A Review on the Application of Deep Learning Methods in Detection and Identification of Rice Diseases and Pests

In rice production,the prevention and management of pests and diseases have always received special attention.Traditional methods require human experts,which is costly and time-consuming.Due to the complexity of the structure of rice diseases and pests,quickly and reliably recognizing and locating them is difficult.Recently,deep learning technology has been employed to detect and identify rice diseases and pests.This paper introduces common publicly available datasets;summarizes the applications on rice diseases and pests from the aspects of image recognition,object detection,image segmentation,attention mechanism,and few-shot learning methods according to the network structure differences;and compares the performances of existing studies.Finally,the current issues and challenges are explored fromthe perspective of data acquisition,data processing,and application,providing possible solutions and suggestions.This study aims to review various DL models and provide improved insight into DL techniques and their cutting-edge progress in the prevention and management of rice diseases and pests.

Social Cost Analysis of Biological Control Technology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests

With the rapid development of modern agriculture,the prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests has become an important part to ensure the safety of agricultural production,the quality of agricultural products and the safety of agricultural ecological environment.Although the effect of traditional chemical prevention and control technology is remarkable,the health risks and environmental problems brought by it should not be ignored.As a green and environmentally friendly means of prevention and control,biological prevention and control technology has gradually become a hot research topic and a trend of agricultural production.This paper is intended to comprehensively evaluate the social costs of biological control technologies for crop diseases and pests,including the health risks reduced,environmental improvements,economic benefits,and barriers to promotion,and put forward corresponding policy recommendations.

Efficiency of Botanical and Chemical Pesticides on the Control of Field Insect Pests under Cowpea Production

The pulse cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] holds a significant agricultural position in Uganda, ranking fourth among legume crops, following common beans, groundnuts, and soybeans. Known for its versatility, cowpeas are consumable at various developmental stages, from early seedling to maturity. However, the crop faces persistent pest challenges at each stage, leading to substantial yield losses. In Uganda, chemical insecticides are the primary pest control means, but their increased and excessive use raises environmental, health, and economic concerns. This has prompted a quest for alternative and sustainable solutions, prompting an exploration of botanical insecticides. This study, conducted at Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute (MUARIK), aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three selected botanical insecticides versus four established chemical insecticides for managing cowpea insect pests under field conditions. The treatments included: Carbofuran, Cypermethrin 10% EC, Dimethoate, Pestwin, Pyrethrum ewc , Pyrethrum 5ew, Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC mix, and Untreated, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The significant pests studied were aphids, thrips, pod-sucking bugs, and legume pod borer. Results indicated substantial impacts of the treatments on pest infestation, with Profenofos 40% Cypermethrin 4% EC being the most effective against most pests. The plant parameter, plant height, was significantly affected by treatments in 2016B, while the number of pods was impacted in 2017A. Pestwin, a botanical insecticide blend (containing Azadirachtin indica, Pongamia pinnata, and Ricinus communis extracts) demonstrated superior efficacy against cowpea aphids. Moreover, it positively influenced plant height, number of pods, and pod biomass, surpassing many chemical insecticides. Pestwin’s environmental friendliness positions it as a potential contributor to reducing environmental pollution, making it a promising candidate for inclusion in IPM programs. Overall, the study underscores the importance of exploring botanical alternatives to chemical insecticides for sustainable pest management in cowpea cultivation.

Major Diseases and Pests of Blueberry in Guizhou Province and Progress in Their Prevention and Control

As the blueberry industry continues to evolve,the effective control of its diseases and pests has become an essential component of local agricultural development.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the principal types of blueberry diseases and pests in Guizhou Province,along with the corresponding control measures,in order to serve as a valuable reference for blueberry growers.

Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technology of Vegetable Diseases and Pests in Shandong Province

An in-depth research and practice has been conducted on vegetable diseases and pests in Shandong Province,and the principles of comprehensive and ecological control of diseases and pests are put forward,including agricultural control measures such as crop rotation,field cleaning,fertilizer and water management,physical control measures such as catching and killing,trapping,blocking,photoelectric energy treatment,biological control measures such as the use of natural enemies,pathogenic microorganisms,other beneficial organisms and metabolites,and scientific and rational chemical control measures.Comprehensive prevention and control not only controls vegetable diseases and pests effectively,but also protects the ecological environment.

Review of Plant Essential Oils for Plant Pests Management

This paper reviews the origins and classification of plant essential oil resources,along with prevalent extraction techniques for their active constituents.By integrating insights on the utilization of plant essential oils for plant pest management,the comprehensive analysis reveals multiple functionalities exhibited by plant essential oils,including fumigation,contact toxicity,repellent action,antifeedant activity,and growth inhibition.Furthermore,the paper highlights the challenges associated with plant essential oils in plant protection and outlines future research directions,aiming to offer valuable insights for the advancement of botanical insecticides.

Technical Points of Green Prevention and Control Technology of Major Diseases and Pests in Lixian Rhubarb(Rheum palmatum L.)

Based on different types of diseases,pests and weeds in the whole growth period of rhubarb(sowing period-harvesting period),the corresponding green prevention and control technology is proposed,aiming to further reduce the application amount of pesticides and fertilizers in the production of medicinal sources of Lixian rhubarb during the"14 th Five-Year Plan"period.The results will provide a theoretical basis for increasing the promotion and application of agricultural prevention and control(including disease-resistant varieties,ecological regulation),physical prevention and control,biological prevention and control measures,thus ensuring effective protection of the ecological environment,green,healthy and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture in Longnan,and source quality of authentic medicinal materials.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of an Aloe barbadensis Based Biological Insecticide against Pests of Abelmochus esculentus for Promoting Ecological Agriculture (Far-North, Cameroon)

Chemical insecticides have been considered as a means to combat crop pests. Although their effectiveness is evident, their impact on the environment is increasingly being discussed. The aim of this study is to determine the agro-ecological potential of a biological insecticide (C25H32O12) based on Aloe barbadensis in a Sahelian context. For this purpose, a completely randomized block experimental design with 3 replications and 4 treatments was set up to experiment with Aloe barbadensis as a bioinsecticide against pests of Abelmoschus esculentus. However, data were collected using an observation and parameter monitoring grid. This includes the cultivation of Abelmoschus esculentus, soil preparation, seeding and watering, plot labeling, preparation of the bioinsecticide (selection and preparation of raw materials, grinding of Aloe barbadensis miller and extraction of the crude bioinsecticide, quantification of treatment doses and dilution, and obtaining the formulated bioinsecticide), plant watering, plant treatment, and finally parameter monitoring. The results obtained reveal that the level of damage is significantly high in the control treatment T0 (63%) compared to the other treatments, with 29% for treatment T1, 7% for T2, and 1% for T3, implying a strong action capability of this insecticide against pests of Abelmoschus esculentus. Therefore, it can be concluded that for a normal growing season of Abelmoschus esculentus, this biological insecticide should be sprayed 12 times. Furthermore, this biological insecticide is unique in that it does not inflict any gastric toxicity on the pests, which gives it the characteristic of being a repellent. It is a biological insecticide whose efficacy period has been tested, with a minimum duration of 21 days. In conclusion, this formulated bioinsecticide based on Aloe barbadensis demonstrates significant efficacy against pests of Abelmoschus esculentus. In the future, we will consider experimenting with its effectiveness against pests of other plants.

CRISPR-based genetic control strategies for insect pests

Genetic control strategies such as the sterile insect technique have successfully fought insect pests worldwide. The CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology, together with high-quality genomic resources obtained in more and more species, greatly facilitates the development of novel genetic control insect strains that can be used in area-wide and species-specific pest control programs. Here, we review the research progress towards state-of-art CRISPR-based genetic control strategies, including gene drive, sex ratio distortion, CRISPRengineered genetic sexing strains, and precision-guided sterile insect technique. These strategies’ working mechanisms,potential resistance development mechanisms, and regulations are illustrated and discussed. In addition, recent developments such as stacked and conditional systems are introduced. We envision that the advances in genetic technology will continue to be one of the driving forces for developing the next generation of pest control strategies.

区县级医院学科发展竞争力指标体系研究

目的:构建一套科学实用的区县级医院学科发展竞争力评价指标。方法:基于PEST+SWOT分析法探索区县级医院学科发展关键要素及其运行机制,初筛学科发展竞争力指标体系;运用德尔菲法开展两轮专家咨询确定指标体系及权重。结果:该指标体系包括一级指标4个维度(医院管理及综合实力、人才队伍建设、科研创新、教育培训)、二级指标16个、三级指标38个。两轮专家咨询积极系数均为100%,各指标评分变异系数CV值均<0.2,专家协调程度较高,专家权威系数分别为0.94和0.91;各指标第二轮专家评分均值>3.8,大多数指标得分4以上。结论:经专家反馈和统计检验,该指标体系具备科学性和实用性。

Research Progress of Genomes of Insect Pests in Paddy Field

Innovations in sequencing technology and the development of bioinformatics have allowed for studies of the genomics of many rice pests.At present,draft genomes of rice pests including Nilaparvata lugens,Sogatella furcifera,Laodelphax striatellus,Sesamia inferens,Chilo suppressalis,Scirpophaga incertulas.

Differentiation of Wheat Diseases and Pests Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technology with a Few Specific Bands

Hyperspectral imaging technique is known as a promising non-destructive way for detecting plants diseases and pests.In most previous studies,the utilization of the whole spectrum or a large number of bands as well as the complexity of model structure severely hampers the application of the technique in practice.If a detection system can be established with a few bands and a relatively simple logic,it would be of great significance for application.This study established a method for identifying and discriminating three commonly occurring diseases and pests of wheat,i.e.,powdery mildew,yellow rust and aphid with a few specific bands.Through a comprehensive spectral analysis,only three bands at 570,680 and 750 nm were selected.A novel vegetation index namely Ratio Triangular Vegetation Index(RTVI)was developed for detecting anomalous areas on leaves.Then,the Support Vector Machine(SVM)method was applied to construct the discrimination model based on the spectral ratio analysis.The validating results suggested that the proposed method with only three spectral bands achieved a promising accuracy with the Overall Accuracy(OA)of 83%.With three bands from the hyperspectral imaging data,the three wheat diseases and pests were successfully detected and discriminated.A stepwise strategy including background removal,damage lesions recognition and stresses discrimination was proposed.The present work can provide a basis for the design of low cost and smart instruments for disease and pest detection.

Advanced biosensing technologies for monitoring of agriculture pests and diseases:A review

The threat posed to crop production by pests and diseases is one of the key factors that could reduce global food security.Early detection is of critical importance to make accurate predictions,optimize control strategies and prevent crop losses.Recent technological advancements highlight the opportunity to revolutionize monitoring of pests and diseases.Biosensing methodologies offer potential solutions for real-time and automated monitoring,which allow advancements in early and accurate detection and thus support sustainable crop protection.Herein,advanced biosensing technologies for pests and diseases monitoring,including image-based technologies,electronic noses,and wearable sensing methods are presented.Besides,challenges and future perspectives for widespread adoption of these technologies are discussed.Moreover,we believe it is necessary to integrate technologies through interdisciplinary cooperation for further exploration,which may provide unlimited possibilities for innovations and applications of agriculture monitoring.

Species and Control Techniques of Main Diseases and Insect Pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province

[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of C.oleifera in major C.oleifera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search.Afterwards,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of C.oleifera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,etc.The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of C.oleifera industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.

Effects of Diseases and Pests on Quality, Industry and International Trade of Tea

Starting from the effects of diseases and pests on tea quality,tea industry and export trade,the status quo and control of tea diseases and pests,assurance and traceability of tea quality safety,tea industry and export trade development are analyzed in detail,and green prevention and control measures against tea diseases and pests are put forward combined with the status quo of tea in China.

Main Pests and Diseases of Zingiberaceae and Their Control

The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode disease, drilling bugs, beet nightshade moths, mesquite, thrips, and aphids. This article aims to summarize the defining features of the principal pests and diseases as well as their control methods. The intention is to offer theoretical support for the preservation of ginger plants.

基于SWOT和PEST分析的模块化麻醉学技能培训教学模型应用

目的探讨基于SWOT和PEST分析的模块化配置麻醉学临床技能培训教学模型在研究生培训过程中的应用。方法选取2022年12月至2023年8月在郑州大学第一附属医院麻醉临床轮转的80名研究生,随机分为观察组(n=40)和对照组(n=40)。对照组采用传统教学方法,观察组采取基于SWOT和PEST分析的模块化配置麻醉学临床技能培训教学模型教学,比较两组研究生的技能考试成绩、案例分析成绩、基础理论成绩,以及对教学满意度评分。结果观察组研究生培训后的技能考试、案例分析、基础理论成绩均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=7.18、8.44、8.69,P均<0.05),观察组带教满意度评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=18.91,P<0.05)。结论基于SWOT和PEST分析的模块化配置麻醉学临床技能培训教学模型在研究生技能培训中的应用可有效提高临床技能水平和综合应用能力,有助于实践能力和临床思维的培养。

DRG/DIP模式下日间手术运营管理创新PEST分析

目的运用PEST分析的创新方法,对DRG/DIP模式下日间手术运营管理进行探索,以期为管理者提供新的思路。方法根据PEST分析框架,提取关键指标进行分析,根据上述数据和文献分析,提出创新的日间手术运营管理策略。结果需要推动DRG/DIP政策的修订和完善,同时加强手术管理规范,以促进日间手术管理创新;合理分配医疗资源,降低成本,提高综合效益;深入了解患者需求,提高服务质量;加强日间手术管理信息平台建设和全程管理与监测,积极开展新技术,满足患者高品质医疗服务需求。结论推动日间手术持续高质量发展,必须完善相关规范和制度,加强全流程管理。

基于PEST模型的主要发达国家农业气象服务发展及其启示

近年来气候变化带来的负面影响对农业生产产生了切实的影响,各国采取了系统性的措施来更好地应对气候变化的挑战,确保国家粮食安全和农业可持续发展。文中采用PEST模型系统分析了美国、欧洲和以色列等发达国家/地区及农业特色国家在农业气象服务发展上的最新进展和成功经验,结论:1) 在政治方面(Political),这些国家通过完善法律法规体系和优化政策,提供了强大的政策支持和法律保障;2) 在经济方面(Economic),通过农业气象资金支持和农业气象保险大力推动农业气象服务的发展,并为农业从业者应对气象灾害提供了充足的资金保障;3) 在社会方面(Social),通过打造免费共享的高质量农业气象信息服务系列产品和高度重视农业教育,扩大了农业气象服务的影响力并提升了农业从业人员的素质;4) 在技术方面(Technological),通过建立完善的农业气象观测网络,研发改进作物生长模拟模型和推广气候智能型农业,有效地保障了农业气象服务的效率和效益,并推动了农业的绿色可持续发展。这些经验对于促进我国农业气象服务发展具有重要的借鉴意义,能够为推动我国农业气象服务高质量发展提供一定的参考。

东南亚水电国际合作重点国别市场环境评估研究

近年来,随着“一带一路”倡议的深入推进,中国与东南亚国家水电合作潜力不断释放,面对充满机遇且复杂多变的国际市场,如何科学合理地甄别目标国别的市场环境是国际合作成功的重要保障。基于PEST国际通用的战略环境分析工具,考虑与水电国际合作相关的重要影响因素,从政治环境、经济环境、社会环境、技术环境等4个方面,通过基于公开发布或合理测算的各类影响因素定性或定量的评估结果,采用无量纲化数据处理方式,科学建立东南亚重点国别市场环境指标评价模型,为评估东南亚国别市场环境风险、制定合作战略并做好市场布局提供技术参考。