Development of degradable pre-formed particle gel(DPPG)as temporary plugging agent for petroleum drilling and production

Temporary plugging agent(TPA)is widely used in many fields of petroleum reservoir drilling and production,such as temporary plugging while drilling and petroleum well stimulation by diverting in acidizing or fracturing operations.The commonly used TPA mainly includes hard particles,fibers,gels,and composite systems.However,current particles have many limitations in applications,such as insufficient plugging strength and slow degradation rate.In this paper,a degradable pre-formed particle gel(DPPG)was developed.Experimental results show that the DPPG has an excellent static swelling effect and self-degradation performance.With a decrease in the concentration of total monomers or cross-linker,the swelling volume of the synthesized DPPG gradually increases.However,the entire self-degradation time gradually decreases.The increase in 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid(AMPS)in the DPPG composition can significantly increase its swelling ratio and shorten the self-degradation time.Moreover,DPPG has excellent high-temperature resistance(150°C)and high-salinity resistance(200,000 mg/L NaCl).Core displacement results show that the DPPG has a perfect plugging effect in the porous media(the plugging pressure gradient was as high as 21.12 MPa),and the damage to the formation after degradation is incredibly minor.Therefore,the DPPG can be used as an up-and-coming TPA in oil fields.

Ordos Basin-New Petroleum Production Base of China

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Review on the petroleum market in China:history,challenges and prospects

The petroleum industry plays an essential role in driving China's economic development.In the past few decades,severa reforms in the petroleum industry have been implemented;however,there are still some is sues that have not been resolved Moreover,with the new-normal economy,the transition to green energy and international trade disputes,the petroleum marke is also facing emerging challenges.Therefore,the purpose of the present study is to review the historical development o China's petroleum market,identify the current challenges and propose corresponding countermeasures for future prospects As a conclusion,five main challenges are highlighted totally,namely lack of marketization,excess oil refining capacity,hig external dependency,environment pollution and unstable international trading relationship.To address these challenges it is encouraged to deepen petroleum market reform,accelerate the elimination of inefficient refining capacity,diversify of supply sources,as well as improve domestic petroleum enterprises'ability to resist price risks.

Detection of Petroleum Pollutants by Using Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging

A new laser induced fluorescence imaging system used for detecting and locating the petroleum pollutants is presented. A unique feature of the system was using a combination of a frequency tripled Nd:YAG pulse laser and an image intensified CCD camera as imaging detector. The delay time of the system and the exposure time of the CCD are controlled by a delay generator. Petroleum pollutants on various backgrounds had been detected and located by this system. This imaging technique provides a useful noninvasive approach for the detection of petroleum pollutants, which can be used in remote sensing.

Persistent Integration and Innovation Management Mode and Its Applications in Petroleum Production Engineering

This paper proposes a new management mode named the persistent integration and innovation management mode to satisfy the requirements by the fast development at oilfields. Taking engineering philosophy as the guidance and technical innovations in petroleum production engineering as the breaking point, the management mode combines long term production practice at oilfields with modern management methods. The management mode integrates intellectuals, techniques, capital, and information and so on to accomplish global optimization of resource configuration. Sets of new techniques, new methods, new technologies and new equipment in petroleum production engineering have been proposed under the guidance of the management mode, achieving great social and economic benefits.

Effect of Bio-Disc on Distillate Yield and Crude Oil Properties

The market worth of the crude oil transported to the international market has a great influence on the crude’s physical properties, as such demands that certain desirable physical properties ought to be possessed. The distillation of crude oil is the first process in the sequence of refining operation and is key to refinery operations profitability. In this work, five crude oil samples were collected from a reservoir in the Niger Delta designated as S11A, S12A, S13A, S14A and S15A. Sample S11A was not treated with bio-disc while samples S12A-S15A were treated with bio-disc at different number of times. This was necessary to ascertain the effect of the bio-disc on crude oil physical properties and their distillate yield. After the treatment, the specific gravity, American Petroleum Institute (API), pour point, flash point and viscosity of the treated and untreated crude samples were determined and then the samples distilled with a distillation tester. From the results obtained, the bio-disc had a great influence on the physical properties of the samples as well as on the distillate yield. The specific gravities of the oil samples decreased as the number of times the samples were treated with bio-disc increases and this in turn increased the crudes’ API. The pourpoint and viscosity decreased with increase in number of treatments of crude samples with bio-disc. As the number of treatments increased, the crude samples which were originally paraffinic were tending towards being naphthenic. The flash point and distillate yield increased with increase in number of treatments of crude samples with bio-disc. Thus, treatment of crude oil with bio-dic alters the physical properties of the crude.

Chemical speciation,bioavailability and risk assessment of potentially toxic metals in soils around petroleum product marketing company as environmental degradation indicators

The study aims at investigating chemical speciation,bioavailability and risk assessment of some selected metals in soils around refined petroleum depot using the concentrations of the metals as variables to ascertain the impacts of the activities within the petroleum depot.Surface-soils(0e15 cm)were collected from within the premises of Pipelines and Product Marketing Company,Ibadan,Nigeria,while control samples were collected at 200 m away from the study location.Electrical conductivity and pH were measured using a calibrated dual purpose meter,while elemental analysis was done using Atomic absorption spectroscopy analytical technique.The results showed that the soils exhibited low ecological risk;minor enrichment for Mn,moderately severe enrichment for Ni and Co,severe enrichment for Cr and extremely severe enrichment for Pb,Zn and Cd.There was low contamination factor for Pb,Ni,Mn,Cr,Co,and Fe and moderate contamination by Zn and Cd.Geo-accumulation index results indicated unpolluted with Ni,Mn,Cr,Co,and Fe,unpolluted to moderately polluted with Pb and Zn and moderately to strongly polluted with Cd.Inter-element clustering results indicated chemical affinity and/or similar genetic origin among the elements.Speciation analysis suggested that Fe,Co,Cr,Cd,and Ni occurred in the residual fraction;Pb,and Zn in the carbonate fraction,while Mn have its highest percentage in the Fe eMn oxides fraction.Percentage mobility and bioavailability showed that most of the metals are immobile and non-bioavailable.Study concluded that the oil-impacted soils were contaminated with most of the metals,but with low ecological risk.

Neotropical electric fishes(Gymnotiformes)as model organisms for bioassays

Electric fishes(Gymnotiformes)inhabit Central and South America and form a relatively large group with more than 200 species.Besides a taxonomic challenge due to their still unresolved systematic,wide distribution and the variety of habitats they occupy,these fishes have been intensively studied due to their peculiar use of bioelectricity for electrolocation and communication.Conventional analysis of cells,tissues and organs have been complemented with the studies on the electric organ discharges of these fishes.This review compiles the results of 13 bioassays developed during the last 50 years,which used the quickness,low costs and functionality of the bioelectric data collection of Gymnotiformes to evaluate the effects of environmental contaminants and neuroactive drugs.