Design of phase plates for shaping partially coherent beams by simulated annealing

Taking the Gaussian Schell-model beam as a typical example of partially coherent beams, this paper applies the simulated annealing （SA） algorithm to the design of phase plates for shaping partially coherent beams. A flow diagram is presented to illustrate the procedure of phase optimization by the SA algorithm. Numerical examples demonstrate the advantages of the SA algorithm in shaping partially coherent beams. An uniform flat-topped beam profile with maximum reconstruction error RE 〈 1.74% is achieved. A further extension of the approach is discussed.

Tunable polarization of high numerical-aperture objective with phase plate

The intensity distribution of depolarized field in the focal region of a high numerical-aperture optical system was investigated and found that the depolarization effect is tunable by the plate. The depolarization effect gains with the increase of the inner convergence angle of the phase plate, goes through a dramatic descent when the angle is larger than 30°, and begins to come back when the angle reaches a threshold of respectively 60°and 65° for the orthogonal diffractive field and the longitudinal diffractive fields. This reveals two convergence points where the depolarization effect is the strongest and weakest, respectively, suggesting that the pure phase plate can be a promising method for altering depolarization diffractive fields and constructing optical instruments.

Improving millimeter-wave imaging quality using the vortex phase method

This paper investigates a new vortex wave imaging approach to improve the imaging quality of small metal targets of size less than 1.5 mm.Antennas with different spiral phase plates are designed to efficiently transmit vortex beams with orbital angular momentums(OAMs).By analyzing the OAM spectrum of the target,it was discovered that the predominant reflection contains a particular OAM mode that carries abundant azimuthal information.This can be explained by the OAM selectivity of the target and the guidance of the vortex transmitting beam.A simple reflection vortex imaging system was designed to capture the phase information.Measurement results show that the high image contrast reaches 14.9%,which is twice as high as that of the imaging without OAM.Both of simulations and experiments demonstrate that the vortex phase imaging approach proposed in this paper can effectively improve the imaging quality at 80 GHz.This approach is suitable for other millimeter wave imaging systems and is helpful to improve the resolution in anti-terrorism security checks.

Implementation of a phase plate for the generation of homogeneous focal-spot intensity distributions at the high-energy short-pulse laser facility PHELIX

We propose and demonstrate the use of random phase plates(RPPs)for high-energy sub-picosecond lasers.Contrarily to previous work related to nanosecond lasers,an RPP poses technical challenges with ultrashort-pulse lasers.Here,we implement the RPP near the beginning of the amplifier and image-relay it throughout the laser amplifier.With this,we obtain a uniform intensity distribution in the focus over an area 1600 times the diffraction limit.This method shows no significant drawbacks for the laser and it has been implemented at the PHELIX laser facility where it is now available for users.

High Azimuthal Index Doughnut Beam Generated by Liquid Crystal Spiral Phase Plates

A novel technique of producing azimuthal index 1>1 doughnut beam of good quality by use of multi-liquid crystal cells is presented, it has the advantages of high conversion efficiency and flexibility.

Directly writing binary multi-sector phase plates on fused silica using femtosecond laser

Light carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM) has a spatial distribution of intensity and phase, which attracts considerable interest regarding several potential applications in optical and quantum scenarios recently. Spiral phase plates are commonly used elements for generating and analyzing OAM states. In this study, we put forward a method of directly writing binary multi-sector phase plates using the femtosecond laser. These phase plates are engraved on fused silica, which could be applied in high-intensity regimes. Different binary multi-sector phase plates were generated with high quality, which were proved by the observation of their structures, accompanied by detecting the beam patterns with the Gaussian beams. The proposed method provides a crucial basis for the rapid manufacturing of phase plates using convenient equipment, which can generate the superposition OAM states and may lead to the capability of measuring the high-dimensional entanglement.

CPG Human Motion Phase Recognition Algorithm for a Hip Exoskeleton with VSA Actuator

Due to the dynamic stiffness characteristics of human joints, it is easy to cause impact and disturbance on normal movements during exoskeleton assistance. This not only brings strict requirements for exoskeleton control design, but also makes it difficult to improve assistive level. The Variable Stiffness Actuator (VSA), as a physical variable stiffness mechanism, has the characteristics of dynamic stiffness adjustment and high stiffness control bandwidth, which is in line with the stiffness matching experiment. However, there are still few works exploring the assistive human stiffness matching experiment based on VSA. Therefore, this paper designs a hip exoskeleton based on VSA actuator and studies CPG human motion phase recognition algorithm. Firstly, this paper puts forward the requirements of variable stiffness experimental design and the output torque and variable stiffness dynamic response standards based on human lower limb motion parameters. Plate springs are used as elastic elements to establish the mechanical principle of variable stiffness, and a small variable stiffness actuator is designed based on the plate spring. Then the corresponding theoretical dynamic model is established and analyzed. Starting from the CPG phase recognition algorithm, this paper uses perturbation theory to expand the first-order CPG unit, obtains the phase convergence equation and verifies the phase convergence when using hip joint angle as the input signal with the same frequency, and then expands the second-order CPG unit under the premise of circular limit cycle and analyzes the frequency convergence criterion. Afterwards, this paper extracts the plate spring modal from Abaqus and generates the neutral file of the flexible body model to import into Adams, and conducts torque-stiffness one-way loading and reciprocating loading experiments on the variable stiffness mechanism. After that, Simulink is used to verify the validity of the criterion. Finally, based on the above criterions, the signal mean value is removed using feedback structure to complete the phase recognition algorithm for the human hip joint angle signal, and the convergence is verified using actual human walking data on flat ground.

石蜡与低熔点合金双级联相变材料强化板翅式散热器换热性能的数值模拟

相变散热技术可以通过相变材料的物态变化,有效吸收或释放热量,从而实现被动式热管理。本文建立了一种板翅式相变散热器的结构模型,研究级联相变技术的相变传热过程及优化传热性能的措施,重点分析了相变材料(PCM)的组合方式、翅片结构以及不同的PCM体积比工况对相变散热器传热性能的影响。研究结果表明,改变PCM的组合方式对相变材料传热过程有显著影响,对于采用双PCM的级联相变散热器,PCM1和PCM2呈相变温度递减排列具备更优的热管理性能;当翅片数为16时,具备更低的工作温度,并且相比于四翅片结构的相变散热单元,两种级联PCM组合的相变散热单元的凝固时间分别缩短了25.3%和22.5%。因此,当翅片数为16及翅片厚度为0.5 mm时,热管理性能较优;采用石蜡和低熔点合金材料,当PCM体积比为1∶2时,两个临界温度下的热管理时间分别延长了17.2%和15%,温升速率也随着低熔点合金所占体积增多而逐渐减小,综合考虑热管理时间和温升速率,可知PCM体积比为1∶2时级联相变散热器的热管理性能较优。

Inversion of two-phase extensional basin systems during subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate in the SW Korean Peninsula:Implication for the Mesozoic “Laramide-style” orogeny along East Asian continental margin

During subduction, continental margins experience shortening along with inversion of extensional sedimentary basins. Here we explore a tectonic scenario for the inversion of two-phase extensional basin systems, where the Early-Middle Jurassic intra-arc volcano-sedimentary Oseosan Volcanic Complex was developed on top of the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic post-collisional sequences, namely the Chungnam Basin. The basin shortening was accommodated mostly by contractional faults and related folds. In the basement, regional high-angle reverse faults as well as low-angle thrusts accommodate the overall shortening, and are compatible with those preserved in the cover. This suggests that their spatial and temporal development is strongly dependent on the initial basin geometry and inherited structures.Changes in transport direction observed along the basement-sedimentary cover interface is a characteristic structural feature, reflecting sequential kinematic evolution during basin inversion. Propagation of basement faults also enhanced shortening of the overlying sedimentary cover sequences. We constrain timing of the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous(ca. 158-110 Ma) inversion from altered K-feldspar 40 Ar/39 Ar ages in stacked thrust sheets and K-Ar illite ages of fault gouges, along with previously reported geochronological data from the area. This "non-magmatic phase" of the Daebo Orogeny is contemporaneous with the timing of magmatic quiescence across the Korean Peninsula. We propose the role of flat/low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate for the development of the "Laramide-style" basement-involved orogenic event along East Asian continental margin.

热处理对汽车用镁/铝复合板的扩散动力学及力学性能的影响

目的探明热处理工艺参数对镁/铝复合板界面金属间化合物(IMCs)生长的影响规律,并揭示IMCs对镁/铝复合板力学性能的影响。方法首先通过热轧复合实验,制备了镁/铝复合板,其次通过不同的热处理工艺以及对界面微观结构特征的表征实验研究了温度和时间对镁/铝复合板界面金属间化合物和界面结合质量的影响规律,最后通过理论计算,从扩散动力学的角度分析了界面相的形成机制和长大行为。结果镁和铝之间反应主要生成2种金属间化合物,即靠近铝侧的Mg_(2)Al_(3)和靠近镁侧的Mg_(17)Al_(12);一定厚度的金属间化合物有利于界面结合强度的提高,其中当IMCs层厚度为4μm时,界面结合强度最高,为32.5 MPa,随着IMCs层厚度的增加,界面结合质量逐渐降低,最终稳定在12.4 MPa附近。结论界面结合强度变化主要是由于热处理改变了界面的结合方式,由最初的Mg-Al直接接触到不连续的Mg-IMCs-Al接触再到最后的连续的Mg-IMCs-Al接触,改变了界面裂纹萌生和失效的方式。

Melting and Solidification Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Phase-Change Material in a Latent Heat Storage Vessel: Effects of a Perforated Partition Plate and Metal Fiber

Today, latent heat storage technology has advanced to allow reuse of waste heat in the middle-temperature range. This paper describes an approach to develop a latent heat storage system using middle-temperature waste heat (~100oC - 200oC) from factories. Direct contact melting and solidification behavior between a heat-transfer fluid (oil) and a latent heat storage material mixture were observed. The mixture consisted of mannitol and erythritol (Cm = 70 mass %, Ce = 30 mass %) as a phase-change material (PCM). The weight of the PCM was 3.0 kg and the flow rate of the oil, foil, was 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 kg/min. To decrease the solidified height of the PCM mixture during the solidification process, a perforated partition plate was installed in the PCM region in the heat storage vessel. PCM coated oil droplets were broken by the perforated partition plate, preventing the solidified height of the PCM from increasing. The solidification and melting processes were repeated using metal fiber. It was found that installing the metal fiber was more effective than installing the perforated partition plate to prevent the flow out problem of the PCM.

基于波前整形和自适应光学的水下可见光通信系统

为了解决水下可见光通信中复杂的水下湍流、散射环境对光束造成的畸变而导致信号传输失败的问题,使用随机相位屏方法模拟了水下湍流信道,在发射端对光束进行波前整形实现远距离聚焦,接收端使用自适应相位恢复算法对接收端光斑进行恢复。在1.2 m水下实验平台使用比特功率加载技术发射离散多音信号(discrete multi-tone, DMT)信号测量接收光功率与数据传输速率的对应关系,基于此,预测了100 m湍流环境下可见光信号的传输速率,与经过波前整形以及自适应相位恢复后的结果对比得到,所提出的方法可以使得水下可见光系统的传输速率得到极大提升。

面向微光学元件表面形貌测量的涡旋相移数字全息技术

非接触、无损害的相移数字全息技术对微光学元件检测具有独特优势。因传统的相移数字全息技术需要对相移器进行精细控制和繁琐校准,同时其光路易受到机械振动干扰,导致全息再现像的质量降低。本文借助涡旋光特殊的相位分布,提出了一种基于涡旋相移数字全息的微光学元件表面形貌测量方法。该方法利用螺旋相位板调制涡旋相位,引入高精度相移。基于构建的涡旋相移数字全息显微实验装置,采用干涉极值法确定了相移干涉图之间的真实相移量,并对螺旋相位板的旋转角度与相移量的关系进行标定,实验验证了涡旋相移的可行性;对微透镜阵列进行了重复测量实验,将测试结果与ZYGO白光干涉仪的测试结果进行比较。结果表明:测量得到单个微透镜的平均纵向矢高为12.897μm,平均相对误差为0.155%。所提方法可以实现对被测微光学元件表面形貌的高精度测量,具有易操作、稳定可靠、准确性高等优点。

倾角对平板型LHP 运行性能的影响

通过改变内部毛细芯结构达到改善环路热管性能、减小环路热管体积的目的,取消储液腔,将传统的长矩形蒸汽槽道更改为特斯拉阀形状,并且将蒸发器进出口设置在蒸发器两侧。研究该热管在不同倾角下的启动性能、运行特性。结果显示:相对于0°倾角运行,倾角的存在能够减少环路热管的启动时间,降低蒸发器温度,存在倾角的条件下启动特性差别不大。随着功率的增加,不同倾角的环路热管热阻减小,仅在倾角(10°以下)较低时有较大的热阻。随着倾角的增加,环路热管热阻随功率的变化无较大改变。

Mn含量对Inconel718板材焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用w[Mn]<0.01%、0.24%、0.34%三种不同合金的固溶态Inconel718热轧板材进行直流脉冲电弧焊接,经双级热时效处理后进行室温拉伸实验,研究Mn含量的变化对焊接接头微观组织及时效态力学性能影响规律。结果表明,三种不同Mn含量焊接接头组织中只存在Laves相,没有δ相析出,随着w[Mn]由<0.01%提高至0.34%,焊接接头中Laves相析出体积分数略有增多。经过双级热时效处理后,γ’’开始析出,焊接接头组织中Laves相含量略有减少。与时效态母材拉伸性能相比,焊接接头拉伸强度和伸长率有所降低。且随着Mn含量的增加,时效态焊接接头拉伸性能略有降低,抗拉强度由1250 MPa小幅降低至1178 MPa和1213 MPa,三种不同Mn含量的焊接接头时效态拉伸样品断裂位置皆为焊缝区域,且均为韧性断裂。

超弹性Kirchhoff-Love板壳的相场断裂研究

板壳这类薄壁结构在诸多工程领域得到广泛应用,预测其断裂行为对工程结构的完整性设计和强度评估具有重要意义。超弹性板壳断裂行为的数值仿真需同时考虑复杂的运动学描述、超弹性本构关系、几何非线性和断裂损伤对弹性常数的退化,因此具有一定的挑战性。将Kirchhoff-Love(K-L)板壳理论与断裂相场法结合,采用T样条对位移场和相场的一、二阶偏导进行数值离散,满足了K-L板壳理论对形函数C^(1)连续的要求,建立了超弹性K-L板壳相场断裂模型的等几何分析数值格式,模拟了超弹性K-L板壳在均布载荷和位移加载下的断裂失效行为,研究了高斯曲率对超弹性K-L壳断裂性能的影响。数值模拟结果表明:所建立的数值格式可以有效地捕捉板壳在均布载荷下的复杂裂纹扩展路径,模拟得到的位移场可以有效地反映材料的裂纹分布情况;具有负高斯曲率的薄壳在承受内压作用时具有较好的断裂性能,可以承受更大的内压。

泵驱动的制冷剂相变冷板冷却系统实验研究

元器件的小型化和性能的提升使电子器件功率不断提高,优越的散热性能对于保证电子器件的可靠性具有重要意义。本文搭建了泵驱动的制冷剂相变冷板冷却实验系统,设计加工了4块不同材质(铜、铝)和流道高度(10、15 mm)的相变冷板,对散热功率为200~1000 W、热流密度为4.4~22.2 W/cm^(2)的集中热源在制冷能力为3~11 kW和不同热源位置时的冷板换热性能、阻力特性及泵功耗进行了研究。结果表明:相变冷板换热性能优越,在应对散热量为1 kW、热流密度为22.2 W/cm^(2)的集中热源时,传热系数最高可达26 kW/(m^(2)·℃),在系统总阻力小于20 kPa、制冷剂泵功耗小于20 W时可以实现模拟热源表面与制冷剂温差小于15℃,可以利用天然冷源进行散热,实现节能;相变冷板的换热特性可由翅片效率计算式和Kandlikar传热关联式进行描述,使用理论公式计算出的冷板温差与实际值偏差小于1℃,可以指导冷板流道设计。

含孔板微通道内随流气泡运动的两相格子Boltzmann模拟

带有气泡的两相流系统存在于各种工业过程中,涉及复杂的相界面变化,但气泡在管道中伴随液相流动时,通过孔板的运动过程尚未有充分的研究结果.相场格子Boltzmann模型在模拟复杂界面方面具有优势,适合研究气泡两相流在含孔板微通道内的运动,分析We数、气泡相对大小和孔板表面润湿性等因素对气泡动力学特性的影响.数值计算结果显示,随着We数增加,气泡表面张力减小,导致其穿过孔板结构时更易被撕裂,峰值速度降低.在研究的参数范围内存在两个临界直径比,这两个临界值将气泡通过孔板的运动分成三种形态,而且临界直径比会随We数的增加而减小.另外,随着接触角的增大,孔板表面对气体的吸附能力加强,气泡与孔板表面的接触面积增加,引起穿过孔板气泡的质量减少和气泡通过的速度增加.

基于LBM的低导热材料板强化沸腾换热机理分析

为进一步强化沸腾换热,通过在固体加热器的上壁面附近嵌入多段低导热材料板,实现了沸腾换热的受热面上的温度随空间的交替变化。采用单组分多相LBM,考察了低导热材料板的数量和间隙间距对沸腾换热性能和气泡动力学的影响,从微观角度揭示了添加低导热材料板强化沸腾换热的机理。结果表明:气泡动态行为随间隙间距的增大而发生变化,会出现气泡合并、独立生长等气泡脱离过程。结合气泡动态行为、温度场和流场分析,发现气泡首先会在间隙受热面处成核生长,脱离气泡的涡流可以促进生长气泡在受热面的横向迁移和合并过程,在一定间隙间距范围,气泡会相互融合形成较大的液桥,液桥的存在能够促进受热面气泡根部周围微层的蒸发,推动了间隙受热面处的冷流体再润湿过程。添加多段低导热材料板,间隙处热量积聚、气泡合并形成液桥、间隙受热面的再润湿、气泡横向迁移和多气泡的快速合并等这些过程的共同作用强化了沸腾换热性能。

自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人尿中15种防晒剂和防腐剂

本文建立了同时快速测定人尿液中15种防晒剂和防腐剂的高通量自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法(automatic SPE-UPLC-MS/MS).人尿液经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶过夜酶解后,以Waters HLB 96-well Plate(30 mg,30μm)为基础,使用全自动固相萃取装置进行前处理,经25%乙腈溶液淋洗,甲醇-乙腈溶液(V:V=1:1)洗脱,氮吹至近干,20%乙腈溶液复溶后,采用Waters Acquity BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)、二元梯度洗脱系统(流动相A为水,流动相B为乙腈)进行色谱分离.质谱方法采用多反应监测(MRM)模式、电喷雾电离负离子模式和稳定同位素内标法进行数据采集和定量分析.15种分析物在相应线性范围内的线性相关系数(r)均大于0.999,3个加标水平的加标回收率为89.1%-110%,日内和日间精密度分别为0.9%-13%和3.1%-14%,样本稳定性、提取液稳定性、上样周期稳定性和反复冻融稳定性的相对标准偏差均在10%之内.将本方法应用于300名志愿者随机尿液的测定,结果显示该人群尿液的主要检出成分为4种防腐剂,分别是羟苯甲酯(MP)、羟苯乙酯(EP)、羟苯丙酯(PP)和对氯间二甲苯酚(PCMX),检出率分别为100%、92%、82%和64%,中位浓度分别为11.5、0.53、0.65、2.09 ng·mL^(-1).综上,本方法可应用于人尿液中15种防晒剂和防腐剂的快速提取、净化和定量分析,具有操作简便、灵敏度高、效率高、人员友好和绿色环保等优势,适用于大批量样品的检测应用.