Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging and nonpersistent contaminants.In this study,27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction(SPE),and determin...Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging and nonpersistent contaminants.In this study,27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction(SPE),and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards(ILSs)were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river,effluent and influent sewage.The corrected recoveries were 73%-122%with the relative standard deviation(RSD)<16%,except for acetaminophen.The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22%and the method quantitation limits(MQLs)were 0.45-8.6 ng/L.The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples.The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days,and the ILSscorrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences.The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%-140%with the recovery variation<37%in all cases.The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.展开更多
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of st...Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.展开更多
There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants(ECs)in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)to assess their potential impact when released into the environment.The objective of this ...There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants(ECs)in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)to assess their potential impact when released into the environment.The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in WWTP influents and effluents and receiving river waters in Pretoria,South Africa.Targeted screening and identification of PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography(LC)coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)Orbitrap™HRMS,after clean-up and preconcentration with Waters Oasis®hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced(HLB)solid phase extraction(SPE)cartridges.Of the 156 target analytes screened in the study,120 could be satisfactorily determined under the study conditions,with 71 and 73 compounds being detected and quantified in the influent and effluent samples,respectively.Concentrations in the influents ranged from<ILOQ-14.2 mgL^-1and those in the effluent from<ILOQ-2.45 mgL^-1.It was found that 84%of the quantified compounds belonged to various classes of pharmaceuticals.Ibuprofen,caffeine,paracetamol and estradiol were the major individual contaminants in influent samples with average concentrations of 14.2,8.68,4.79 and 1.02 mgL^-1,respectively.In the effluent samples,the highest concentrations were recorded for estradiol(2.45 mgL^-1),ibuprofen(1.03 mgL^-1)and efavirenz(0.58 mgL^-1).The highest mean concentrations(above 0.5 mgL^-1)recorded in the river water samples were for ibuprofen,(4.14 mgL^-1downstream;3.19 mgL^-1upstream),caffeine(2.98 mgL^-1downstream;1.42 mgL^-1upstream),paraxanthine(1.22 mgL^-1downstream;0.798 mgL^-1upstream).Analysis of river water samples also revealed that PPCP contamination in the river system cannot be solely attributed to the WWTP effluents.Twenty-four compounds presented in this study are reported for the first time in South African surface waters.展开更多
A simple, facile in situ reduction approach is reported for the synthesis of Pd- nanoparticle-decorated phosphotungstic acid （PTA）-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposites （Pd-H3PW12040-MIL-100（Fe）, denoted Pd-PTA-MIL-100（F...A simple, facile in situ reduction approach is reported for the synthesis of Pd- nanoparticle-decorated phosphotungstic acid （PTA）-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposites （Pd-H3PW12040-MIL-100（Fe）, denoted Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe））. During the in situ synthesis, PTA is encapsulated into the matrix of MIL-100（Fe） and serves as a UV-switchable reducing agent, resulting in highly dispersed Pd NPs. Using the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as model reactions, the ternary Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe） hybrids exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with their foundation matrices, the binary PTA-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposite. Based on photoelectrochemical analyses, the improved photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the well-known electronic conductivity of the Pd NPs, the fast electron transport of PTA, the intense visible-light absorption of MIL-100（Fe）, and the matched energy levels of the three components： MIL-100（Fe）, PTA, and Pd NPs. Importantly, almost no Fe and W ions were leached from the samples during the reaction, demonstrating the photostability of the Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe） composite. In addition, possible photocatalytic reactions mechanisms have also been investigated.展开更多
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamin...The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.展开更多
药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水中广泛检出,低浓度的PPCPs即可对生态环境和人体健康产生不利影响,污水处理厂出水排放是水环境PPCPs的重要源。活性污泥和生物膜工艺是目前最常用的污水生...药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水中广泛检出,低浓度的PPCPs即可对生态环境和人体健康产生不利影响,污水处理厂出水排放是水环境PPCPs的重要源。活性污泥和生物膜工艺是目前最常用的污水生物处理工艺,这两种工艺涉及的生化过程复杂,影响因素众多,难以有效去除PPCPs。数学模型是污水处理工艺运行优化的重要工具。本文系统阐述了PPCPs去除模型的建立方法,包括物质和微生物组分及PPCPs去除过程的确定、动力学方程及关键系数的测定与校准、活性污泥和生物膜模型的异同等;综述了污水中PPCPs去除模型的应用研究进展,包括用于评价不同微生物对PPCPs的降解性能、探究污水中PPCPs的生物降解机制及限制因素、优化影响PPCPs去除的参数等,为精准调控污水中PPCPs去除提供参考。展开更多
The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for d...The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the Major Science and Technology Program for Water Pollution Control and Treatment in China(Nos.2017ZX07202-001 and 2017ZX07202-004).
文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging and nonpersistent contaminants.In this study,27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction(SPE),and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards(ILSs)were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river,effluent and influent sewage.The corrected recoveries were 73%-122%with the relative standard deviation(RSD)<16%,except for acetaminophen.The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22%and the method quantitation limits(MQLs)were 0.45-8.6 ng/L.The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples.The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water,drinking water,river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days,and the ILSscorrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences.The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%-140%with the recovery variation<37%in all cases.The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.
文摘Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants,due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses.An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments,which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife.Therefore,this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment.The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence,bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria.Available literature on the sources,transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated,followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment(water,sediment and biota)of the five continents.Finally,future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.
基金the Water Research Commission(WRC Project No.K5-2516)for financial support for the project.
文摘There is continued interest in the occurrence and monitoring of emerging contaminants(ECs)in wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)to assess their potential impact when released into the environment.The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs)in WWTP influents and effluents and receiving river waters in Pretoria,South Africa.Targeted screening and identification of PPCPs in the samples was done using liquid chromatography(LC)coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry(HRMS)Orbitrap™HRMS,after clean-up and preconcentration with Waters Oasis®hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced(HLB)solid phase extraction(SPE)cartridges.Of the 156 target analytes screened in the study,120 could be satisfactorily determined under the study conditions,with 71 and 73 compounds being detected and quantified in the influent and effluent samples,respectively.Concentrations in the influents ranged from<ILOQ-14.2 mgL^-1and those in the effluent from<ILOQ-2.45 mgL^-1.It was found that 84%of the quantified compounds belonged to various classes of pharmaceuticals.Ibuprofen,caffeine,paracetamol and estradiol were the major individual contaminants in influent samples with average concentrations of 14.2,8.68,4.79 and 1.02 mgL^-1,respectively.In the effluent samples,the highest concentrations were recorded for estradiol(2.45 mgL^-1),ibuprofen(1.03 mgL^-1)and efavirenz(0.58 mgL^-1).The highest mean concentrations(above 0.5 mgL^-1)recorded in the river water samples were for ibuprofen,(4.14 mgL^-1downstream;3.19 mgL^-1upstream),caffeine(2.98 mgL^-1downstream;1.42 mgL^-1upstream),paraxanthine(1.22 mgL^-1downstream;0.798 mgL^-1upstream).Analysis of river water samples also revealed that PPCP contamination in the river system cannot be solely attributed to the WWTP effluents.Twenty-four compounds presented in this study are reported for the first time in South African surface waters.
文摘A simple, facile in situ reduction approach is reported for the synthesis of Pd- nanoparticle-decorated phosphotungstic acid （PTA）-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposites （Pd-H3PW12040-MIL-100（Fe）, denoted Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe））. During the in situ synthesis, PTA is encapsulated into the matrix of MIL-100（Fe） and serves as a UV-switchable reducing agent, resulting in highly dispersed Pd NPs. Using the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as model reactions, the ternary Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe） hybrids exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with their foundation matrices, the binary PTA-MIL-100（Fe） nanocomposite. Based on photoelectrochemical analyses, the improved photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the well-known electronic conductivity of the Pd NPs, the fast electron transport of PTA, the intense visible-light absorption of MIL-100（Fe）, and the matched energy levels of the three components： MIL-100（Fe）, PTA, and Pd NPs. Importantly, almost no Fe and W ions were leached from the samples during the reaction, demonstrating the photostability of the Pd-PTA-MIL-100（Fe） composite. In addition, possible photocatalytic reactions mechanisms have also been investigated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(51208199,51408425)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(22A201514057)+1 种基金Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control,the Foundation of The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse,China(PCRRG 11017)the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(20130072120033).
文摘The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)in the aquatic environment may pose potential threat to the ecosystem and human health,hence PPCPs have aroused much concern over the world.The contamination of PPCPs in the groundwater,the main source of drinking water supply in many countries and regions,has been extensively studied in the last decade.This paper reviews the occurrence of frequently detected PPCPs,including antibiotics,anti-inflammatories,lipid-regulators,carbamazepine,caffeine,and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in groundwater,with special concern to the progress made over the past three years.Possible emission sources for PPCPs in groundwater,such as wastewater and contaminated surface water,landfills,septic systems,livestock breeding and sewer leakage,are summarized.Besides,adsorption,migration and degradation,the dominant mechanisms in the subsurface transport and fate of PPCPs,are discussed,and the insights into the future study of PPCPs in the groundwater are provided.
文摘药品及个人护理用品(pharmaceutical and personal care products,PPCPs)在污水中广泛检出,低浓度的PPCPs即可对生态环境和人体健康产生不利影响,污水处理厂出水排放是水环境PPCPs的重要源。活性污泥和生物膜工艺是目前最常用的污水生物处理工艺,这两种工艺涉及的生化过程复杂,影响因素众多,难以有效去除PPCPs。数学模型是污水处理工艺运行优化的重要工具。本文系统阐述了PPCPs去除模型的建立方法,包括物质和微生物组分及PPCPs去除过程的确定、动力学方程及关键系数的测定与校准、活性污泥和生物膜模型的异同等;综述了污水中PPCPs去除模型的应用研究进展,包括用于评价不同微生物对PPCPs的降解性能、探究污水中PPCPs的生物降解机制及限制因素、优化影响PPCPs去除的参数等,为精准调控污水中PPCPs去除提供参考。
文摘The occurrence of 28 pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)was investigated in 17 surface water samples(rivers,canals,and lagoons),12 groundwater samples(wells and boreholes,which can also be consumed for drinking)and 8 drinking water samples(bottles and sachets)during dry and rainy seasons in Lagos state,Nigeria.The most prevalent compound detected in all samples was amoxicillin(an antibiotic)at median concentrations of 1614,238 and 358 ng/L in surface water,ground water and drinking water,respectively.This is of concern due to potential impact on development of antibioticresistant microbial strains.Other frequently-detected compounds include acetaminophen,nicotine,ibuprofen,and codeine with detection frequencies of more than 70%.Investigation of seasonal variability revealed that glyburide,caffeine,naproxen and diclofenac concentrations were significantly(P<0.05)higher during the dry season(winter),while Nicotine and Codeine levels were higher during the rainy season(summer).The factors influencing such seasonal variability include:dilution by extensive rainfall,agricultural activity(for nicotine)and usage patterns of pharmaceuticals among the local community.Measured concentrations in drinking water samples were used to assess inadvertent human exposure to PPCPs in Nigerian adults.Results revealed average daily exposures of 81,14 and 3 ngƩPPCPs/kg BW/day via drinking borehole,sachet water and bottled water,respectively.While there exists no health-based limit value(HBLV)for chronic exposure to mixtures of PPCPs,our results raise concern and warrant further investigation of the potential health implications of such unintended PPCPs exposure.
