Adaptively Robust Phase Lock Loop for Low C/N Carrier Tracking in a GPS Software Receiver

在 GPS 应用程序的一个重要问题是怎么追踪 GPS (全球放系统) 在低 carrier-to-noise 比率(C/N ) 下面精确并且连续地发信号。在这份报纸，一个适应地柔韧的过滤器基于低 C/N 搬运人阶段锁循环(PLL ) 在一个 GPS 软件接收装置平台下面被开发。就传统的追踪循环上的低 C/N 搬运人信号的效果而言，追踪循环的平行关联被建立。一个线性最佳的评估者被设计在 kinematics 模型和大小处理依赖噪音。而且，一个适应地柔韧的过滤器基于三片断功能被设计调整因素。当收到的信号在有利条件下面时，新过滤器的表演很类似于一个标准 Kalman 过滤器。为追踪的一个实际弱搬运人，这新提高的 PLL 聪明地根据全部的阶段神经质分析调节循环参数。它成功地由适应地平衡更新的动态模型状态和大小的影响抵抗孤立点和动态模型错误。新过滤器的坚韧性和效率被测试实验的一些真实数据表明。结果证实有追踪循环的这个适应地柔韧的阶段的阶段错误的标准差能在 24 dB-Hz 附近与卫星 C/N 比率到达 0.01 个周期，它显著地改进表演。

Quantitative feedback theory and zero phase error tracking control combined robust control for radar truck leveling simulator

Radar leveling system is the key equipment for improving the radar mobility and survival capability. A combined quantitative feedback theory (QFT) controller is designed for the radar truck leveling simulator in this paper, which suffers from strong nonlinearities and system parameter uncertainties. QFT can reduce the plant uncertainties and stabilize the system, but it fails to obtain high-precision tracking. This drawback can be solved by a robust QFT control scheme based on zero phase error tracking control (ZPETC) compensation. The combined controller not only possesses high robustness, but greatly improves the system performance. To verify the effiectiveness and the potential of the proposed controller, a series of experiments have been carried out. Experimental results have demonstrated its robustness against a large range of parameters variation and high tracking precision performance, as well as its capability of restraining the load coupling among channels. The combined QFT controller can drive the radar truck leveling platform accurately, quickly and stably.

ALGORITHMS FOR TRACKING MANEUVERING TARGET WITH PHASED ARRAY RADAR

Several typical algorithms for tracking maneuvering target with phased array radar are studied in this paper. The constant gain filter with multiple models is analyzed. A typical method for adaptively controlling the sampling interval is modified. The performance of the single model and multiple model estimator with uniform and variable sampling interval are evaluated and compared. It is shown by the simulation results that it is necessary to apply the adaptive sampling policy based on the multiple model method when the maneuvering targets are tracked by the phased array radar since saving radar resources is more important. The adaptive algorithms of variable sampling interval are better than the algorithms of variable model. The adaptive policy to determine the sampling interval based on multiple model are superior than those based on the single model filter, because IMM estimator can adapt to the maneuver more quickly and the prediction covariance of IMM is the more sensitive and more reliable index than residual to determine the sampling interval. With IMM based method, lower sampling interval is required for a certain accuracy.

Three-dimensional multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann front-tracking method for two-phase flow

We developed a three-dimensional multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method for incompressible and immiscible two-phase flow by coupling with a front-tracking technique. The flow field was simulated by using an Eulerian grid, an adaptive unstructured triangular Lagrangian grid was applied to track explicitly the motion of the two-fluid interface, and an indicator function was introduced to update accurately the fluid properties. The surface tension was computed directly on a triangular Lagrangian grid, and then the surface tension was distributed to the background Eulerian grid. Three benchmarks of two-phase flow, including the Laplace law for a stationary drop, the oscillation of a three-dimensional ellipsoidal drop, and the drop deformation in a shear flow, were simulated to validate the present model.

Multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann front tracking method for two-phase flow with surface tension

In this paper, an improved incompressible multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann-front tracking approach is proposed to simulate two-phase flow with a sharp interface, where the surface tension is implemented. The lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate the incompressible flow with a stationary Eulerian grid, an additional moving Lagrangian grid is adopted to track explicitly the motion of the interface, and an indicator function is introduced to update the fluid properties accurately. The interface is represented by using a four-order Lagrange polynomial through fitting a set of discrete marker points, and then the surface tension is directly computed by using the normal vector and curvature of the interface. Two benchmark problems, including Laplace＇s law for a stationary bubble and the dispersion relation of the capillary wave between two fluids are conducted for validation. Excellent agreement is obtained between the numerical simulations and the theoretical results in the two cases.

Tracking error analysis and simulation of FLL-assisted PLL

In order to solve problems in high dynamic environment, a frequency-locked loop （FLL） assisted phase-locked loop （PLL） is put forward for carrier tracking. On the basis of the analysis of discriminators, the total phase error of the tracking loop is analyzed and a general error expression is derived. By using linearization and Jaffe-Rechtin coefficients, the performance of a special first order FLL-assisted second order PLL is analyzed to get a closed expression. Analysis results and simula- tions show that there exist an optimal FLL loop bandwidth and a optimal PLL loop bandwidth which can make the phase jitter much less than that when the PLL is used alone.

基于双通道的全电子相敏接收器研究与设计

为提高相敏接收器测量精度、分辨率,设计了一款基于全相位快速傅里叶变换(all phase Fast Fourier Transform,apFFT)算法的全电子相敏接收器。硬件上为二取二双通道设计,进程上双机同步,运算结果经比较输出。利用DDS发生器搭建测试平台,对该方案功能进行模拟验证,并接入现场轨道电路组合架进行现场测试。实验结果表明,该设计可准确检测轨道区段列车占用状态,能区分钢轨上的随机噪音与谐波信号,抗干扰能力强,相位差测量误差不大于0.3°。该方案是对既有的微电子相敏轨道电路接收器的电子化改进,电路简单,其相位差计算完全由软件完成,可靠性高,可用于使用50 Hz交流电牵引的25 Hz相敏轨道电路的电码化或非电码化区段。

Method of adaptive PLL bandwidth adjustment without phase slipping

In a system based on the phase lock loop（PLL）, a trade-off must be made between the tracking precision and the dynamic performance if constant parameters are adopted. To overcome this drawback, a new method called no phase slipping adaptive bandwidth（NPS-AB） is proposed, which can adjust the loop bandwidth adaptively for different working conditions. As a result, both the tracking precision and the dynamic performance can be achieved concurrently. NPS-AB has two features to keep the loop stable： one is the capability of quick response to dynamics; the other is a series of additional constraints when the bandwidth is switched. Compared with other methods, there is no phase slipping during the adjustment process for NPS-AB. The phase integer ambiguity can be avoided and the phase value is kept valid. It is meaningful for carrier ranging systems. Simulation results show that NPS-AB can deal with sudden dynamics and keep the pseudo-range value stable in the entire dynamic process.

Track-to-Track Association Technique in Radar Network in the Presence of Systematic Errors

The presence of systematic measuring errors complicates track-to-track association, spatially separates the tracks that correspond to the same true target, and seriously decline the performances of traditional track-to-track association algorithms. Consequently, the influence of radar systematic errors on tracks from different radars, which is described as some rotation and translation, has been analyzed theoretically in this paper. In addition, a novel approach named alignment-correlation method is developed to estimate and reduce this effect, align and correlate tracks accurately without prior registration using phase correlation technique and statistic binary track correlation algorithm. Monte-Carlo simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithm has good performance in solving the track-to-track association problem with systematic errors in radar network and could provide effective and reliable associated tracks for the next step of registration.

A novel high precision Doppler frequency estimation method based on the third-order phase-locked loop

In deep space exploration,many engineering and scientific requirements require the accuracy of the measured Doppler frequency to be as high as possible.In our paper,we analyze the possible frequency measurement points of the third-order phase-locked loop(PLL)and find a new Doppler measurement strategy.Based on this finding,a Doppler frequency measurement algorithm with significantly higher measurement accuracy is obtained.In the actual data processing,compared with the existing engineering software,the accuracy of frequency of 1 second integration is about 5.5 times higher when using the new algorithm.The improved algorithm is simple and easy to implement.This improvement can be easily combined with other improvement methods of PLL,so that the performance of PLL can be further improved.

Output-feedback Dynamic Surface Control for a Class of Nonlinear Non-minimum Phase Systems

In this paper, an output-feedback tracking controller is proposed for a class of nonlinear non-minimum phase systems.To keep the unstable internal dynamics bounded, the method of output redefinition is applied to let the stability of the internal dynamics depend on that of redefined output, thus we only need to consider the new external dynamics rather than internal dynamics in the process of designing control law. To overcome the explosion of complexity problem in traditional backstepping design, the dynamic surface control(DSC) method is firstly used to deal with the problem of tracking control for the nonlinear non-minimum phase systems. The proposed outputfeedback DSC controller not only forces the system output to asymptotically track the desired trajectory, but also drives the unstable internal dynamics to follow its corresponding bounded and causal ideal internal dynamics, which is solved via stable system center method. Simulation results illustrate the validity of the proposed output-feedback DSC controller.

Speeds Criteria vs. Modified Aldrete and Fast-Track Criteria for Evaluating Recovery in Outpatients

Background: The authors have developed criteria utilizing the mnemonic “SPEEDS” (saturation, pain, extremity movement, emesis, dialogue, stable vitals signs) to evaluate and predict which patients would not require phase I nursing intervention and could transition to phase II recovery. Methods: Seventy-three adult surgery patients underwent a standardized general anesthetic. Patients were evaluated with the modified Aldrete, Fast-Track and SPEEDS criteria immediately before leaving the OR and then 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes after arrival in the recovery area. Results: Significantly more patients met phase I bypass criteria when evaluated with Modified Aldrete (90%) and Fast-Track (94%) as compared to SPEEDS (77%) (p 0.0429 modified Aldrete vs. SPEEDS, p 0.0038 Fast-Track vs. SPEEDS). However, SPEEDS was more sensitive having a lower number of patients meeting phase II criteria yet requiring phase I intervention (32%) vs. Fast-track (43%) and Modified Aldrete (44%) (p 0.001 SPEEDS vs. modified Aldrete and Fast-Track). SPEEDS was more accurate (74%) in predicting which patients should move directly to phase II compared to modified Aldrete (42%) (p 0.001) and Fast-track (59%) (p = 0.05). Conclusion: SPEEDS criteria are as specific and more sensitive in determining phase I nursing interventions for ambulatory surgery patients when compared to Fast-Track and modified Aldrete criteria.

信号极化方式对跟踪接收机相位影响研究

移动卫通站大范围机动时可能会出现跟踪接收机相位漂移问题,这与使用的信号极化方式有关,必需采取相应的相位补偿措施才能保持天线的稳定跟踪。以典型卫通地面站天线馈源网络结构为参考,结合圆极化器工作原理,解析了不同状态下各接收端口输出信号的表达式,并根据单通道单脉冲跟踪接收机工作原理及其相位物理含义,全面研究了和、差信号不同极化组合时相位与极化角的关系,据此进行相位补偿,可有效解决地理位置变化引起的跟踪接收机相位漂移问题,并通过多个应用案例进行了验证。最后给出了信号极化方式选择建议,跟踪圆极化卫星时和、差信号极化方式应相同,跟踪线极化卫星时差信号极化方式应保持不变。

Bubble Size Measurement by the Ultrasonic Pulse Echo with Tracking Technique

Bubbly flows appear in many different industrial fields and the measurement of bubble sizes is crucial for understanding phase interactions. The ultrasound pulse echo can be used for a non-intrusive measurement of the bubble surface position in one dimension even when there is no optical access to the bubble. A simultaneous measurement from two opposing directions gives the bubble size but has been performed only on single bubbles. This work applies the tracking technique, which allows a simultaneous measurement of multiple bubbles. The performance of the bubble size measurement was tested experimentally by comparing ultrasonic results with the sizes measured by a high-speed camera and also with metal cylinders. Possible sources of measurement uncertainty were analysed and discussed. The tested range of bubble sizes was up to 10 mm and the void fraction was lower than 1.25%.

Computer Control Techniques of Phased Array Radars

The computer control techniques applicable to electronically scanned multifunction radars are presented. The software and hardware architecture for the real time control and the data processing within a phased array radar are described. The software system comprising a number of tasks is written in C language and implemented. The results show that the algorithm for the multitask adaptive scheduling and the multitarget data processing is suitable for multifunction phased array radars.

基于压缩态光场的量子增强型光学相位追踪

量子增强型光学相位追踪作为高精度跟踪和测量光学相位的量子光学技术,在目标定位、量子测距以及相控阵雷达和唢呐等领域中有着重要应用.本文提出一种基于压缩态光场的量子增强型光学相位追踪协议.采用中心波长为1064 nm的连续固体激光光源,结合光学参量振荡器以及Pound-Drever-Hall(PDH)锁定技术,制备得到初始压缩度为(8.0±0.2)dB的相位压缩态光场.通过信号调制及解调技术,实现对压缩态光场相位的控制,从而实现对光学相位0-2π范围内的量子增强型追踪.与经典协议相比,这一协议可以将相位追踪的噪声起伏抑制至散粒噪声基准以下至少6.27 dB,实现了相位追踪精度至少76.4%的量子增强.由于到达角估计、相控阵雷达、相控阵唢呐等应用领域对相位测量精度要求极高,这一协议有望将相位估计的精度提高至突破散粒噪声极限,为相关领域提供压缩光源,也为更高精度的空间定位及量子测距技术提供理论和实验基础.

无人机自抗扰控制的调相补偿改进设计与抑扰实现

为解决非线性自抗扰控制应用中无人机位姿跟踪控制响应相位滞后的问题,利用非线性函数的滤波特性与相位补偿机理完成调相补偿器设计,解决了跟踪微分器实际滤波与相位跟踪之间的矛盾,进而提出调相补偿改进后的自抗扰控制(Phase Compensation ADRC,PCADRC),将其应用于四旋翼无人机飞控作业中的姿态与轨迹跟踪。通过由空中避障圆角矩和锥形螺旋组成的复合轨迹跟踪分析PCADRC应用的飞航控制性能优势,并设计无人机轨迹跟踪抗扰实验,对自抗扰控制的调相补偿改进效果进行验证。仿真与实验结果表明,对于平面或空间、平缓或陡变不同性质的轨迹,PCADRC能在确保抑扰性能前提下提高位姿跟踪的准确性、时效性与鲁棒性,能更好满足其稳健的飞控需求。

基于单天线航向测量的股道占用判别方法研究

随着北斗卫星系统的建设完成,以卫星导航为核心的车载化列车定位成为列车定位系统的发展方向。在这一背景下,精准判别列车股道占用成为确保列车高精度位置感知的必要前提,对避免冲突、支撑列车调度决策和保障列车安全具有重要的意义。针对传统的股道占用判别方法通常依赖于地面设备,易受到成本、复杂性和维护困难等因素制约的问题,研究利用低成本的单GNSS天线进行高精度的列车航向角测量。特别是在道岔咽喉区,计算单天线测量结果与数据库中列车航向的偏差,评估对不同股道的占用概率。为此,首先构建了载波相位星间差分与历元差分的双差分模型,消除了电离层、对流层、钟差、模糊度等一系列卫星定位误差源的影响;其次,通过扩展卡尔曼滤波估计相邻历元间列车的位移变化量,同时计算伪姿态坐标系下的列车航向;最后,基于航向角偏差进行列车的股道占用判别,并利用列车进出青藏线联通河站的实测数据对所提算法进行了验证,并结合轨道电子地图,判别列车占用正线/侧线不同股道的置信概率。实验结果表明:通过单天线解算列车航向角的误差均方根为0.111°,根据航向角偏差进行股道判别的模糊区距离减少了约50m,模糊区时间减少了约5s。仅通过单天线航向解算完成高精度的航向测量,并根据航向角偏差实现股道占用判别,可作为轨道占用的一种判别方式,具有一定的工程价值。

基于相位追踪的SAR运动目标高阶距离徙动校正方法

距离徙动校正(RCMC)是合成孔径雷达(SAR)实现运动目标参数估计和聚焦成像的关键环节。当目标或平台运动复杂时,传统低阶RCMC方法将不再适用,而现有基于参数化的高阶RCMC方法易存在模型失配和计算复杂度高的问题、现有非参数化方法在低信噪比下性能也将大幅下降。对此,该文借助扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)对造成RCM的相位进行追踪,进而构建RCM补偿函数实现RCMC。所提方法不依赖于RCM的具体模型,追踪得到的相位包含高阶分量,因此可以实现SAR运动目标的高阶RCMC。此外,EKF在进行相位追踪的同时能对信号进行滤波处理,可有效降低所提方法的信噪比(SNR)门限。与传统方法相比,该方法适用性广,计算量适中,且能校正不可忽略的高阶残余距离徙动。该文详细阐释了所提方法的原理及数学模型,并通过多组仿真和实测数据处理验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。

弹光调制器相频特性分析与稳定控制技术

针对弹光调制器(Photoelastic Modulator,PEM)在高压驱动下的谐振频率漂移问题,研究了一种基于PEM谐振相位跟踪的稳定控制技术。建立了PEM与其谐振匹配回路的等效电路模型,推导了PEM驱动电压的幅频、相频关系,以及PEM谐振频率与驱动电压谐振相位的关系。搭建了PEM控制系统,以初始谐振频率的反馈电压相位为零相位基准,调节驱动电压将反馈电压相位稳定在相位基准值附近,并随谐振频率的变化修正相位基准值,从而使驱动电压频率始终稳定于PEM谐振频率附近。以1/4波、半波的PEM的相位延迟幅值为例,分别进行了时长60 min稳定控制测试,实验结果表明:(1)PEM工作在1/4波状态时,相位延迟幅值δ0标准偏差σδq=0.0014 rad,最大相对偏差为0.58%;(2)PEM工作在半波状态时,标准偏差σδh=0.0013 rad,最大相对偏差为0.32%。