PHASE HOLDUP AND LIQUID DISPERSION IN GAS-LIQUID-SOLID CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.

Axial Liquid Dispersion in Gas-Liquid-Solid Circulating Fluidized Bed

The effects of liquid viscosities, solid circulating rates, liquid and gas velocities and phase holdups on the axial dispersion coefficient, Dax, were investigated in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB).Liquid viscosity promotes the axial liquid backmixing when solid particles and gas bubbles are present. Increases in gas velocities and solid circulating rates lead to higher Dax. The effects of liquid velocity on Dax are associated with liquid viscosity. Compared with conventional expanded beds, the GLSCFBs hold less axial liquid dispersion,approaching ideal plug-flow reactors.

Pressure Drop of Liquid–Solid Two-Phase Flow in the Vertical Tube Bundle of a Cold-Model Circulating Fluidized Bed Evaporator

A cold-model vertical multi-tube circulating fluidized bed evaporator was designed and built to conduct a visualization study on the pressure drop of a liquid–solid two-phase flow and the corresponding particle distribution.Water and polyformaldehyde particle(POM)were used as the liquid and solid phases,respectively.The effects of operating parameters such as the amount of added particles,circulating flow rate,and particle size were systematically investigated.The results showed that the addition of the particles increased the pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle.The maximum pressure drop ratios were 18.65%,21.15%,18.00%,and 21.15%within the experimental range of the amount of added particles for POM1,POM2,POM3,and POM4,respectively.The pressure drop ratio basically decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate but fluctuated with the increase in the amount of added particles and particle size.The difference in pressure drop ratio decreased with the increase in the circulating flow rate.As the amount of added particles increased,the difference in pressure drop ratio fluctuated at low circulating flow rate but basically decreased at high circulating flow rate.The pressure drop in the vertical tube bundle accounted for about 70%of the overall pressure drop in the up-flow heating chamber and was the main component of the overall pressure within the experimental range.Three-dimensional phase diagrams were established to display the variation ranges of the pressure drop and pressure drop ratio in the vertical tube bundle corresponding to the operating parameters.The research results can provide some reference for the application of the fluidized bed heat transfer technology in the industry.

Numerical simulation of counter-current flow field in the downcomer of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed

A comprehensive study on the hydrodynamics in the downcomer of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed （LSCFB） is crucial in the control and optimization of the extraction process using an ion exchange LSCFB. A computational fluid dynamics model is proposed in this study to simulate the counter-current two-phase flow in the downcomer of the LSCFB. The model is based on the Eulerian-Eulerian approach incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow. The predicted results agree well with our earlier experimental data. Furthermore, it is shown that the bed expansion of the particles in the downcomer is directly affected by the superfcial liquid velocity in downcomer and solids circulation rate. The model also predicts the residence time of solid particles in the downcomer using a pulse technique. It is demonstrated that the increase in the superficial liquid velocity decreases the solids dispersion in the downcomer of the LSCFB,

Scale-up effect analysis and modeling of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed risers using multigene genetic programming

Understanding scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of a liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed(LSCFB)unit requires both experimental and theoretical analysis.We implement multigene genetic programming(MGGP)to investigate the solid holdup and distribution in three LSCFB systems with different heights.In addition to data obtained here,we also use a portion of data sets of LSCFB systems developed by Zheng(1999)and Liang et al.(1996).Model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data in both radial and axial directions and at different normalized superficial liquid and solid velocities.The radial profiles of the solid holdup are approximately identical at a fixed average cross-sectional solid holdup for the three LSCFB systems studied.Statistical performance indicators including the mean absolute percentage error(6.19%)and correlation coefficient(0.985)are within an acceptable range.The results suggest that a MGGP modeling approach is suitable for predicting the solid holdup and distribution of a scaled-up LSCFB system.

Hydrodynamics in a new liquid–solid circulating conventional fluidized bed

A new type of liquid–solid fluidized bed,named circulating conventional fluidized bed(CCFB)which operates below particle terminal velocity was proposed and experimentally studied.The hydrodynamic behavior was systematically studied in a liquid–solid CCFB of 0.032 m I.D.and 4.5 m in height with five different types of particles.Liquid–solid fluidization with external particle circulation was experimentally realized below the particle terminal velocity.The axial distribution of local solids holdup was obtained and found to be fairly uniform in a wide range of liquid velocities and solids circulation rates.The average solids holdup is found to be significantly increased compared with conventional fluidization at similar conditions.The effect of particle properties and operating conditions on bed behavior was investigated as well.Results show that particles with higher terminal velocity have higher average solids holdup.

半间歇式沸腾床反应器中液相循环速度的测定

采用内径286 mm、高7.2 m的气-液-固三相沸腾床反应器进行了液相间歇、气相连续的操作研究,以水、空气、Al_(2)O_(3)球形颗粒构成三相体系,在固含率(体积分数)12%~30%和表观气速0.086~0.216 m/s下对宏观液相循环速度进行了测定。采用示踪剂法测定反应器进出口的多组示踪剂浓度曲线,使用MATLAB软件对液相轴向扩散系数进行求解,再代入爱因斯坦扩散系数定义式得到液相循环速度。实验结果表明,随着表观气速增大,液相循环速度相应增大;在固含率低于30%时,随着固含率增加,液相循环速度相应增加;但随着固含率进一步增大,液相循环速度的增幅越来越小。

循环床气固提升管中颗粒浓度的轴向分布

以 16m高循环床提升管中气固两相流压力梯度的大量实验数据为基础 ,从能量耗散的观点分析研究了平均颗粒浓度的轴向分布特征及其操作条件的影响 ,并与相同条件下 6m高提升管中颗粒浓度的轴向分布进行了对比。结果表明 ,增加颗粒循环量Gs 或减小表观气速Ug 时 ,由于单位质量颗粒加速和输送的能量减少 ,提升管各高度位置的颗粒浓度εs增大 ,颗粒浓度的轴向分布亦更不均匀 ;提升管高度对平均颗粒浓度及其轴向分布具有显著影响 ,提升管高度增加 ,提升管各高度截面上的平均颗粒浓度减小 ,颗粒浓度的轴向分布也更加均匀 ,给定表观气速对应的颗粒饱和夹带量也将提高。

气液固三相循环流化床中气固相含率轴径向的分布

对气液固三相循环流化床中气固相含率沿轴径向的分布进行了实验研究和模拟。实验结果表明：与膨胀床相比，三相循环流化床内的相间接触较为充分；固含率轴向分布的一维沉降－扩散模型模拟值与实验值吻合较好。

加压循环流化床气固流动特性实验研究Ⅰ:颗粒体积分数分布特性

针对加压煤气化和化学链燃烧的发展需求,建立了一种加压循环流化床的冷态实验装置,研究了不同操作压力(0.1～0.5 MPa)下,平均粒径为137μm、密度为2 490 kg/m3的Geldart B类颗粒在提升管内的压降和表观颗粒体积分数分布特性.实验结果表明,上升管压降随固气质量比的增大而线性增加,增加的速率随操作压力的增加而增加,且基本不受操作气速和固体通量的影响.加压条件下,表观颗粒体积分数呈上小下大的分布,且随固体通量的增加而增加,随标态表观气速的增加而减小.在固体通量和操作气速一定的情况下,增加操作压力可以显著提高上升管内表观颗粒体积分数,并使其轴向分布更加均匀.

气-液-固三相循环流化床局部相含率分布

应用自行开发的微电导探针测试技术,以玻璃珠(dp=0·48mm,ρs=2460kg·m-3)和苯乙烯颗粒(dp=1·45mm,ρs=1264kg·m-3)为固相,空气为气相,水及0·05%、0·20%(质量)SCMC(羧甲基纤维素钠)水溶液为液相,对三相循环流化床(TCFB)的各相局部含率进行了同时测定.考察了不同表观液体速度、辅助液体速度、液体黏度及颗粒密度对局部相含率轴径向分布的影响.在不同操作条件下,获得了1286套局部相含率实验数据.给出了局部固含率和局部气含率与操作条件、流体物性及床层轴径向位置的关联式,关联式的计算值与实验值吻合较好.

组合式液固分布器中预分布器结构优化

介绍了一种用于液固循环流化床换热器中的组合式固液分布器。利用体积容积法、U形管压差计和刻度尺研究了固液预分布器的结构形式在不同表观液速和液体黏度下对各管束中的固含率、下管箱静压降及床层高度的影响。采用标准差函数进一步衡量了管束间固含率的均匀程度。实验结果表明,双层挡板式预分布器在较低的下管箱静压降和床层高度下能将固体颗粒均匀地分布到各换热管束中。

固液分布器中主分布器的实验研究

在不同结构形式的主分布器条件下,研究了表观液速对换热管中固含率、下管箱内床层高度、静压降及平均固含率的影响。利用体积容积法测量了换热管束中的固含率、刻度尺测量了下管箱中的床层高度、U形管测量了下管箱的静压降,并运用差压法测量了下管箱中平均固含率。采用不均匀度函数衡量了不同结构条件下管束间固含率的不均匀程度。实验结果表明:在换热管下方增加优化后的主分布器可以均匀分布固液两相;主分布器直径变化时对下管箱内流动特性的影响大于主分布器轴向位置改变时的影响。

液固循环流化床两相流动模型

A hydrodynamic model of liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed is proposed to predict the slip velocity between fluid and solid particles and bed voidage by applying the theory of two-phase flow.The slip velocity can be represented by the following equation.u s =u-v=(1-ε)(ρ p -ρ f )g+F p -(1-ε)F f /εβ/εExperiments were carried out by using water and ceramic spheres,1.43 and 3.06 mm in mean diameter in a circulating fluidized bed of 31 mm diameter and 1700 mm height.The voidage was from 0.96 to 1,and the ratio between superficial liquid velocity and particle terminal velocity varied from 1.22 to 10.1 in the experiments.The fluid-particle interphase drag coefficient in the model was correlated from experimental data as followsd p βρ f =0.1881(1-ε) 1.0089 UU t -0.8043 d p D t -0.3228 The predicted values by the model proposed agreed with the experimental data well.In the meantime,the variation of slip velocity with superficial liquid velocity,bed voidage and particle diameter was discussed.The results showed that the model in the paper can well predict the hydrodynamics of liquid-solid two-phase flow in circuiating fluidized bed.The model is suitable for liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed under high flow rate and low concentration and can be also used on each tube in liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger.

气液固三相循环流化床气液传质行为

气液固三相流化床反应器在石油化工、湿法冶金、环境工程和煤的液化等工业领域得到了广泛应用,其基础研究也取得了很大进展.但是。

三相循环流化床中的气液相界面积和传质系数

采用溶氧法测量了三相循环流化床中液相溶氧浓度的轴向分布，并按轴向扩散模型处理实验数据，优化得到气液体积传质系数kLa，同时用光纤探头测量了体系中的气含率和气泡大小分布，计算得到了气液相界面积a和气液传质系数kL，并研究了主要操作条件(表观气速、表观液速和固含率)对气液传质系数的影响规律.

气液固三相环流反应器的研究进展

综述了气液固三相环流反应器的类型及工作原理、气液固三相环流反应器的特性参数(气含率、固含率、循环液速、液相体积传质系数、轴向分散系数)的测量方法和影响因素,介绍了特性参数的数学模型,并对现有模型进行了评述,对今后的研究提出一些建议。

喷嘴对液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的影响

设计了实现液固外循环流化床中颗粒正常循环的关键部件——喷嘴,利用CCD图像采集分析系统,获得了其换热管束内固体颗粒的分布情况,考察了液体流量、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对液固外循环流化床换热器管束内含固体积分数的影响。结果表明:口径比及喷嘴安装位置对提高管束内的含固体积分数都存在一个最佳值,颗粒直径、颗粒初始加入量以及液体黏度对管束内含固体积分数也具有较大的影响,同时还通过对实验数据的综合分析,得到了喷嘴在最佳安装位置下液固外循环流化床内含固体积分数的经验关联式。

低固含率气-液-固循环流化床流动特性

应用基于互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)传感器的高速图像采集和处理技术,实验研究了低固含率条件下,低密度大孔吸附树脂固体颗粒气-液-固三相循环流化床的流体力学行为,分析了操作条件、液相物性、颗粒性质等对床内的固体颗粒循环速率、相含率、气泡运动等特性的影响,得到了具有合理物理解释的实验数据和结果。

回料流入口高度对循环流化床提升管流动特性的影响

The axial pressure drop profile and the radial solids distribution were measured in a circulating fluidized bed for evaluating the effects of return gas-solids stream position on the riser flow properties.The saturation carrying capacity of gas for Geldart B typed particles and the flow mode of return gas-solids stream in the bed were discussed.It was found that arranging the inlet at a higher position of the riser would make the bottom bed leaner when U0 was high and Gs was low.When Gs increased,the longer influenced region of return particles and a small air-staging through lifting the loosening air injection position made the bottom bed become denser significantly.The deceleration and residence of return particles caused a relatively denser but asymmetrical region in the vicinity of inlet.But much more symmetrical solids distribution profile was found in the upper and lower regions far away from the inlet.The effects of inlet height on the flow properties of the riser with air-staging also were analyzed.The secondary air injection below the solids inlet could not cut off the solids exchange in the bed.The bed solids concentration increased when the particles inlet moved to a higher position of the bed when air-staging was adopted.Using CO2 as tracer,the dispersion of the loop-seal-fluidizing air for transmitting the return particles was investigated.It was found that the loop-seal fluidizing air dispersion rate was low but can be enhanced by the secondary air injection.