A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.

COMPACT PHASE GRATING INTERFERENCE SENSOR FOR MICRO-DISPLACEMENT

On the basis of existing techniques, a compact micro-displacement sensor of phase grating interference （PGI） is described, which adopts cylindrical hologram diffraction grating as the calibration standard. The optical principle of the sensor is explained, and the relation between the grating motion displacement and the phase shift of interference stripes is deduced. The improvement of the integral structure and the method of photoelectric signal processing are described in detail. With the software system based on the virtual instrument development platform Labwindows/CVI and other hardwares such as the precision displacement worktable, the surfaces of typical parts are measured and the characterization results are given. The sensor has wide measuring range and high resolution, its sensitivity and resolution being independent of the wavelength of the incident light. The vertical measuring range is 0-6 mm, and the vertical resolution is 0.005μm. The experimental results show that the sensor can be used to measure and characterize the surface topography parameters of the plane and curved surface.

Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Array System Based on Digital Phase Generated Carrier Demodulation and Reference Compensation Method

A novel fiber Bragg grating （FBG） sensor array system based on digital phase generated carrier （PGC） demodulation and reference compensation method is proposed and set up. Experimental results confirm that the digital PGC demodulation can be used for wavelength-division-multiplexed FBG sensor array and the reference compensation method can reduce the environmental interference by approximately 40 dB in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 2 kHz. The minimum detectable wavelength-shift of the sensor system is 1 × 10^-3 pm/Hz^1/2.

The Flow Measurement of Multiphase Flow Based on the Conductance Sensor

Oil-gas-water three-phase flow in the pipe is commonly encountered in the petroleum and nature gas industry. Its flow patterns are complex and always changeable, so it’s difficult to be measured and is becoming one of the most important subjects. Moreover, most of the oil fields in China are in such a high water fraction period that measures must be taken to meet the needs of the actual production. A conductance sensor which is widely used in the measurements of oil-water two-phase flow is used to measure the flow rate of the three-phase flow based on the research of the characteristics and the correlation theory, and a new technical solution which is suitable for measuring the oil-gas-water three-phase flow is established. A series of tests demonstrate that it’s feasible to use the conductance sensor in the measurements of oil- gas-water three-phase flow.

Relationship between CO_2 Sensor Voltage Response and Phase Equilibrium of Solid Electrolyte Na,K-β/β″-Al_2O_3

A type of CO2 sensor based on oxygen concentration cell was designed as following: Cell I: Pt | Au, O2, CO2| Na2CO3(Au)|NKBA(Au)|YSZ|O2, CO2|Pt or Cell lI: Pt|Au, O2, CO2|K2CO3(Au)|NKBA(Au)|YSZ|O2, CO2|Pt. (Na,K-β/β'-AI2O3 is named by NKBA). The sensor signal is consistent with the Nernstian slope within the region of phase equilibrium for Na, K-β/β'-AI2O3 material. The relationship between CO2 sensor voltage response and phase equilibrium of solid electrolyte Na, K-β/β-AI2O3 is discussed in this paper.

Implementation of Phase Generated Carrier Technique for FBG Laser Sensor Multiplexed System Based on Compact RIO

This paper presents the fundamental technique of phase generated carrier （PGC） and its realization on compact reconfigurable input and output （RIO） which adopts real-time and field programmable grate array （FPGA） techniques. Improvement of the PGC technique is also introduced by using peak-to-peak value detection method to reduce the influence of variation of the light intensity. A four-element fibre Bragg gratings （FBG） laser sensor system is conducted in the experiment and the demodulated results demonstrate correlation coefficient as high as 0.995 with the reference signal and the dynamic range to be 120dB@63Hz.

Sensor array calibration for uniform rectangular array in presence of mutual coupling and sensor gain-and-phase errors

The sensor array calibration methods tailored to uniform rectangular array(URA)in the presence of mutual coupling and sensor gain-and-phase errors were addressed.First,the mutual coupling model of the URA was studied,and then a set of steering vectors corresponding to distinct locations were numerically computed with the help of several time-disjoint auxiliary sources with known directions.Then,the optimization modeling with respect to the array error matrix(defined by the product of mutual coupling matrix and sensor gain-and-phase errors matrix)was constructed.Two preferable algorithms(called algorithm I and algorithm II)were developed to minimize the cost function.In algorithm I,the array error matrix was regarded as a whole parameter to be estimated,and the exact solution was available.Compared to some existing algorithms with the similar computation framework,algorithm I can make full use of the potentially linear characteristics of URA's error matrix,thus,the calibration precision was obviously enhanced.In algorithm II,the array error matrix was decomposed into two matrix parameters to be optimized.Compared to algorithm I,it can further decrease the number of unknowns and,thereby,yield better estimation accuracy.However,algorithm II was incapable of producing the closed-form solution and the iteration operation was unavoidable.Simulation results validate the excellent performances of the two novel algorithms compared to some existing calibration algorithms.

Simulation and analysis of phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor based on enhanced optical transmission through arrays of nanoholes in silver films

A high spatial resolution, phase-sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance(SPR) sensor based on Extraordinary Optical Transmission(EOT) is proposed to monitor the binding of organic and biological molecules to the silver surface. The 2D nanohole-array configuration is well suited for dense integration in a sensor chip. The optical geometry is collinear, which simplifies the alignment with respect to the traditional Kretschmann arrangement for SPR sensing. Various design parameters of the device have been studied by simulation. The heterodyne technique is used to improve the sensitivity. The optimization results indicate that the sensor has the advantages of achieving high resolution and a wide dynamic range simultaneously.

分子印迹材料在手性拆分中的应用研究进展

拆分手性化合物、提纯有利生物活性的对映异构体在食品、制药、生命科学等领域具有重要意义。分子印迹聚合物(MIP)是一种人工合成的具有对目标物质定向亲和性的聚合物,基于MIP制造的手性选择剂具有更高的亲和力和选择性,同时更易于制备和更为稳定,因此在手性拆分领域得到了广泛应用。综述了MIP材料在手性拆分中用于样品前处理、手性固定相(CSP)、传感器的研究进展,并介绍了提高手性选择能力的新策略,包括手性树状大分子、表面印迹载体、金属离子、纳米MIP、手性功能单体、协同辅助材料等,展望了MIP手性拆分未来的发展方向。

强信号全覆盖下反射式强度型传感器信号调制设计

反射式强度型传感器在强信号全覆盖环境下常常受到干扰和影响,导致传感器信号的质量下降甚至失真,给后续的信号处理和数据分析带来了困难。对此,提出强信号全覆盖下反射式强度型传感器信号调制方法。首先,判断强信号全覆盖环境下传感器信号的稀疏性,并根据环境的干扰因素建立信号的观测矩阵,通过优化算法计算出稀疏向量的估计值,使用稀疏向量的估计值对观测信号进行补偿,得到补偿后的信号;然后,应用正交锁相放大技术,将补偿后的信号与严格正交的两路参考信号相乘,提高信噪比,获得增强后的信号;最后,利用连续相位多支路调制方法,对增强后的传感器信号展开比特信息分离、二维信号映射与载波相位调制操作,完成信号调制。实验结果表明,所提方法可扩展性强、稳定性高且抗干扰能力强。

面向无线传感网络的同步时钟技术研究

考虑到传统的时钟同步技术在信息交互过程中产生的延迟具有不确定性,为了消除其对时钟同步的影响,提出了面向无线传感网络的同步时钟技术研究。通过对任意一个网络节点在真实物理时间的本地时间进行变换处理,构建无线传感网络的线性时钟模型,根据高斯分布所具有的加减特性,计算两个连续同步轮次的动态响应时间差值,在离散形式下,构建无线传感网络观测模型。通过计算无线传感网络时钟差值的均值,得到无线传感网络节点的时间戳,将无线传感网络节点数据交互误差补偿的目标函数转换成向量的形式,补偿无线传感网络节点数据交互误差,实现无线传感网络的时钟同步处理。实验结果表明,在微秒级延迟下,该技术的同步精度仍较高,可以有效消除网络信息延迟的不确定性对同步时钟的影响。

一种基于石英晶体微天平倍频相移信号的呼吸频率监测系统

对人体呼吸频率实时连续的监测具有重要的医学诊断价值,本研究以基频10 MHz压电石英晶体为呼吸监测传感元件,采用直接数字频率合成器(DDS)合成频率源在5倍频下激励压电石英体,实时连续测定呼吸气流下的压电石英晶体相移变化信号。由于高倍频下压电石英体对表面水分子吸附聚集过程具有高灵敏的质量响应,因此石英体表面不需厚膜修饰,直接采用金属电极(银电极)的石英体,成功实现了对呼吸频率的连续监测。与传统的频移法相比,该方法信号采样速度快,可低至0.05 s/点,无论对慢呼吸还是急促呼吸都可以实现准确监测。石英晶体微天平相移呼吸检测系统不仅能够满足连续呼吸监测的要求,还可以为人体呼吸监测提供呼吸频率、呼吸强弱,呼吸紊乱度等呼吸特征信息。

面向悬浮光力系统的集成化反馈控制器研究

悬浮光力系统具有高灵敏度、高稳定性和低耗散等特点,有望发展成为新型高性能力学传感器。针对目前悬浮光力系统存在的反馈控制器兼容性差、软硬件成本高、集成度低等问题,提出了一种兼容多种反馈控制模式的软硬件设计方案,并研制了一套高度集成的反馈控制器,在160 mm×170 mm×42 mm的尺寸上集成了六通道模数/数模转换器、滤波器、现场可编程门阵列+微处理器(FPGA+ARM)等功能模块,并且开发了基于数字锁相环和比例积分微分(PID)控制器的控制算法,最终在同一套硬件系统上实现了跨尺度微粒的运动信息采集和反馈控制,以及数十赫兹至亚兆赫兹的感知带宽。实验结果表明,该集成反馈控制器能够实现超高真空(10-6 Pa量级)下亚微米及微米尺度微粒的稳定悬浮和运动控制。在扩展系统感知带宽的同时减小了整体体积,为悬浮光力传感技术的器件化奠定了基础。

单相激励电容式时栅角位移传感器研究

针对现有多相激励时栅角位移传感器在小体积时无法设置更多极对数进一步提升稳定性,导致精度和动态性能指标无法得到提升等问题,提出一种单相激励电容式时栅角位移测量方法。该方法采用单相激励耦合成四路空间正交的驻波信号,通过电路实现行波构造,从而实现角位移测量。文中介绍了多相激励时栅传感器存在的问题、单相激励时栅的测量原理,完成了传感器样机的研制,并通过实验验证该原理的有效性。实验结果表明,相同尺寸和相同电极数量情况下,单相激励传感器的精度和动态性能指标优于多相激励传感器,单相激励传感器精度为±20″,稳定性为10″,400 rpm转速下速度波动为±1.25%,跟随误差为±2.5″,满足直驱电机的使用要求。

单相脉冲整流器故障在线智能诊断实验设计

针对高速列车电力牵引系统中单相脉冲整流器的功率器件开路故障和传感器故障,设计了基于数据驱动的故障在线智能诊断实验。首先,对单相脉冲整流器系统进行数学建模,分析功率器件开路故障的故障拓扑和传感器故障的故障机理;然后,基于极限学习机算法和非线性自回归结构设计智能诊断模型,并将故障在线智能诊断实验分为离线训练和在线验证2个阶段;最后,基于RT Box半实物仿真器搭建快速原型控制实验平台,对故障模型和诊断模型进行实验验证。实验结果表明,构建的单相脉冲整流器故障在线智能诊断模型可以在1/4个基波周期内检测到故障的发生,并在3/4个基波周期内识别出具体故障类型。

基于电容传感器的液体管内含气率测量系统的研究

电容传感器具有非侵入式、低成本、结构简单等特点,被广泛应用于液体管内含气率的测量。基于电容传感器,设计了含气率测量系统,对外径25mm、内径21mm液体管内含气率进行测量。为了验证含气率测量系统的准确性,搭建了可视化验证平台。对管内气液两相进行图像采集,对管道截面处的含气率进行计算;分析了视窗左右截面的含气率偏差,研究了采集位置偏差对验证方法有效性的影响。研究表明:通过传感器系统测量的含气率与图像处理得到的含气率吻合;视窗左右截面的平均含气率的偏差不超过3.097%。本研究设计的含气率测量系统的准确性较好,所提出的可视化验证方法能够有效地对含气率测量系统的准确性进行验证。

用于探测液态金属-气体的DLC涂层式丝网探针数值模拟与结构优化

液态金属-气体两相流是铅冷快堆在蒸汽发生器传热管破裂(SGTR)事故下的物理现象之一,考虑到液态金属的不透明性、腐蚀性及高温性,本文提出一种类金刚石(DLC)涂层式丝网探针(WMS)对液态金属-气体两相流相态分布进行探测。基于COMSOL软件,建立了涂层式WMS的数值模型并进行了实验验证,通过电场模拟阐明了该新型探针应用于含液态金属气液两相流的可行性。进一步地,通过改变丝网电极的间距与直径、涂层的厚度,研究了结构参数对涂层式WMS测量精度的影响。结果表明,电极丝横向间距为2~3 mm、垂直间距为1.5~2 mm时,WMS测量精度较高,而涂层厚度和电极丝直径的影响较小。本研究可指导DLC涂层式WMS在液态金属-气体两相环境中的实际应用,并为分析SGTR事故后的多相分布提供技术基础。

差动式电容传感器信号检测方法研究

为了提高差动式电容传感器信号检测电路的测量精度,本文提出了一种将增量总和调制技术和差动式电容传感器相结合,做成一个新型信号检测系统的方法。该信号检测方法将差动式电容传感器、前置放大器和相敏检波电路放置在增量总和反馈环路内,形成一个大的反馈环路。本文通过推导该检测电路的系统传递函数,分析该检测方法中利用增量总和调制技术的技术优点,根据该方法设计一版电路板并进行试验。研究结果表明,本文提出的信号检测方法的输出数字量与中心极板偏离平衡位置的大小和方向具有很高的相关性,对进一步提高差动式电容传感器检测电路的测量精度具有较好的促进作用。

管道涡流内检测平面线圈传感器设计及性能分析

为了实现基于平面线圈传感器的管道涡流内检测,设计了平面式L形涡流传感器,并开发了一套涡流内检测试验系统,从检测信号幅值和相位两方面分析了不同参数条件下涡流传感器对缺陷的检测能力。试验结果表明,除了提离距离对缺陷检测有显著影响外,平面线圈PCB板厚度、激励线圈与接收线圈的上下位置对检测能力也有很大影响。采用较小厚度的PCB线圈,可以获得较高的灵敏度;采用激励线圈在下侧靠近被测管道、接收线圈在上侧的配置有利于提高检测能力;研制的平面线圈传感器可以检出闭合裂纹和尺寸(长×宽×深)为2 mm×2 mm×2 mm的针孔类金属损失缺陷。

配电网单相接地故障的电场检测装置研制

为了提升电场检测精度,研制配电网单相接地故障的电场检测装置。利用低通调理电路采集传感单元在电场中产生的感应电压,实时计算出线路附近的电场强度。使用COMSOL软件对输电线路单相接地故障情况进行有限元仿真,观察空间电场的变化情况。搭建工频均匀电场试验平台,对PCB传感单元进行电场强度测量校正,验证COMSOL电场强度仿真值。利用验证后的仿真值对平行半圆板电场测量传感单元进行校正,建立输电线路模型,对输电线路发生单相接地故障前后的电场强度进行测量。实验结果表明,当线路A相发生接地故障时,其周围电场强度迅速减小,而B、C两相周围电场强度增大,与仿真结果一致,电场检测精度较高。