Mathematical Simulation and Design of Three-Phase Bubble Column Reactor for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas

A three-phase reactor mathematical model was set up to simulate and design a three-phase bubble column reactor for direct synthesis of dimethyl ether （DME） from syngas, considering both the influence of part inert carrier backmixing on transfer and the influence of catalyst grain sedimentation on reaction. On the basis of this model, the influences of the size and reaction conditions of a 100000 t/a DME reactor on capacity were investigated. The optimized size of the 10000 t/a DME synthesis reactor was proposed as follows： diameter 3.2 m, height 20 m, built-in 400 tube heat exchanger （Ф 38×2 mm）, and inert heat carrier paraffin oil 68 t and catalyst 34.46 t. Reaction temperature and pressure were important factors influencing the reaction conversion for different size reactors. Under the condition of uniform catalyst concentration distribution, higher pressure and temperature were proposed to achieve a higher production capacity of DME. The best ratio of fresh syngas for DME synthesis was 2.04.

A continuous and high-efficiency process to separate coal bed methane with porous ZIF-8 slurry:Experimental study and mathematical modelling

Coal bed methane has been considered as an important energy resource.One major difficulty of purifying coal bed methane comes from the similar physical properties of CH_4 and N_2.The ZIF-8/water-glycol slurry was used as a medium to separate coal bed methane by fluidifying the solid adsorbent material.The sorption equilibrium experiment of binary mixture(CH_4/N_2)and slurry was conducted.The selectivity of CH_4 to N_2 is within the range of 2-6,which proved the feasibility of the slurry separation method.The modified Langmuir equation was used to describe the gas-slurry phase equilibrium behavior,and the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental data.A continuous absorption-adsorption and desorption process on the separation of CH_4/N_2 in slurry is proposed and its mathematical model is also developed.Sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the operation conditions and the energy performance of the proposed process was also evaluated.Feed gas contains 30 mol%of methane and the methane concentration in product gas is 95.46 mol%with the methane recovery ratio of 90.74%.The total energy consumption for per unit volume of product gas is determined as 1.846 kWh Nm^(-3).Experimental results and process simulation provide basic data for the design and operation of pilot and industrial plant.

Universality Class of the Nonequilibrium Phase Transition in Two-Dimensional Ising Ferromagnet Driven by Propagating Magnetic Field Wave

The purpose of this work is to identify the universality class of the nonequilibrium phase transition in the two-dimensional kinetic Ising ferromagnet driven by propagating magnetic field wave. To address this issue, the finite size analysis of the nonequilibrium phase transition, in two-dimensional Ising ferromagnet driven by plane propagating magnetic wave, is studied by Monte Carlo simulation. It is observed that the system undergoes a nonequilibrium dynamic phase transition from a high temperature dynamically symmetric (propagating) phase to a low temperature dynamically symmetry-broken (pinned) phase as the system is cooled below the transition temperature. This transition temperature is determined precisely by studying the fourth-order Binder Cumulant of the dynamic order parameter as a function of temperature for different system sizes (L). From the finite size analysis of dynamic order parameter ?and the dynamic susceptibility , we have estimated the critical exponents and ?(measured from the data read at the critical temperature obtained from Binder cumulant), and (measured from the peak positions of dynamic susceptibility). Our results indicate that such driven Ising ferromagnet belongs to the same universality class of the two-dimensional equilibrium Ising ferromagnet (where and ), within the limits of statistical errors.

Simulation of petroleum phase behavior in injection and production process of underground gas storage in a gas reservoir

On the basis of analyzing the fluid phase behavior during the transformation from gas reservoir to gas storage,a mathematical model and an experimental simulation method are established to describe the oil-gas phase behavior during the whole injection-production process of gas storage.The underground gas storage in the Liaohe Shuang 6 gas reservoir with oil rim is taken as a typical example to verify the reliability and accuracy of the mathematical model and reveal characteristics and mechanisms of fluid phase behavior.In the gas injection stage of the gas storage,the phase behavior is characterized by mainly evaporation and extraction and secondarily dissolution and diffusion of gas in the cap to oil in the oil rim of the reservoir;the gas in gas cap increases in light component content,decreases in contents of intermediate and heavy components,and increases in density and viscosity.The oil of the ring decreases in content of heavy components,increases in contents of light and intermediate components,decreases in density and viscosity,and increases in volume factor and solution gas oil ratio.In the stable operation stage of periodic injection-production of gas storage,the phase behavior shows that the evaporation and extraction capacity of injection gas in the cap to oil rim is weakened step by step,the phase behavior gradually changes into dissolution and diffusion.The gas in gas cap decreases in content of intermediate components,increases in content of light components slowly,and becomes lighter;but changes hardly in density and viscosity.The oil in the oil rim increases in content of heavy components,decreases in content of intermediate components,rises in density and viscosity,and drops in volume factor and solution gas oil ratio.

Monte Carlo Simulation of Spin Glasses Using Vector Spin Model in 3D

In the present work, the possibility of existence of spin glass phase using classical Heisenberg model with Edwards-Anderson type of interactions has been explored employing Monte Carlo simulation of Binder parameter （g （L, T））. Previous experimental studies show that there is finite temperature phase transition but this study indicates that there is no finite temperature phase transition in 3D Heisenberg vector spin glass model.

Numerical modeling of DPSK pressure signals and their transmission characteristics in mud channels

A numerical model and transmission characteristic analysis of DPSK （differential phase shift keying） pressure signals in mud channels is introduced. With the control logic analysis of the rotary valve mud telemetry, a logical control signal is built from a Gate function sequence according to the binary symbols of transmitted data and a phase-shift function is obtained by integrating the logical control signal. A mathematical model of the DPSK pressure signal is built based on principles of communications by modulating carrier phase with the phase-shift function and a numerical simulation of the pressure wave is implemented with the mathematical model by MATLAB programming. Considering drillpipe pressure and drilling fluid temperature profile along drillpipes, the drillpipe of a vertical well is divided into a number of sections. With water-based drilling fluids, the impacts of travel distance, carrier frequency, drillpipe size, and drilling fluids on the signal transmission were studied by signal transmission characteristic analysis for all the sections. Numerical calculation results indicate that the influences of the viscosity of drilling fluids and volume fraction of gas in drilling fluids on the DPSK signal transmission are more notable than the others and the signal will distort in waveform with differential attenuations of the signal frequent component.

A continuum traffic flow model with the consideration of coupling effect for two-lane freeways

A new higher-order continuum model is proposed by considering the coupling and lane changing effects of the vehicles on two adjacent lanes. A stability analysis of the proposed model provides the conditions that ensure its linear stability. Issues related to lane changing, shock waves and rarefaction waves, local clustering and phase transition are also investigated with numerical experiments. The simulation results show that the proposed model is capable of providing explanations to some particular traffic phenomena commonly observable in real traffic flows.

STRESS-STRAIN HYSTERESIS OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SMAs─Ⅰ:A MODEL

In this paper, a theoretical model was presented to simulate the stress-strain hysteresis and the inner hysteretic behaviors, which were observed for polycrystalline Ni-Ti and Cu-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) at various temperatures. It was assumed that the stress-strum hysteresis of the grains of a polycrystalline sample of SMAs was relatively simple and easy to be calculated. The texture of the sample was characterized by a distribution function, which could be obtained from the experiments. Thercfore,the model provided a means to simulate and, for the first time, to predict the stressstrain hysteresis at different loading temperatures for polycrystalline SMAs.

EFFECT OF INTERPHASE LIFT FORCE ON THE FLUID FLOW IN AN AIR-STIRRED CYLINDRICAL VESSEL

In the present paper, based on the two-phase model (Eulerian model), the two dimensional fluid flow liz air-stirred water systems is simulated, and the effect of interphase lift force on the fluid flow is specially discussed. In the Eulerian two-phase model, gas and liquid phase are considered to be two different continuous fluids interacting with each other through the finite inter-phase areas. The exchange between the phases is represented by source terms in conversation equations. Turbulence is assumed to be a property of the liquid phase, k - ε model is used to describe the behavior of the liquid phase. The dispersion of phases due to turbulence is represented by introducing a diffusion term in mass consecrvation equation. The contribution of bubble movement to the turbulent energy and its dissipation rate is taken into accounted by adding extra volumetric source terms to the equations of turbulent enemy and its dissipation rate. The comparison between the mathematical simulation and experiment data indicates that the interphase lift force has a big effect on the flow behavior, and considering both drug force and lift force as interphase forces is important to accurately simulate the gas-water two-phase fluid flow in air-stirred systems. The interphase lift force makes bubbles move away from the centerline, the gas concentration is decreased near the centerline, and increased near the wall. The lift force is smaller than drug force at the same place, especially far away from the centerline.

Finite-Size Scaling Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Blume-Capel Model in the Presence of External Magnetic Field

The Blume-Capel model in the presence of external magnetic field H has been simulated using a cellular automaton algorithm improved from the Creutz cellular automaton in three-dimension lattice. The field critical exponent 5 is estimated using the power law relations and the finite size scaling functions for the magnetization and the susceptibility in the range -0.1≤ h = H/J ≤0. The estimated value of the field critical exponent 5 is in good agreement with the universal value （δ = 5） in three dimensions. The simulations are carried out on a simple cubic lattice under periodic boundary conditions.

直流余热锅炉蒸发段长度和位置变动特性的仿真分析

在直流余热锅炉变工况运行过程中蒸发段长度和位置的改变会造成锅炉管壁温度分布、工质出口参数等产生较大的波动,影响锅炉安全运行。以某立式直流余热锅炉为研究对象,建立其动态仿真模型,研究锅炉烟气流量、入口烟温、高压给水流量和给水温度分别发生阶跃扰动后蒸发段长度及相变点位置的变化规律。仿真结果表明:余热锅炉在设计工况下运行,锅炉入口烟温对锅炉蒸发段长度的影响程度最大,入口烟温阶跃升高10℃后,蒸发段迅速缩短,相变点均向锅炉管内工质入口方向移动,蒸发段长度和相变点位置恢复稳定所需时间相对较短;烟气流量阶跃升高5%后,蒸发段长度迅速缩短而后缓慢增长,沸腾点向管内工质入口方向移动距离大于蒸干点,恢复稳定所需时间较长;给水流量阶跃升高5%后,蒸发段长度迅速增长而后缓慢缩短,蒸干点向管内工质出口方向移动距离大于沸腾点,恢复稳定所需时间最长;给水温度阶跃变化20℃对蒸发段长度和相变点位置的影响很小。

断裂相场法在材料失效分析中的应用:界面断裂的超剪切转变

Ⅱ型裂纹界面断裂速率可以超越材料的剪切波速已经在理论和实验中被证明,这种界面断裂的跨声速转变被普遍认为受“Burridge-Andrews”机制(也称“子-母”裂纹机制)控制。然而,对于这种跨声速转变机制,子裂纹的直接证据很少被报道,甚至有些报道中并没有在裂纹跨声速转变过程中观察到子裂纹。近期,中国科学技术大学李良彬教授课题组开展了Ⅱ型裂纹界面跨声速转变的数值模拟研究,“子-母”裂纹扩展过程首次在相场断裂模拟中被重现。他们的工作揭示了一个跨声速裂纹发生的临界预应力水平值,并提出了子裂纹出现的定量化预测准则。

定向凝固进程与相变界面预测模型的解析研究与实验——以太阳能级多晶硅为例

在封闭的定向凝固过程中,监控和预测凝固进程和相变界面形态是业内的难点。文章采用解析法对太阳能级多晶硅定向凝固过程进行求解,获得一种高精度凝固进程数学模型,由易于测得的散热温度和凝固时间推算凝固高度、瞬时凝固速率和熔体温度分布;通过求解Poisson(泊松)方程,建立三维的相变界面模型,揭示了熔体侧壁热流密度q值是影响界面形态的关键因素,为凝固工艺过程控制提供定量分析依据。以Si3303工业硅为原料,采用YITIPV型真空铸锭炉进行大尺寸(0.90 m×0.90 m×0.35 m)铸锭实验。对于几何对称的相变界面,凝固进程数学模型与实验曲线的最大偏差为4.43%;而对于不规则的相变界面,最大偏差为8.68%,根据实验结果修正了凝固进程模型。通过检测杂质含量、电阻率和少数载流子寿命等参数,并比较4种铸锭的典型相变界面形态,验证了三维相变界面模型的预测准确性和可靠性。该模型可以为多晶硅提纯、其他金属、非金属的精密铸造和晶体生长工艺控制提供参考。

固液相变蓄能中有效导热系数的数值分析与实验研究

引入有效导热系数经验公式[3],使固液蓄能数学模型得以简化为仅用能量方程加以描述。运用热焓法求解能量方程,得到计算相变位置随时间变化曲线。并通过实验测得相变过程的实际温度场,得到实验相变位置随时间变化曲线。二者比较,证明了自然对流对固液相变换热的影响不可忽略,验证了该公式在Ra<1010,Pr<105下的正确性。

匀强电场作用下分散相液滴的变形和破裂

基于Cahn-Hilliard方程的相场方法,建立了在匀强电场作用下液滴的变形和破裂行为模型。从微观角度研究分散相液滴变形过程中电荷密度、电场强度和电场力的分布规律以及流场和电场分布,探讨了微观液滴变形机理;采用数值模拟方法研究了电场强度、液滴直径和界面张力对液滴变形的影响,结果表明电场强度越强,液滴直径越大,界面张力越小,液滴变形量越大;分析了液滴的两种主要破裂方式,其破裂主要取决于连续相和分散相物性条件,为电破乳技术提供了理论基础。

一种应用于电力系统的锁相环

随着电力系统的快速发展,电力系统信号分析越来越重要。本文结合电能质量检测、电力变换以及电力系统保护等方面的实际需求,设计分析了一种改进型锁相环(IPLL)。文中利用控制理论详细分析了IPLL的数学模型,基于Matlab/Simulink对IPLL的功能进行了仿真。上述分析表明,该结构可以满足提取电网信号的相位、频率、幅值和基波等信息的需求。与电力系统中普遍应用的锁相环相比,减少了??变换和dq变换等环节,增加了跟踪信号幅值的功能。为电力系统的信号分析提供了一种新思路。

一维Sznajd舆论模型相变的研究

略去一维标准Szna jd舆论模型的第二个规则,修改后的模型演化的决定时间分布没有发生变化,但弛豫时间延长了;反铁磁性吸引子消失了,铁磁性终态吸引子出现的概率对初始态度人员密度有着重要的依赖关系.进一步在平均场的近似下,修改后的一维Szna jd舆论模型存在相变.

网络舆情传播阶段精细化建模与仿真研究

[目的 /意义]根据信息生命周期理论,研究网络舆情传播的周期性规律,构建网络舆情传播阶段的精细化模型,使政府在面对复杂多变的网络舆情态势时,能够准确把握舆情发展演化趋势。[方法 /过程]通过案例定性分析网络舆情传播的周期性规律,构建网络舆情传播的Logistic模型,根据模型分析得出网络舆情传播的4个关键时间节点以及5个传播阶段,然后基于MATLAB开展模型仿真,研究了3个参数对网络舆情传播的影响程度并应用实例验证了模型。[结论 /结果]经过理论建模和实证分析得出本文构建的网络舆情传播阶段精细化模型是可行的,以上理论研究可为政府准确把握网络舆情演化规律,制定网络舆情治理对策提供参考依据。

啁啾光脉冲的自相位调制效应对压缩光脉冲的影响

在超强激光系统中,对比度和本底宽度是压缩光脉冲极为重要的指标。在啁啾脉冲放大系统的压缩阶段,在啁啾脉冲宽度为141 ps,啁啾系数为1 000,B积分值分别为0,1 和2 的情况下,模拟了自相位调制效应(SPM)对压缩脉冲的峰值光强、脉冲宽度和本底宽度的影响。结果表明:在B积分值为2 的条件下,若不补偿非线性色散,压缩脉冲的峰值强度降为无自相位调制效应时的65%左右,脉冲宽度约为种子脉冲宽度的2倍,本底宽度则增加到原来的3倍左右;在B积分值大于0.5 的情况下,本底宽度和B积分值近似成线性关系。

超重力旋转床中水脱氧过程的模型化研究

超重力旋转床是一种高效的强化传质和混合的新型设备。今提出了超重力旋转床中的水脱氧过程的传质模型,分别采用欧拉方法和拉格朗日方法对超重力旋转床中的气相和液滴的运动行为进行了数值模拟;在此基础上计算了液滴的传质系数,计算结果和实验结果符合较好,平均误差为7.9%。当超重力旋转床中液体存在的主体形式更接近于液滴时,模型计算结果误差减小。进一步讨论分析了液体和气体流量、转速以及填料内径的变化对于超重力旋转床体积传质系数的影响,分析表明旋转填料对液体剧烈地剪切破碎分散作用是强化传质过程的主要原因。