Effect of Phase Change Materials on the Thermal Protective Performance of the Multi-layered Fabrics Examined by TPP Tester under Flash Fire

Cotton fabrics treated with phase change materials( PCMs)were used in multi-layered fabrics of the fire fighter protective clothing to study its effect on thermal protection. The thermal protective performance( TPP) of the multi-layered fabrics was measured by a TPP tester under flash fire. Results showed that the utilization of the PCM fabrics improved the thermal protective performance of the multi-layered fabrics. The fabric with a PCM add on of 41. 9% increased the thermal protection by 50. 6% and reduced the time to reach a second degree burn by 8. 4 s compared with the reference fabrics( without PCMs). The employment of the PCM fabrics also reduced the blackened areas on the inner layers. The PCM fabrics with higher PCM melting temperature could bring higher thermal protective performance.

Fly Ash/Paraffin Composite Phase Change Material Used to Treat Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Expansive Soil in Cold Regions

Phase change materials(PCMs)can store large amounts of energy in latent heat and release it during phase changes,which could be used to improve the freeze-thaw performance of soil.The composite phase change material was prepared with paraffin as the PCM and 8%Class C fly ash(CFA)as the supporting material.Laboratory tests were conducted to reveal the influence of phase change paraffin composite Class C fly ash(CFA-PCM)on the thermal properties,volume changes and mechanical properties of expansive soil.The results show that PCM failed to establish a good improvement effect due to leakage.CFA can effectively adsorb phase change materials,and the two have good compatibility.CFA-PCM reduces the volume change and strength attenuation of the soil,and 8 wt.%PCM is the optimal content.CFA-PCM turns the phase change latent heat down of the soil and improves its thermal stability.CFA-PCM makes the impact small of freeze-thaw on soil pore structure damage and improves soil volume change and mechanical properties on a macroscopic scale.In addition,CFA-8 wt.%PCM treated expansive soil has apparent advantages in resisting repeated freeze-thaw cycles,providing a reference for actual engineering design.

Time-Temperature Charge Function of a High Dynamic Thermal Heat Storage with Phase Change Material

A thermal heat storage system with an energy content of 40 kWh and a temperature of 58°C will be presented. This storage system is suitable for supporting the use of renewable energies in buildings and for absorbing solar heat, heat from co-generation and heat pumps or electric heat from excess wind and solar power. The storage system is equipped with a plate heat exchanger that is so powerful that even with small temperature differences between the flow temperature and the storage temperature a high load dynamic is achieved. The storage system has a performance of 2.8 kW at 4 K and 10.6 kW at a temperature difference of 10 K. Thus, large performance variations in solar thermal systems or CHP plants can be buffered very well. Further a storage charge function Q(T, t) will be presented to characterize the performance of the storage.

Wall-Attached Night Ventilation Combined with Phase Change Material Wallboard in Hot Summer:An Experimental Study on the Thermal Performance

Night ventilation is regarded as a promising cooling strategy by storing night cooling in the thermal mass of the building.However,night ventilation performance in hot summer is restricted by the climatic limits.In this paper,we propose a new solution as the integration of wall-attached night ventilation(WANV)and phase change material wallboard(PCMW).The principle of the proposed system is to utilize the wall-attached jet ventilation to achieve forced convection and to adopt latent energy storage of PCMW to enlarge the energy storage density capabilities,and the coupling method is expected to improve the night ventilation performance.Comparative experiments were conducted to evaluate the thermal performance of the hybrid system by evaluating indoor temperature history,thermal comfort time and cooling efficiency.Due to the high thermal energy storage density capability of PCMW,it was found that the presence of PCMW has a negative influence on night cooling efficiency but still has a positive influence on the overall cooling effect.The proposed WANV combined with the PCMW system significantly increased the temperature decrease of room air and west wall inside surface during one hour's night ventilation by 94.97%and 67.74%,respectively,and reached an extension of 38.42%of indoor thermal comfort time.The results highlight the potential of WANV integration of PCMW to improve the thermal performance of night ventilation.

Performance evaluation of new epoxy resin-based composite phase change materials and their asphalt mixture

In recent years,the temperature-adjusted asphalt pavement has been an extensive concern by scholars in various countries,and this pavement can reduce temperaturerelated diseases.In this study,the shaped composite phase change materials(CPCMs)were successfully synthesized by two processes,which are vacuum impregnation and epoxy curing.Firstly,the applicability of CPCMs in asphalt mixtures was evaluated by microscopic characterization,chemical compatibility,thermal properties,durability,and leakage stability.Secondly,CPCMs were applied to the asphalt mixture to evaluate its temperatureadjusted characteristics and pavement performance.Finally,the performance of the temperature-adjusted asphalt mixture was analyzed by integrating all factors.The research shows that the prepared CPCMs have excellent thermal properties and durability,the phase transition temperature is 48.93℃,and the phase transition enthalpy is 106.5 J/g,which fully meets the requirements for use in pavement.The temperature-adjusted asphalt mixture could alleviate the occurrence of extreme temperature,which was 4.9℃lower than the conventional mixture.The pavement performance of the temperatureadjusted asphalt mixture can meet the specified standards for humid areas.Considering the factors,the recommended amount of CPCMs is 1.5%.The research results provide a basis for the promotion of temperature-adjusted asphalt pavement and effectively support the development of pavement engineering technology.

Review on application of phase change materials in asphalt pavement

Phase change materials(PCMs)can regulate the temperature in asphalt pavement and minimize temperature-related problems,such as rutting and thermal cracking,because of their ability to store and release latent heat.Suitable PCMs can also enable additional road surface functions,such as snow melting ability,freeze-thaw cycle resistance,and heat island reduction.These functions are helpful in achieving intelligent,green,and sustainable transportation systems.Although the research on PCMs for asphalt pavement has been carried out for more than 10 years,a systematic material system and mature application technology have not yet been formed.The main reasons for restricting the development of this technology include the lack of suitability between the PCMs and asphalt pavement,the quantitative characterization of phase change temperature regulation property,and the evaluation of the effect of phase change energy storage on improving pavement performance.Although the published review has made a comprehensive summary of the existing research,it has yet to identify the key restricting the development of this technology and carry out a review and discussion based on it.To grasp the development status of the application of PCMs in asphalt pavement,sort out the development needs and break through the technical barriers,this study systematically summarizes the preparation and performance of PCMs for asphalt pavement,compares the performance and evaluation methods of asphalt mixtures with different PCMs,and summarizes the numerical simulation methods of phase change asphalt mixtures.Finally,this study presents potential approaches to address critical technical issues and discusses possible future research.

Fabrication and characterization of novel meso-porous carbon/n-octadecane as form-stable phase change materials for enhancement of phase-change behavior

In this study, series of novel composite phase change materials(PCMs) were prepared through vacuum impregnation by using meso-porous carbon as a supporting matrix and n-octadcane as PCMs.The meso-porous carbon material was prepared through one-pot co-assembly method, using resorcinol and formaldehyde as carbon precursor, tetraethoxysilane as silica sources and triblock copolymer F127 as a template. And the phase behaviors of n-octadcane confined in the nano-porous structure of the meso-porous carbon were further investigated. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy spectra show that n-octadecane was effectively encapsulated in the porous structure of mesoporous carbon and the composite PCMs were successfully prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry results confirm that the composite PCMs possess a good phase change behavior, fast thermal-response rate and excellent thermal cycling stability. In addition, the composite PCMs possess expected heat storage and heat release properties. All these results demonstrate that the composite PCMs possess good comprehensive property so that they can be used widely in energy storage systems.

Thermal Distribution Performance of NPCM: NaCl, NaNO₃and KNO₃in the Thermal Storage System

The experiment is studied on thermal distribution in the thermal energy storage system with non-phase change materials (NPCM): NaNO3, KNO3 and NaCl in the range of 25°C - 250°C. The cylindrical storage system was made of stainless steel with 25.6 cm-diameter and 26.8 cm-height that was contained of these NPCM. There was one pipe for heat transfer fluid (HTF) with 1.27 cm-diameter that manipulates in the storage tank and submerges to NPCM. The inner pipe was connected to the 2.27 cm-diameter outer HTF tube. The tube was further connected to the thermal pump, heater and load. The pump circulates the synthetic oil (Thermia oil) within the pipe for heat transferring purposes (charging and discharging). An electric heater is used as the heat source. The limitation of the charging oil temperature is maintained at 250°C with the flow rates in the range of 0.58 to 1.45 kg/s whereas the inlet temperature of the discharge oil is maintained at 25°C. Thermal performances of TES (thermal energy storage) such as charging and discharging times, radial thermal distribution, energy storage capacity and energy efficiency have been evaluated. The experimental results show that the radial thermal distribution of NaCl for TR inside, TR middle and TR outside was optimum of temperature down to NaNO3 and KNO3 respectively. Comparison of NPCMs with oil, flow rates for NaCl were charging and discharging heat transfer than KNO3 and NaNO3. The thermal stored NaCl ranged from 5712 - 5912 J;KNO3 ranged from 7350 - 7939 J and NaNO3 ranged from 6623 - 6930 J respectively. The thermal energy stored for experimental results got with along the KNO3, NaNO3 and NaCl respectively. The thermal energy efficiency of NaCl, KNO3 and NaNO3 was in the range 66% - 70%.

膨胀石墨基相变储能材料的制备及性能研究

以膨胀石墨作为主导热材料,石蜡作为相变储热材料,通过真空浸渍法制备了膨胀石墨-石蜡复合相变储能材料,研究了石蜡质量分数对复合相变储能材料微观形貌、物相结构及热性能的影响。结果表明,膨胀石墨和石蜡反应后生成的复合相变储能材料主要依靠物理吸附结合,石蜡均匀覆盖在膨胀石墨的表面以及孔隙中,当石蜡质量分数为91%时,复合相变储能材料的密封性和结构致密性最佳,几乎不发生泄露。随着石蜡质量分数的增加,复合相变储能材料的熔点逐渐增大,热分解温度逐渐提高,石蜡质量分数91%的复合相变储能材料相比石蜡质量分数85%的相变材料热分解温度提高了约15℃。随着石蜡质量分数的增大,复合相变储能材料的导热系数和热扩散系数持续降低,密度先降低后增加,比热持续增大。当石蜡质量分数为94%时,复合相变储能材料的导热系数和热扩散系数均为最低值,分别为2.492 W/(m·K)和0.605 mm^(2)/s;当石蜡质量分数为91%时,复合相变储能材料的密度为最小值0.794 g/cm^(3),对应比热为5.462 J/(g·K)。分析可得,石蜡质量分数为91%的复合相变储能材料的综合性能最佳。

植物工厂储热装置性能强化研究

为克服固液相变材料的低导热性缺点,本文在传统的套管式固液相变储热器中引入了泡沫金属结合金属肋片的传热强化手段,在储热器内部部分填充泡沫金属以进一步加快储热过程。本文探索了多种不同的储热器内部分填充泡沫金属的设置方式,基于enthalpy-porosity方法对相变材料储热熔化过程进行了数值研究,对比了不同泡沫金属设置方式下储热器内相变材料的动态熔化规律、温度响应特点、储热器的无量纲储热量与储热器经济性的差异。结果表明,配置泡沫金属后,相变材料熔化时间最大可缩短约85%,泡沫金属填充位置对其强化性能起到了决定性的作用。泡沫金属填充于远离热媒管的肋片末端与储热器外壳之间是最优的泡沫金属布置形式,其单位时间储热量是未配置泡沫金属的储热器的6.5倍。最后,本文针对具有最优泡沫金属布置形式的储热器在多种不同加热温度下的熔化过程进行了计算,提出了基于傅里叶数Fo与斯蒂芬数Ste的相变材料熔化进程预测拟合公式。本研究有助于推动固液相变储热技术的发展,为设计应用于植物工厂的太阳能光热相变储热器提供参考和指导。

翅片增强空气式相变储能装置蓄热性能模拟研究

目的为解决空气式相变储能装置中存在的蓄热时间过长等问题,探究该装置蓄热性能的优化措施。方法利用FLUENT仿真软件对添加不同体积分数、厚度和高度翅片空气式相变储能装置的温度场进行数值模拟,并对模拟结果进行比较分析。结果翅片体积分数为15%,厚度为8 mm,高度为14 mm时,空气式相变储能装置蓄热时间缩短最显著,可缩短46.97%。结论翅片的添加对相变储能单元的熔化具有促进作用,通过优化翅片体积分数、厚度和高度参数,可以提高空气式相变储能装置的蓄热性能。

相变混凝土抗压强度与储热能力试验及分析

为研究硅藻土相变混凝土在建筑围护结构中的应用,进行了相变储能骨料的封装方式试验和相变混凝土的抗压强度、保温性能试验,得到不同封装方式下相变储能骨料的质量损失率、不同相变储能骨料掺量下相变混凝土的抗压强度和储热能力的变化规律。结果表明:用水泥净浆封装相变储能骨料,操作简便且封装效果好,相变储能骨料在50次高低温循环后,质量损失率仅为1.97%;当相变储能骨料的掺量为20%时,抗压强度和保温性能综合效果最优,抗压强度达到31.48 MPa,温度阻尼率达到0.538 5。

级联型潜热储存耦合热泵系统性能研究

为提高太阳能利用率和热泵热力学性能,将真空管集热器、热泵和填充床等结合,提出一种级联型潜热储存耦合热泵系统用于建筑供热。针对太阳能集热及室外温度等条件,将太阳能蓄热和室外空气作为热泵的热源进行系统集成设计。在FLUENT和EES中分别建立填充床和热泵的热力学模型,并分析填充床的换热流体流量、放热温度和用户回水温度对系统热力性能的影响。结果表明,填充床流体流量从0.05 kg/s增至0.07 kg/s时,热泵系统整体平均性能指数下降0.16;填充床作为热源的放热温度升高20℃时,填充床供热增加74269 kJ,有效放热率下降21.9%;当用户回水温度升高10℃时,热泵系统整体平均性能指数下降0.19,有效放热率下降16.2%。

拓扑优化相变热沉在不同重力场的性能

为强化相变热沉的性能,基于带惩罚的固体各向同性材料(SIMP)法对山梨糖醇相变热沉进行传热拓扑优化设计。对拓扑优化的相变热沉(Ⅰ)和直肋式的相变热沉(Ⅱ)进行定常重力(0~20g)和周期性重力条件的数值模拟研究。利用无量纲数对比二者的热性能,研究结果表明:热沉Ⅰ的吸热和均热性能优于热沉Ⅱ;在相同重力环境下,以80℃为目标,热沉Ⅰ温控时间比热沉Ⅱ平均多26.8%;微低重力下热沉内部近乎导热,略逊于常规重力下热性能;超重力强化的自然对流可以显著提升热沉性能,10g条件相比常规重力的温控时间增加8.94%,而相同Ra^(*)下,周期性重力对热沉Ⅰ的性能有抑制作用。研究结果对飞行器载相变热沉的地面细化设计有一定指导意义。

相变材料在围护结构中的应用及热工性能研究进展

在建筑围护结构中掺入相变材料能达到蓄放热、改善热工性能和节能目的。介绍了相变材料的分类、选择,求解相变传热过程方法。分析了围护结构与相变材料热工性能的相关性,热工性能受地区气候、室内环境、相变材料热物性、相变材料封装及应用方式等影响。通过相变砖、相变混凝土、相变砂浆和相变墙板等的应用,表明相变温度接近环境温度的算术平均值,相变材料封装面积、传热系数、潜热的增大,可有效地提高其热工性能和节能效果。研究相变围护结构的热工性能对建筑节能降碳具有重要意义。

固液相变材料的封装制备及在建筑领域的研究进展

随着人类社会的快速发展,人们对建筑环境的舒适度要求越来越高,但建筑能耗已逐渐成为绿色建造节能的突出性问题。相变储能技术是指通过相变材料的储热特性来储存或释放热量的热储能方式,最终实现调控温度的目标。近年来,相变材料凭借其储热密度高、等温相变等特性,常以潜热形式放出或吸收热量,从而在建筑领域中发挥不可替代的作用,使相变储能技术在建筑领域中具有良好的应用前景。随着相变材料的制备、复合、封装技术的不断发展,越来越多的相变材料与建筑材料、构件结合使用,为建筑领域的保温储能材料提供了新的发展模式。鉴于此,本文从建筑领域中常见的相变材料出发,以固液相变材料为例,对相变材料的传热理论、封装方法、传热储能、工程应用等几个方面的研究和应用情况进行了简要的介绍与综述,提出了相变材料未来在建筑领域的推广应用中可能存在的关键科学问题、面临的风险挑战,并展望了其未来的发展方向。

离子交联型石蜡基导热增强定型相变材料的制备及其性能

对石蜡(PA)进行接枝改性、自乳化得到PA乳液。在乳液颗粒形态下将接枝产物分散在乳化层,常温条件下通过乳液颗粒间的空间分布及离子交联,对导热材料形成内锁、铆结,并加Cu粉增强导热制备了PA基导热增强定型相变材料(记作PA@Cu),与定量PA于80℃浸渍吸附20 min,得到吸附PA的PA@Cu(记作PA@Cu-PA),并研究了其元素结构、表观形貌、相变焓、导热性能、热稳定性。结果表明:当Cu粉用量为16 g时,PA@Cu-PA导热系数0.468 W/(m·K),结晶焓-133.27 J/g,在85℃时无明显泄漏,热分解温度384.5℃,储能性能与热稳定性能良好。

基于相变技术的便携式储冷箱性能研究

在冷链运输末端温度失效问题普遍存在,本文基于相变技术设计了适用于-18℃以下的冷链末端运输的冷能储存箱。研究了储冷箱在环境温度、真空板厚度、相变材料的种类及其与真空板相对位置等参数变量影响下箱体的温度场特性和储冷性能,并对不同位置相变材料板单独存在时的储冷性能进行分析。结果表明:储冷箱有良好的抵抗外界温度变化的能力,且装配真空板时最大有效保冷时间延长至29.26 h,相变材料布置在真空板内侧时有效保冷时间延长54.3%。基于实际应用温度所研究的4种相变材料中,相变温度为-21.55℃的2-辛酮储冷性能最佳。对不同位置的相变材料板单独分析发现,底部板对储冷箱整体的储冷效果贡献最大,其单板保冷系数为0.454。

相变蓄能空心砌块体系热性能测试与构造分析

本研究建立了墙体构件动态热性能测试试验台,采用(PCM)PX-27、RT-27这两种常用的相变材料,与典型混凝土空心砌块相结合的方式进行测试分析。各墙体在我国夏季西(东)向墙、南向墙和北向墙的典型室外综合温度条件下分别进行了测试。结果表明,墙体的中部和内部区域通常是放置PCM的合适位置;只有当相变总潜热足够高时(试验中高于251.93 kJ),墙体的外侧成为PCM的最佳位置。此外,保温层主要决定了墙体热流的平均水平,在一定程度上降低了内表面温度和热流的振幅;PCM不仅对温度和热流振幅有较大程度的衰减,而且显著提高了墙体的延迟时间。

基于相变微胶囊悬浮液的太阳能光伏热系统的研究进展

在太阳能光伏热系统中,光伏电池温度过高会导致太阳能发电效率下降。相变微胶囊悬浮液(MEPCMS)是一种潜热型功能性流体,将其作为冷却介质用于太阳能光伏热系统可以有效降低光伏电池温度,提高系统的能量利用率。针对相变微胶囊易泄露、导热性差等问题提出了改性方法,使其具有光热转换功能并提升了综合性能。基于性能评价指标分析了太阳能光伏热系统性能的影响因素。结果发现,流速、浓度和太阳辐照量是影响MEPCMS在太阳能光伏热系统中换热性能的关键因素。适当增加MEPCMS浓度和流速能提高工质的换热性能,在降低光伏板温度的同时增加太阳辐照量和系统热电产量,但需结合太阳辐照量大小合理匹配工质的浓度和流速。未来研究方向可集中在提升MEPCMS在太阳能光伏热系统中的换热性能、探究运行参数和太阳辐照量之间的匹配关系、优化集热器结构、利用其蓄热性解决太阳能间歇性等方面。