upper Ouémé were below acceptable contamination thresholds in terms of heavy metals. However, the presence of pesticide active ingredients such as cyfluthrin, endosulfan-alpha, endosulfan-beta, profenosfos, tihan, atrazine, gala super and glycel clearly indicates that these surface waters are subject to agricultural contamination.

Levels, distributions, and source identification of organochlorine pesticides in the topsoils in Northeastern China

Seventeen topsoil samples （9 urban, 4 suburban, 3 rural and 1 background） were collected in/around Harbin, a typical city in northeast of China, to measure concentration levels of organocholrine pesticides （OCPs） in topsoil of Northeastern China in 2006. Hexachlorohexanes （HCH）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT）, and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were detected in soil samples with mean concentrations （in pg/g dry weight （dw）） of 7120, 5425, and 1039, respectively. The mean concentrations for other OCPs were very low, 4.8 pg/g dw for chlordane and 3.3 pg/g dw for endosulfan. Source identification analysis reveals that all OCPs found in soil samples were due to historical use of these chemicals or from other source regions through long- and short-range atmospheric transport. DDT was mainly used in the rural sites, whereas the sources of HCB, chlordane and endosulfan were mainly in the urban area. HCH was found almost equally in both urban and rural area. Soil concentrations of all detected OCPs, except HCHs, in and around Harbin were much lower than those in the southeast of China, which is expected since the use of these OCPs in the former was much lower than that in the latter, however higher HCH concentrations in and around Harbin than those found in most places of the Southeast China is not expected. It is suggested that high HCH concentration in soil of Northeast China was most likely due to long-range atmospheric transport （LRAT） from Southeast China and the cold condensation process.

基于AW-OPS高光谱波长选择方法的羊肉新鲜度检测

高光谱数据中不仅含有关键性信息还存在一些干扰信息和无效信息,带有干扰信息和无效信息的数据建立模型会降低效率和模型精度。从全波段数据中提取特征波长是提高关系模型精度的有效方法。有序预测选择(OPS)是一种依据信息向量选择有效波长变量的特征波长提取算法,在特征波长变量筛选方面表现了较好地性能。但由于建立模型时,没有去除重要性较低的变量,导致过多的无效变量参与到模型中,降低了模型的准确率。论文以羊肉高光谱数据作为研究对象,提出了一种改进的特征波长变量选择方法,基于信息向量和指数衰减函数的有序预测选择方法(AW-OPS)对羊肉新鲜度进行检测,该算法通过光谱数据和理化值数据之间的关系来计算信息向量并对波长变量进行排序,采用指数衰减函数(EDF)通过多次迭代去除一些信息向量绝对值比较低的波长变量,最后在已获取的有效波长变量中逐渐增加波长点建立多元回归模型,选取交叉均方根误差(RMSECV)最小值的波长变量子集为特征波长变量。实验时,将OPS法和AW-OPS法在选取特征波长变量后,分别构建羊肉TVB-N的偏最小二乘(PLS)关系模型,同时与全光谱波段PLS模型的效果相比较。结果表明:OPS算法运行程序平均用时为175.9 s,优选出370个特征波长变量,OPS-PLS模型相关系数(RP)平均为0.9631,均方根误差(RMSEP)平均为0.727;而改进的有序预测选择法(AW-OPS)运行程序平均用时为57.6 s,优选出275特征波长变量,AW-OPS-PLS模型平均提升到0.9731,RMSEP平均降低为0.5728;全光谱波长数目为1414个波长变量,其PLS模型的平均为0.9208,RMSEP平均为1.0483。AW-OPS-PLS模型相较于OPS-PLS模型测试精度提高了21.2%,相较于全光谱-PLS模型,测试精度提高了45%,证明AW-OPS是一种有效特征波长变量筛选方法,提高了OPS模型精度和程序运行效率,降低了模型复杂度。

Recognition mechanism and sequence optimization of organophosphorus pesticides aptamers for better monitoring contaminations in food

Aptamers as a kind of biological recognition element have shown great potential in monitoring and the rapid quantification of organophosphorus pesticides(OPPs). However, molecules of OPPs are structurally similar and original aptamers selected by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment are usually long-chain bases, which hamper the further application under OPPs-aptamer recognition. The aim of the research was to develop a new strategy to design oligonucleotide sequences for binding OPPs by combination of experimental and molecular modeling methods. 3D models of aptamers binding OPPs were constructed, and binding energy and the most probable binding site for the OPPs were then determined by molecular docking, and the binding sites were further confirmed by the results of 2-AP replaced experiments. Based on the docking results, a new aptamer for detection 4 representative OPPs with only 29 bases was designed by reasonable truncation and mutation of the reported aptamer(named S4-29). The interaction between this new aptamer and OPPs were analyzed by molecular docking, microscale thermophoresis, circular dichroism and fluorometric analysis. The results revealed that the new aptamer exhibit more superior recognition performance to OPPs, which can be promote the monitoring ability of OPPs contaminations in food.

Efficacy of High-efficiency Formula Pesticides for Controlling Sesamia inferens Walker and Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner

[Objectives]This study was conducted to screen high-efficiency formula pesticides and precise and efficient application techniques for the prevention and control of Sesamia inferens Walker and Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner.[Methods]Field efficacy trials were conducted using different combinations of 70%directed enhanced thiamethoxam seed treatment dispersible powder and 46%monosultap·Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder.[Results]70%directed enhanced thiamethoxam ZF 450 g/hm^(2)+46%monosultap·B.thuringiensis WP 2250 g/hm^(2)had good control effects on both S.inferens and C.lanigera,so it was an ideal high-efficiency formula pesticide for controlling sugarcane S.inferens and C.lanigera.From January to May,combining with new plant or perennial root cultivation management,70%directed enhanced thiamethoxam ZF 450 g/hm^(2)can be evenly spread on sugarcane ditches and sugarcane stumps after being well mixed with fertilizers applied per hectare,and covered with soil in a timely manner,and during the peak incubation period of the first and second generation of S.inferens eggs from March to May,46%monosultap·B.thuringiensis WP 2250 g/hm^(2)was sprayed to the leaf surface in the mixture with water 675 kg with an electric backpack or a motorized sprayer.In such a way,the control efficacy on dead heart seedlings could reach over 89.8%,and that on C.lanigera could reach 100%.Meanwhile,it could effectively and concurrently control thrips,and the increases in yield and sugar content could reach 29310 kg/hm^(2)and 5.9 percentage points,respectively.[Conclusions]The promotion and application of the formula pesticide could achieve precise application and control of sugarcane pests,and improvement of sugarcane quality and planting efficiency,and help promote green prevention and control of sugarcane diseases and pests and the sustained high-quality development of the sugar industry.

双能X射线吸收法诊断青海地区女性绝经后类风湿性关节炎患者骨质疏松症及其危险因素分析

目的:探讨双能X射线吸收法(DXA)诊断青海地区女性绝经后类风湿性关节炎(RA)患者发生骨质疏松症(OP)的危险因素。方法:选取2022年5月至2023年4月青海省中医院收治的200例绝经后女性RA患者,所有患者入院后均进行骨密度(BMD)检测,采用DXA测量腰椎L1~L4、腰整体、大转子、Ward's三角区、整体、前臂整体等部位。根据BMD检测结果,将患者各部位BMD的T值≤-2.5 SD纳入OP组(121例),BMD的T值>-2.5 SD纳入非OP组(79例)。对比分析两组RA患者不同部位的BMD的T值;采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)分析BMD的T值诊断OP效能;采用logistic回归法分析青海地区绝经后RA患者发生OP的危险因素。结果:OP组L1、L2、L3、L4、腰整体、大转子、Ward's三角区、整体及前臂整体BMD的T值均明显低于非OP组。ROC曲线分析中,L1、L2、L3、L4、腰整体、大转子、Ward's三角区、整体及前臂整体BMD的T值诊断OP的灵敏度分别为96.20%、95.22%、90.16%、96.03%、92.01%、89.36%、99.26%、90.02%和96.03%,特异度分别为81.00%、82.19%、85.22%、83.06%、83.06%、90.22%、80.06%、86.23%和83.09%,AUC分别为0.908、0.905、0.896、0.906、0.903、0.879、0.918、0.901和0.906。logistic回归分析中,高龄、病程长、28个关节的风湿活动度评分(DAS28)、血沉及补充钙剂等均为青海地区绝经后女性RA患者发生OP的危险因素。结论:DXA检测RA发生OP患者BMD可作为OP评估的“金标准”,且影响青海地区绝经后女性RA患者发生OP的危险因素较多,临床应结合相关因素制定合理的措施,以降低OP的发生率。

Problems in the Use of Pesticides by Farmers and Countermeasures

Pesticide safety is an important guarantee for food security.At present,there are many problems in the process of choosing pesticides by farmers,such as low discernment ability and difficulty in retroactive blame,slow replacement of medical equipment,slow promotion of technology assistance,lack of professional knowledge,difficult to grasp the key points of application,improper use of pesticides,large resistance to reducing quantity and increasing efficiency,etc.In order to use pesticides rationally and realize safe production,countermeasures and suggestions on pesticide application are put forward from the aspects of drug development and application,promotion of biopesticides,change of farmers concept and cultivation of new farmers.

低温等离子体技术在食品行业的应用研究进展

近年来,低温等离子体技术发展迅速,由于低温等离子体设备具有易安装、样品处理简单、绿色环保等性能优势,因此在食品工业领域越来越受到重视。该文在阐析低温等离子体技术的相关概念及分类的基础上,重点对低温等离子体在食品杀菌与贮存、降解真菌毒素与农药残留及菌藻诱变方面的应用进行阐述。以期为低温等离子体技术在食品行业的广泛应用提供参考。

我国细菌类微生物农药的登记情况与应用策略浅析

细菌农药是最早被商业化开发应用的微生物农药之一,其无论在作物虫害还是病害防治中都有较为广阔的应用前景。通过对中国农药信息网的检索统计,梳理了当前我国细菌类微生物农药登记应用情况。截至2023年11月在我国登记应用的细菌类微生物农药有效成分已达30个,登记产品共计336个(母药40个、制剂296个)。细菌类微生物农药的科学管理与应用对减少化学农药用量,保障我国高品质农产品的安全生产具有十分重要的现实意义。

气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定黄芪中42种农药残留

目的建立气相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定黄芪中42种农药的方法。方法黄芪中的多组分农药采用乙腈提取,上清液经N-丙基乙二胺、十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶、硅胶净化,采用程序升温进样口上机测定,基质匹配曲线外标法定量。结果42种农药在0.01~1.00μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9954~0.9999,在空白基质中添加低(0.02 mg/kg)、中(0.40 mg/kg)、高(2.00 mg/kg)3个不同浓度的混合标准品各6份,加标回收率为72.5%~109.3%,相对标准偏差为1.25%~6.07%,检出限为0.002~0.010mg/kg,定量限为0.005~0.030 mg/kg。在100批次黄芪样本中检出6种农药,分别是α-硫丹、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、硫环磷、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯,样品检出率6.0%,样品超标率1.0%,超标农药为氯氰菊酯。结论本方法灵敏度高、准确性好,适用于黄芪中42种农药的同时测定。

基于正交试验的民用飞机抗爆结构参数敏感性分析

最小风险炸弹位置(LRBL)结构是放置飞机上可疑爆炸物的装置,探究结构尺寸和炸药位置对其抗爆性能的影响程度可为其改进设计提供参考。基于正交试验设计与数值模拟相结合的方法,以LRBL结构各危险部位的最大应变和变形为评价指标,分别运用极差分析法和方差分析法对LRBL结构的罐体壁厚、底盖厚度、连接凸台厚度、剪切销直径和炸药位置5个影响因素开展参数敏感性分析。结果表明:在200 g炸药当量的工况下,各因素对LRBL结构的抗爆性能的影响显著程度从大到小为炸药位置、罐体壁厚、底盖厚度、凸台厚度和剪切销直径;结合评价指标综合分析得到各个因素最优水平下的LRBL结构设计方案。

植物生长调节剂在花生中的应用及安全性分析

为明确花生生产中植物生长调节剂的使用情况,通过查询中国农药信息网,统计汇总花生目前有效登记调节剂种类,并查询食品安全国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2021)中花生中调节剂的最大残留限量和检测方法,分析花生生产中主要使用的调节剂的毒性,为下一步相关标准的制定和修订提出意见和建议,同时也为花生产业的出口创汇及高质量发展提供参考,提升中国花生产业的国际竞争力,保障中国花生产业健康可持续发展。

蒙古黄芪化肥农药减施增效栽培技术规程

蒙古黄芪作为甘肃省道地中药材,生产中存在轮作倒茬不合理、施肥用药不科学、连作障碍突出、根腐病及地下害虫持续加重等问题,对种植生产造成了严重影响。为科学规范蒙古黄芪种植过程中化肥和农药施用,保护道地产区耕地质量,提高黄芪品质,经试验研究及多年示范,从范围、规范性引用文件、术语和定义、产地环境、化肥减施、种苗移栽、田间管理、主要病虫害防控、采收等方面制订了蒙古黄芪化肥农药减施增效栽培技术规程,以更好地指导黄芪种植生产。

四种助剂对防治褐飞虱的植物源农药1%印楝素水分散粒剂毒力的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究橙皮精油(orange peel essential oil,OPEO)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、卵磷脂及马来酸二乙酯(diethyl maleate,DEM)4种助剂对植物源农药1%印楝素水分散粒剂(water dispersible granule,WG)毒力的影响,筛选出有增效作用的助剂,将其作为1%印楝素WG防治褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的桶混助剂。【方法】利用稻苗浸渍法和连续浸液法评价印楝素及添加助剂OPEO、GABA、卵磷脂或DEM后对褐飞虱3龄若虫的毒力;测定印楝素(20 mg a.i./L)及添加助剂处理后,褐飞虱3龄若虫体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)、羧酸酯酶(carboxylesterase,CarE)及乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AChE)3种酶活性;测定添加助剂后对印楝素药液(40 mg a.i./L)与水稻叶片接触角的影响。【结果】稻苗浸渍法处理后96 h,添加DEM使印楝素对褐飞虱3龄若虫胃毒性毒力显著增强,增效比为1.512;连续浸液法处理后72 h,添加OPEO或DEM使印楝素对褐飞虱3龄若虫内吸性毒力显著增强,其增效比分别为1.486及1.560;添加OPEO或DEM分别使褐飞虱3龄若虫体内GST活性比印楝素单剂处理分别降低69.4%和65.5%;添加DEM使CarE活性比印楝素单剂处理降低88.2%;添加OPEO或DEM后,印楝素药液液滴与水稻正面叶片的初始接触角从110°分别降至64.5°或67.9°。【结论】添加OPEO或DEM能明显提高印楝素对褐飞虱的毒力,提高印楝素药液在水稻叶片上的润湿性。因此,将OPEO或DEM作为1%印楝素WG防治褐飞虱的桶混助剂有一定的应用价值。

IT领域Ops术语间关系及其演进机制分析

针对近年来IT及相关领域不断涌现出新的Ops术语并造成了一定程度混乱的问题,总结梳理了60种Ops术语,研究了Ops术语之间的关系,分析得出5种演进机制,并对Ops未来演进趋势进行分析。对于减少Ops术语不断涌现带来的问题、把握Ops演进带来的机遇以及AIOps、DataOps、FinOps等标准研制具有参考价值。