Laboratory Design Criteria for Monitoring Biostimulated Bioremediation of a Crude Oil Contaminated Soil in Niger Delta Using Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The remediation of crude oil-impacted soil has always been a challenge in different soil environments and climatic conditions. Bioremediation technology has offered a breakthrough in restoring crude oil-impacted soil/sediment in muddy, dry soil and wetlands. Though, there have been varied environmental conditions that have hampered the success of the bioremediation process. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of a biostimulated bioremediation of crude oil-impacted soil using some design criteria—nutrient amendment (NPK fertilizer) and moisture content. Soil sample sets—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G were impacted with crude oil at a ratio of 10 g/kg and amended with varying amounts of nutrient 30, 60, and 80 g of N.P.K fertilizer. The medium for the inoculation of the nutrient was water and the volume of water applied varied from 30% to 80% saturation. The soil sample sets were harvested at an interval of 3 months for 180 days to determine the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon left in the soil. The analysis of the total petroleum hydrocarbon was achieved using a GC-FID with a capillary column and autosampler. Soil samples were extracted with mixed solvent dichloromethane and acetone at a 1:1 ratio. The total petroleum hydrocarbon results show that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soil sample sets with low moisture content (30% water saturation) and moderate nutrient amendment. The biodegradation of the sample sets with high water saturation and a high nutrient amendment was slow with a higher amount of total hydrocarbon content at the end of the 180 days. The variability in the hydrocarbon degradation pattern of contaminated soil shows that biostimulated bioremediation achieved better results in soils with low moisture content than in soil environments with high water content (saturation). More so, nutrient overdosing of the substrate hampered the effectiveness of the remediation process.

Influences of Cu or Cd on the neurotoxicity induced by petroleum hydrocarbons in ragworm Perinereis aibuhitensis

The ecotoxicological effects of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） on ragworms are still vague. The relationships between toxicological indices （mortality and acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） activity） and concentrations of toxicants （Cu, Cd, and PHCs） were examined in the estuary keystone species Perinereis aibuhitensis in laboratory conditions. The results of single toxicant indicated that three toxicants had potentially physiological toxicity to P. aibuhitensis. The estimated 4-d and 10-d LC50 for Cu, Cd, and PHCs was derived from the relationships between mortality and toxicants concentrations. Notable changes in the morphological signs and symptoms of P. aibuhitensis exposed to PHCs were observed. The ACHE activity of P. aibuhitensis was more sensitive to the toxicity of PHCs than the others. The results of combined toxicants implied that the combined toxicity of Cu or Cd and PHCs to P. aibuhitensis was related to the concentration combination of toxicants. Compared to single PHCs treatment, the addition of Cu or Cd significantly mitigated the neurotoxicity of PHCs to ACHE activity in P. aibuhitensis, which showed an antagonistic effect.

Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube

Using the concentration gradient and combined pollutant exposure method, the single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） and cadmium （Cd） on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube, an ecologically keystone species in estuarine and coastal environment, have been investigated. The results indicate that the toxicity of PHCs to P. aibuhitensis is stronger than that of Cd to the organism. There are positive correlations between the mortality of worms and the exposed concentration of single Cd or PHCs in solution. Similarly, the accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms increased with increasing Cd- or PHC-exposed concentrations. All the correlation relationships can be described using unitary quadratic equations （Y or Z = aX^2 ＋ bX ＋ c）. It is calculated, on the basis of these expressions, that the median lethal dose （LC50） ofP aibuhitensis exposed to a single Cd or PHCs is 793.4-13567.3 and 28.0-119.9 μg/L, respectively. The exposed time has some stimulative effect on the two pollutants and on the mortality of the worms. Thus, even a low concentration of a single Cd or PHCs may have strong toxic effects on the worms when the exposed time becomes longer. The accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms differs with an increase in exposure time at the given exposed concentration of a single Cd or PHCs. Noticeably, the accumulation of PHCs in worms decreases with an increase in exposure time at the given high concentration of PHCs in solution. The joint effect of PHCs and Cd on P. aibuhitensis is very complicated and changes with the exposed concentrations of the two pollutants. At the given concentration of PHCs, the joint toxicity of the two pollutants on the worms changes from synergism to antagonism with an increase in Cd concentration. The accumulation of Cd in the worms significantly decreases with the addition of PHCs to exposure solution.

Relationship between petroleum hydrocarbon and plankton in a mesocosm experiment

A mesocosm experiment was carried out from May 26 to June 1, 1998 at the location of 30'52'N, 122'36'E, the Changjiang Estuary, in order to measure the influence of petroleum hydrocar- bon to the ecosystem, furthermore, to estimate the environmental capacity. In the experiment, it is found that the petroleum hydrocarbon can, in some degree, enhance the growth of diatom, but inhibit the growth of dinoflagellate. In general, the petroleum hydrocarbon can inhibit the growth of both Phytoplankton and zooplankton, and can the inhibit the growth of total plankton (including phytoplankton and zooplankton) as well. A kinetic model was presented to estimate the uptake/release rate constants of petroleum hydrocarbon by plankton, and thereafter, the uptake and release rate constants (k1, k2), bioconcentration factor (BCF) as well as the petroleum bydrocarbon influenced influenced uptake and release rate constants of nutrients by phytoplankton (kup, krel) were obtained. The results imply that the bioconcentration of petroleum hydrocarbon by plankton is fairly large and petroleum hydrocarbon caused no significant influence on the uptake of N- NO3, but significant influence on that of P -PO4. In addition, the application of kinetic model for the bioconcentration of volatile organic toxic compound by organism suggests that the uptake of petroleum hydrocarbon by plankton was an important process for the environmental capacity of petroleum hydrocarbon.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation Potential of Soil Bacteria Native to the Yellow River Delta

The bioremediation potential of bacteria indigenous to soils of the Yellow River Delta in China was evaluated as a treatment option for soil remediation. Petroleum hydrocarbon degraders were isolated from contaminated soil samples from the Yellow River Delta. Four microbial communities and eight isolates were obtained. The optimal temperature, salinity, pH, and the ratios of C, N, and P (C:N:P) for the maximum biodegradation of diesel oil, crude oil, n-alkanes, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons by indigenous bacteria were determined, and the kinetics changes in microbial communities were monitored. In general, the mixed microbial consortia demonstrated wider catabolic versatility and faster overall rate of hydrocarbon degradation than individual isolates. Our experimental results demonstrated the feasibility of biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon by indigenous bacteria for soil remediation in the Yellow River Delta.

Microbial changes in rhizospheric soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons after bioremediation

Effects of bioremediation on microbial communities in soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons are a scientific problem to be solved. Changes in dominate microbial species and the total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi in rhizospheric soils after bioremediation were thus evaluated using field bioremediation experiments. The results showed that there were changed dominant microorganisms including 11 bacterial strains which are mostly Gram positive bacteria and 6 fungal species which were identified. The total amount of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi increased after bioremediation of microbial agents combined with planting maize. On the contrary, fungi in rhizospheric soils were inhibited by adding microbial agents combined with planting soybean.

Environmental Capacity of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay, China: Modeling and Calculation

An environmental capacity model for the petroleum hydrocarbon pollutions （PHs） in Jiaozhou Bay is constructed based on field surveys, mesocosm, and parallel laboratory experiments. Simulated results of PHs seasonal successions in 2003 match the field surveys of Jiaozhou Bay resaonably well with a highest value in July. The Monte Carlo analysis confirms that the variation of PHs concentration significantly correlates with the river input. The water body in the bay is reasonably subjected to self-purification processes, such as volatilization to the atmosphere, biodegradation by microorganism, and transport to the Yellow Sea by water exchange. The environmental capacity of PHs in Jiaozhou Bay is 1500 tons per year IF the seawater quality criterion （Grade Ⅰ/Ⅱ, 0.05 mgLl） in the region is to be satisfied. The contribution to self-purification by volatilization, biodegradation, and transport to the Yellow Sea accounts for 48%, 28%, and 23%, respectively, which make these three processes the main ways of PHs purification in Jiaozhou Bay.

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Distribution Features in Water and Sediment off Fujian Shore

This study on the distribution features of petroleum hydrocarbon in water and sediment off the Fujian shore using data obtained from the baseline research on oceanic contamination in Fujian showed that: during the research period, petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in water varied from 5.77 μg/L to 37.28 μg/L, averaged 14.48 μg/L; was lower in the wet season than in the dry season; and was highest in the Minjiang Estuary and Jiulong Estuary in both seasons. The petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in shore sediment varied from 14.48 mg/kg to 784.36 mg/kg, averaged 133.3 mg/kg, and was closely related to sediment types (granularity).

Geochemical insights into contribution of petroleum hydrocarbons to the formation of hydrates in the Taixinan Basin, the South China Sea

Methane hydrate in the South China Sea (SCS) has extensively been considered to be biogenic on the basis of its δ13C andδD values.Although previous efforts have greatly been made,the contribution of thermogenic oil/gas has still been underestimated.In this study,biomarkers and porewater geochemical parameters in hydrate-free and hydrate-bearing sediments in the Taixinan Basin,the SCS have been measured for evaluating the contribution of petroleum hydrocarbons to the formation of hydrate deposits via a comparative study of their source inputs of organic matters,environmental conditions,and microbial activities.The results reveal the occurrence of C_(14)–C_(16) branched saturated fatty acids (bSFAs) with relatively high concentrations from sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRBs) in hydrate-bearing sediments in comparison with hydrate-free sediments,which is in accord with the positive δ^(13)C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC),increasing methane concentrations,decreasing alkalinity,and concentration fluctuation of ions (Cl^(-),Br^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),Ca^(2+),and Mg^(2+)).These data indicate the relatively active microbial activities in hydrate-bearing sediments and coincident variations of environmental conditions.Carbon isotope compositions of b SFAs (-34.0‰to -21.2‰),n-alkanes (-34.5‰to-29.3‰),and methane(-70.7‰to -69.9‰) jointly demonstrate that SRBs might thrive on a different type of organic carbon rather than methane.Combining with numerous gas/oil reservoirs and hydrocarbon migration channels in the SCS,the occurrence of unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs),odd-even predominance (OEP) values (about 1.0),and biomarker patterns suggest that petroleum hydrocarbons from deep oil/gas reservoirs are the most probable carbon source.Our new results provide significant evidence that the deep oil/gas reservoirs may make a contribution to the formation of methane hydrate deposits in the SCS.

Pollution Condition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Pollutant and Estimation of Its Environmental Capacities in Summer in the Bohai Sea

The pollution condition of petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) was summarized in the Bohai Sea in this paper. The results showed that the mean concentration of PH was (25.7±13.6) mg/m3, varying from 4.4 to 64.8 mg/m3 in the survey sea area. Laizhou Bay and Bohai Bay have been contaminated badly inshore. The dynamic model for distribution of marine PH among multiphase environments in the Bohai Sea has been established. The environmental capacities (ECO) and surplus environmental capacities (SECO) of PH have been estimated in the Bohai Sea according to the dynamic model. The results showed that the ECo separately were about 29 169 t/a, 177 306 t/a and 298 446 t/a under the first, second and third, fourth class seawater quality standards requirement. And the ECO of Bohai Bay, Liaodong Bay, Laizhou Bay and Central Bohai Sea were about 5 255 t/a, 8 869 t/a, 4889 t/a and 10 156 t/a respectively under the first and second class seawater quality standards requirement.

Comparative Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil by Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation and Surfactant Addition

A bench-scale biopiling experiment was conducted to hydrocarbon bioremediation in a chronically contaminated soil compare the ability of different techniques to enhance petroleum After 195 days, 10%-32% removal of TPHs （total petroleum hydrocarbons） occurred in unamended soil （control）. Biostimulation by inorganic nutrient addition enhanced TPH removal （49%） confirming that bioremediation was nutrient limited and the soil contained a well-adapted hydrocarbonoclastic microbial community. The addition of organic amendments including green waste at 25% and 50% （w/w） and a commercial product called DaramendTM had a further biostimulatory effect （50%-66%, 34%-59% and 69%-80% TPH removal respectively）. Bioaugmentation using two commercially available petroleum hydrocarbon degrading microbial cultures with nutrients enhanced TPH removal in the case of RemActivTM （60%-69%）, but had a marginal effect using Recycler 102 （49%-55%）. The effect of a non-ionic surfactant in green waste amended soil was variable （52%-72% TPH reduction）, but its potential to enhance biodegradation presumably by promoting contaminant bioavailability was demonstrated. High degradation of artificially added polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） occurred after 106 days （75%-84%）, but significant differences between the control and treatments were unapparent, suggesting that spiked soils do not reflect the behavior of contaminants in genuinely polluted and weathered soil.

The Impact Of Oil Spill To The Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(Tph)Concentration In Fishes At North Coastal Of Karawang Regency,West Java Province

The coastal area is one of the areas that is quite vulnerable to the threat of pollution caused by human activities,including pollution caused by oil spills(hydrocarbons)in the sea.The incident can be caused by several factors including the explosion,leakage of petroleum pipelines on the seabed,leakage of tanks or petroleum tankers at sea and disposal of waste petroleum products into the environment.Oil spills continuously can cause environmental contamination and pollution both aquatic and terrestrial.If the petroleum hydrocarbons enter sea waters,some of them will be absorbed by aquatic organisms because the nature of the petroleum hydrocarbons is difficult to decompose in waters.The intentional and unintentional entry of hazardous and toxic substances into marine ecosystems such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chemical solvents resulting from industrial wastes has become a serious problem for human health and the environment.The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon(TPH)contained in fish in coastal waters of Karawang Regency,West Java Province.This research was conducted in September-November 2019 by taking several fish samples at Ciparage Jaya Fish Auction Place,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu Rive with a total sample of 24 fish,and taking seawater samples in the three study sites.TPH analysis was carried out at the Integrated Chemistry Laboratory,Bogor Agricultural University.TPH values in fish at Ciparage-1,Ciparage-2,Betok Mati and Sungai Buntu stations,in general,have different mean values but are almost uniform,each at 6.82;6.82;7.45 and 5.12 mg/kg.Based on the average TPH concentration in fish,it can be said that the average TPH in fish at Betok Mati station is relatively higher compared to other stations.TPH values in all fish samples exceed the safe threshold,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/kg.Based on the results of the Bioaccumulation factor(BAF)analysis showed that the average TPH in fish was 6.55 mg/kg and the average TPH in the waters was 11.23 mg/l,so the BAF value was 58.35 which means that the absorption rate of TPH by fish organisms against the concentration of TPH in the waters of 58.35%.The analysis shows that the value of Ecological Hazard Assessment(EHA)is 3743.33 which means that the level of influence of the hazard on ecosystems and organisms is 3743.33.This value exceeds the recommended threshold according to the European Union,which is a maximum of 0.002 mg/l.

Systematic adsorption process of petroleum hydrocarbon by immobilised petroleum-degradation bacteria system in degradation pathways

In order to effectively control petroleum hydrocarbon pollution by immobilisation technology,it is necessary to understanding the degradation pathways of petroleum hydrocarbon in immobilised petroleum-degradation bacteria system.However,the adsorption in degradation process is rarely studied.In this study,adsorption process of petroleum hydrocarbon was synergistically studied by means of the surface properties,adsorption thermodynamics and molecular simulation.The results indicate that the immobilised petroleum-degradation bacteria have many holes for the bacteria to adsorb.The diesel adsorption by immobilised petroleum-degradation bacteria is a spontaneous,entropy-increasing and endothermic process.Diesel is first adsorbed to the surface of immobilised petroleum-degradation bacteria through hydrogen bonding,and then is biodegraded.This study provided substantial knowledge of immobilised technology in controlling petroleum hydrocarbon pollution.

Size-Dependent Growth Rate of Nitzschia closterium at Different Concentrations of Petroleum Hydrocarbon

The maximum growth rate ofNitzschia elosterium at various concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon was studied. The influence of petroleum hydrocarbon on cell size as a function of concentration was discussed. The relationship between maximum growth rate of Nitzschia closterium and cell median equivalent spherical diameter （MESD） was also carefully studied. The experi- mental results showed that the growth rate of Nitzschia elosterium was generally suppressed by petroleum hydrocarbon, which had greater effects at both low and high concentrations than at intermediate concentrations. No significant changes in cell size distribu- tion were observed during the growth period ofNitzsehia closterium. The Gaussian function could give a clear description of the cell size distribution ofNitzsehia closterium, and the MESD value ranged from 2.71 to 6.82 μm. The MESD decreased when the cell was exposed to petroleum hydrocarbon, and the reduction of cell MESD was much more significant at both relatively high and low hydrocarbon concentrations. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbon changed the relationship between μmax, and MESD from an allometric function to a U-shaped curve. When the MESD was below 5.07 μm,μmax decreased along with increased MESD, whereas when MESD was above 5.07 μm, μmax increased along with MESD, which deviated from the allometric model.

Responses of macrobenthic communities to patchy distributions of heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments:A study in China's Zhoushan Archipelago

This study conducted four cruises during 2014–2017 to investigate relationships between macrobenthic communities and sediment contaminations in sea area around the Zhoushan Archipelago.Fourteen sites were categorized into three groups:high total heavy metal contamination content(HHMC),high total petroleum hydrocarbon content(HTPH),and low content ratio of heavy metal contamination content to total petroleum hydrocarbon content(HMC/TPH)areas.Four main taxa of macrofauna(polychaetes,bivalves,gastropods,and crustaceans)were determined to respond to environmental factors differently.While tolerant polychaetes being the minimal impact by environmental factors,bivalves were threated by heavy metal pollutions in sediment.Additionally,body size distribution frequency demonstrated that macrofauna in the low HMC/TPH areas were less disturbed by contamination than those in the HHMC and HTPH areas.The result represented the presentation of sensitive species while tolerant species are usually considered as small size organisms.Overall,this study confirmed the hypothesis that the contamination levels of small-scale patches is indicated by the condition of macrobenthic communities.

Analysis of petroleum hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments of Red Sea of Yemen

A field work has been carried out to identify the occurrence of oil and oil products pollution in mangrove sediment from Red Sea of Yemen. The concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons is from 700ng/g at Kamaran Island station to 400 ng/g at Al-Hodiedah station, and the total organic carbon (TOC) in samples ranges from 0.07% at Dhubab station to 0.03% at Kamaran Island station. This pollution is as a result of localized oil pollution and/or heavy ship traffic in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Evolution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil Polluted with Crude Oil Treated with a Natural Product

Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated/polluted soils has been recognized as an efficient, economic, versatile and environmentally good treatment. This method is limited by the microorganisms activity in degrading the spills hydrocarbons. Low solubility of the hydrocarbons involves low bioavailability to microorganisms. The main objective of this research is to increase biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by treating the crude oil polluted soil with the natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum. Biodegradation was quantified by total petroleum hydrocarbons （TPH） analyses. The paper presents data obtained in biodegradation process of an artificial polluted soil with 5% and 10% crude oil, treated with a natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum during two years of experiment. Biodegradation process takes time to rehabilitate and reuse of the soil in agricultural scopes.

Contents and Distribution of Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC) in Jiaozhou Bay Waters

Based on data from the investigation in Jiaozhou bay waters in 1979, the distribution, pollution source and seasonal variation of PHC in Jiaozhou Bay are analyzed. It is showed that in Jiaozhou bay PHC contents arrived the national Category Ⅱof the water quality standard during this year. In summer in the bay the pollution of PHC was heavy, while relatively light in spring. In the coastal waters in the east and the northeast of the bay, the PHC contents in spring surpassed the national Category Ⅱ, and surpassed the national Category Ⅲ. In the coastal waters, in the northeast of the bay, the change of the PHC contents formed the grads: the contents presented the falling trend from the big one to the small, which unveiled that the PHC souce in the bay mainly came from the discharge of the industrial waste water and living sewage.

Effects of Temperature, Acetate and Nitrate on Methane Generation from Petroleum Hydrocarbons

In this study, the effects of temperature, acetate and nitrate on methane gas production from biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons were investigated. The results indicated that methane gas production at 35 ℃ was higher than that obtained at 55 ℃. The acetate addition significant enhanced the methane production at 35 ℃, however, at 55 ℃ the nitrate addition could largely promote the methane production. The microbial community structures were revealed by PCR-DGGE. The Actinobacteria, Clostridia, Clostridiales, Syntrophus, Pseudomonas, and Proteobacteria-like bacteria and Methanocellales, Methanosaeta, Methanomicrobiales, Methanolinea, Thermoprotei-like archaea had been enriched at 35 ℃ in the acetate addition test. The Thermoprotei, Proteobacterium, Thermodesulfovibrio-like bacteria and Methanocellales-like archaea had been enriched at 55 ℃ in the nitrate addition test. The results may shed light on the bio-utilization of marginal oil reservoirs for enhancing energy recovery.

CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF THE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN COASTAL SEAWATER

This study of the petroleum hydrocarbons in coastal seawater, using dichloromethane extraction withO-terphenyl and n-C20 as internal standards, and gas chromatography with silica-capillary-column showedthat the recovery of petroleum hydrocarbons reaches 87.8% and that the lowest detection limit is 0.96μg.This method is reproducible, highly accurate, and applicable for determining the petroleum hydrocarbonsin coastal seawater.