Corrosion of Basic Refractories for Glass Tanks Using Petrol Coke and Countermeasures

Replacing heavy oil with petrol coke can greatly reduce the cost of glass production,but obviously shorten the service life of refractories used in the regenerator checker body of glass tanks.To prolong the service life of the regenerator checker body,the slag chemical composition and alkali-sulfur ratio of glass tanks after using petrol coke and the damage mechanism of the residual magnesia bricks in the regenerator checker body were studied,as well as the corrosion resistance of three magnesia based bricks(direct bonded magnesia chrome bricks,fused rebonded magnesia chrome bricks,and fused rebonded high-purity magnesium aluminate spinel bricks).On this basis,a series of targeted countermeasures were adopted to optimize the configuration of refractories,significantly improving the service life of checker bricks and meeting the requirements of glass industry development.

Lead Concentration in Hong Kong Roadside Dust after Reduction of Lead Level in Petrol

Samples of roadside dust were collected from 30 sites in Hong Kong.The total concentrations of 10 metals in the samples were analyzed,and the correlation coefficients among the metal contents and the annual average daily traffic(AADT)in 1986 were determined.Pb was found to have a significant correlation(P<0.01)with AADT.No correlation was found between Al, Ba,Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,and Zn with respect to AADT.A general decrease in the level of Pb in roadside dust in the past few years has been observed since the reduction in the level of lead in petrol.1989 Academic Press,Inc.

A metaheuristic method for the multireturn-to-depot petrol truck routing problem with time windows

The petrol truck routing problem is an important part of the petrol supply chain.This study focuses on determining routes for distributing petrol products from a depot to petrol stations with the objective of minimizing the total travel cost and the fixed cost required to use the trucks.We propose a mathematical model that considers petrol trucks returning to a depot multiple times and develop a heuristic algorithm based on a local branch-and-bound search with a tabu list and the Metropolis acceptance criterion.In addition,an approach that accelerates the solution process by adding several valid inequalities is presented.In this study,the trucks are homogeneous and have two compartments,and each truck can execute at most three tasks daily.The sales company arranges the transfer amount and the time windows for each station.The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by comparing its results with the optimal results.In addition,a real-world case of routing petrol trucks in Beijing is studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

MILP formulations for highway petrol station replenishment in initiative distribution mode

To investigate highway petrol station replenishment in initiative distribution mode,this paper develops a mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)model with minimal operational costs that includes loading costs,unloading costs,transport costs and the costs caused by unpunctual distribution.Based on discrete representation,the working day is divided into equal time intervals,and the truck distribution process is decomposed into a pair of tasks including driving,standby,rest,loading and unloading.Each truck must execute one task during a single interval,and the currently executing task is closely related to the preceding and subsequent tasks.By accounting for predictive time-varying sales at petrol stations,real-time road congestion and a series of operational constraints,the proposed model produces the optimal truck dispatch,namely,a detailed task assignment for all trucks during each time interval.The model is tested on a real-world case of a replenishment system comprising eight highway petrol stations,one depot,one garage and eight trucks to demonstrate its applicability and accuracy.

Effect of Petroleum Products on Soil Catalase and Dehydrogenase Activities

The effect of refined petroleum products on the activities of selected enzymes (catalase and dehydrogenase) was studied. There was a significant decrease (p kerosene > diesel > engine oil. However, a significant increase (p diesel > petrol > engine oil. On the whole the results reveal that refined petroleum products alter soil biochemistry.

Pulmonary Misfortune Ensuing to Petroleum Related Employments

Background: toxic gases and fumes prompted from petrol and gas stations imply their disabling and deadly risks on human lungs. Aim of Work: The aim of this work was to assess the pulmonary function derangements in petrol pump workers at Al-Medina Al-Munawara city. Patients and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 189 cases out of them in control group (group I) with age and sex matched healthy adult males gathered from nonsmokers students and employees in Taibah University. The study group (group II) comprised of 89 males who were working in different petrol pump stations. History, clinical examination and pulmonary functional assessment were carried out by using portable spirometry, Co detector and puls oximeter. Results: The study’s results showoed that the lung function parameters (FEV1, FVC, PEFR, FEFR25% - 75%) were significantly reduced in petrol pump workers (Group II) as compared to the values for these parameters in subjects belonging to Group II (Control group), Similar findings were observed in previous studies on pulmonary functions in petrol-pump workers. This finding specified the restrictive nature of pulmonary involvement in the study group. Measurement of the exhaled CO was slightly higher in Group II than Group I. Conclusion: Fuel vapors and fumes in petrol stations showed direct incapacitating impact on workers pulmonary functions regarding spirometric measurements showing predominantly restrictive pattern and to less extent obstructive. Exhaled CO level was higher in addition to hypoxemia identified in these cases.

LSSVM Combined with SPA Applied to Near-Infrared Quantitative Determination of the Octane in Fuel Petrol Samples

Least square support vector machine (LSSVM) combined with successive projection algorithm (SPA) method was applied for?near-infrared (NIR)?quantitative determination of the octane number in fuel petrol. The NIR spectra of 87 fuel petrol samples were?scanned?for model establishment and optimization. First order derivative Savitzky-Golay smoother?(1st-d’SG) was?utilized to improve the?NIR predictive ability. Its pretreatment effect was compared with the raw data.?SPA was?applied for the extraction of informative wavelengths. Considering the linear and non-linear?training mechanism,?LSSVM?regression was employed to establish calibration models.?The correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as the model evaluation indices;accordingly the octane number in fuel petrol?was quantitatively determined with the prospective predictive indices. Results showed that?after pretreated by 1st-d’SG, 8 SPA-selected wavelengths?was generated as the inputs of LSSVM, so that the calibration models were optimized in the way of combining the SPA-LSSVM regression with the SG smoother.?The prediction results were quite satisfactory, with the calibrating correlation coefficient of?0.951 and the RMSE?of 3.282. An independent?testing?sample set was used to evaluate the optimal model, the testing?correlation coefficient?was 0.903 and the RMSE was 4.128. We conclude that?NIR spectrometry is feasible to determine the octane in fuel petrol?by establishing SPA-LSSVM?models. The 1st-d’SG pretreatment has?the?advantage of selecting wavelengths containing the implicit information. The combination of 1st-d’SG pretreatment and SPA-LSSVM show its applicable potential to predict the?octane number?in?fuel petrol.

Finite Element Analysis of In-Plane Displacements and Von-Mises Stresses in Ellipsoidal and Circular Cylinderical Petroleum Tankers

Road tankers are the most used means of transporting petroleum product to end users due to its cost effectiveness and energy-efficiency. The cylindrical tank has been well designed for by ASME VIII divisions 1 and 2 using analytical equations. Petrol tankers are not circular but elliptical probably for stability during transportation. This paper has used the finite element method to investigate in-plane displacements and Von-Mises stresses in both circular and elliptical cylindrical tanks under full loading. An elliptical OANDO? tanker of 66.78 m3volume and shell thickness of0.2 mmand an equivalent volume circular cylindrical tank was used for the simulation. MATLAB? was used to generate geometrical mesh model of the petroleum tankers, extract element coordinates and conduct the finite element analysis. Plane strain condition was used in analyzing a section of the petroleum tanker. It was observed that an equivalent volume circular cylindrical tank was under a higher internal pressure (16,858 N/m2) compared to the elliptical cylinder (14,480 N/m2). Von-Mises stress and in-plane displacements showed direct linear relationships with internal fluid pressure. Von-Mises stress in the elliptical tank was found to be lower (5.7 × 106 N/m2) than for the circular tank (8 × 106 N/m2). In plane displacements was zero in the longitudinal direction for both tanks and of the order of 10-4 mm in the y-direction for both tanks with the circular larger by about 2.5 × 10-3 cm. So in addition to tank stability on the lorry, the Von-Mises stresses were lower as well for the elliptical tank. It was also observed that Von-Mises stresses were far below the yield stress of the steel plate. However, the effect of weldment area on lowering of yield stress was not studied. Stress values were validated using analytical method and found to be insignificantly different (P > 0.05).

Study on the Transportation Problem of Petrol Secondary Distribution with Considering Shortage Cost

Petrol is a kind of strategic natural resources. Provide legitimate transportation plans for the petrol secondary distribution are the key links to guarantee the petrol provision. If the total supply is insufficient, some petrol stations can’t avoid shortage because their demands could not be met. So the shortage cost will appear. This paper studies the problem of how to arrange the transportation plan in order to minimize the total cost when the total volume of supply is insufficient. Given the storage volume, the sales rate and the unit shortage cost of every petrol station, considering the full loading constraints of the compartment vehicle, a mixed integer programming model for minimizing the total cost of petrol secondary distribution is established. A Lingo program is compiled for solving the model. Finally, simulation on an example has been done and a reasonable transportation plan is obtained. The model and algorithm in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for dispatching department to make transportation plan.

Modelling of modern automotive petrol engine performance using Support Vector Machines

Modern automotive petrol engine performance is significantly affected by effective tune-up. Current practice of engine tune-up relies on the experience of the automotive engineer, and tune-up is usually done by trial-and-error method and then the vehicle engine is run on the dynamometer to show the actual engine performance. Obviously the current practice involves a large amount of time and money, and then may even fail to tune up the engine optimally because a formal performance model of the engine has not been determined yet. With an emerging technique, Support Vector Machines (SVM), the approximate per- formance model of a petrol vehicle engine can be determined by training the sample engine performance data acquired from the dynamometer. The number of dynamometer tests for an engine tune-up can therefore be reduced because the estimated engine performance model can replace the dynamometer tests to a certain extent. In this paper, the construction, validation and accuracy of the model are discussed. The study showed that the predicted results agree well with the actual test results. To illustrate the significance of the SVM methodology, the results were also compared with that regressed using multilayer feedforward neural networks.

加油(气)站建设项目全流程管理探析

文章对加油(气)站建设项目的全过程分阶段进行了阐述,全面分析了加油(气)站的建设流程,通过分析流程中每一阶段的关键节点,指出各阶段的风险点和控制点,明确项目建设流程的关键管理要素,旨在为加油(气)站项目的建设和管理提供参考。

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

20112390 Chen Wei (College of Geo - Resources and Information,China University of Petroleum,Dongying 257061,China); Wu Zhiping Study on Hydrocarbon Migration along Fault Strike(Journal of China University of Petroleum,ISSN1673-5005。

石油污染土壤修复技术的研究现状

石油资源开采、运输或储存过程中因产品泄漏等环境事故导致的碳氢化合物在土壤、沉积物、地表水和地下水中的污染对人类健康构成了巨大的威胁。针对石油污染土壤的修复处理方法和技术对污染环境的彻底清洁、遏制、清除、回收和恢复起着至关重要的作用。文章从物理、化学、生物三个方面对石油污染土壤目前主要的修复技术的研究现状及其特点进行了总结。

石油焦基活性炭负载零价铁活化过硫酸盐降解水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶的研究

本研究以石油焦为原料制备了石油焦基活性炭(Activated carbon,AC),再采用液相还原法制备纳米零价铁(Nano-zero-valent iron,nZVI)/活性炭复合材料。利用nZVI/AC复合材料活化过硫酸盐产生硫酸根自由基(SO_(4)^(·-))降解水中磺胺二甲基嘧啶(Sulfamethazine,SMZ)。随着nZVI/AC复合材料投加量的增大和反应温度的上升,SMZ的降解率增大。增大过硫酸钠投加量和SMZ的初始浓度,SMZ的降解率下降。二级反应动力学更适合描述nZVI/AC活化过硫酸盐降解SMZ的反应过程。利用石油焦制备nZVI/AC复合材料活化过硫酸盐可有效降解水中的磺胺二甲基嘧啶,体现了“以废治废”的理念,为磺胺类抗生素废水的处理提供了新思路。

用石油焦后玻璃窑碱性耐火材料侵蚀及对策

用石油焦代替重油可以大幅降低玻璃生产成本,但同时也大幅降低了玻璃窑蓄热室格子体用耐火材料的使用寿命。为了提高玻璃窑蓄热室格子体的使用寿命,首先研究了使用石油焦后玻璃窑炉渣的化学组成和碱硫比,蓄热室格子体镁质残砖的损毁机制,以及直接结合镁铬砖、电熔再结合镁铬砖和电熔再结合高纯镁铝尖晶石砖的抗玻璃窑炉渣侵蚀性。在此基础上,采取了一系列针对性的对策,优化了耐火材料的配置,显著提高了格子砖的寿命,满足了玻璃工业发展的需求。

几种常用油品拉曼光谱的检测及分析

采用拉曼光谱技术检测不同种类油品,探索汽油、柴油、石脑油等常用油品的拉曼光谱图的规律性。方法:利用自行研制的785nm激发波长便携式拉曼光谱仪检测150例种类不同的油品,并对这些油品的拉曼光谱图进行拉平及归一法处理。结果:汽油、柴油、石脑油、航煤这四大类油品的拉曼谱图具有各类的特点及规律,根据其中烯烃峰的拉曼位移及对应峰的强度可以对汽油及石脑油进行鉴别,并且可以筛查出一部分不合格汽油。利用拉曼光谱法检测不同种油品其操作简便,无需前处理,需要的样本量小,不同种油品的拉曼位移和强度上存在着差异,拉曼光谱法在建立油品现场快速筛查、检测及鉴别方法上具有很大潜力。

炼油厂石油焦活性炭的制备

用炼油厂石油焦为原料，以ＫＯＨ为活性剂进行活化制备活性炭，考察了活化温度、活化时间以及活化剂用量对ＢＥＴ比表面积和亚甲基蓝吸附的影响，优化出最佳工艺过程：活化温度为８００ ℃，活化时间为１ ｈ，活化剂与石油的用量比为５：１。用双柱定容容量法测定了实验制备活性炭对甲烷的吸附量，与常用活性炭比较，是其吸附量的５ 倍左右。