Single Failure Routing Protection Algorithm in the Hybrid SDN Network

Loop free alternate(LFA)is a routing protection scheme that is currently deployed in commercial routers.However,LFA cannot handle all single network component failure scenarios in traditional networks.As Internet service providers have begun to deploy software defined network(SDN)technology,the Internet will be in a hybrid SDN network where traditional and SDN devices coexist for a long time.Therefore,this study aims to deploy the LFA scheme in hybrid SDN network architecture to handle all possible single network component failure scenarios.First,the deployment of LFA scheme in a hybrid SDN network is described as a 0-1 integer linear programming(ILP)problem.Then,two greedy algorithms,namely,greedy algorithm for LFA based on hybrid SDN(GALFAHSDN)and improved greedy algorithm for LFA based on hybrid SDN(IGALFAHSDN),are proposed to solve the proposed problem.Finally,both algorithms are tested in the simulation environment and the real platform.Experiment results show that GALFAHSDN and IGALFAHSDN can cope with all single network component failure scenarios when only a small number of nodes are upgraded to SDN nodes.The path stretch of the two algorithms is less than 1.36.

Research on Hidden Failure Reliability Modeling of Electric Power System Protection

Aiming at digital relay protection system, a novel hidden failure Markov reliability model is presented for a single main protection and double main protection systems according to hidden failure and protection function under Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) circumstance and reliability indices such as probability of protection system hidden failure state are calculated. Impacts of different parameters (containing impacts of human errors) to hidden failure state probability and the optimal measures to improve reliability by variable parameter method are also analyzed. It’s demonstrated here that: Compared to a single main protection, double main protection system has an increased hidden failure probability, thus the real good state probability decreases, two main protections’ reliability must be improved at the same time, so configuration of the whole protection system for the component being protected can’t be complicated. Through improving means of on-line self-checking and monitoring system in digital protection system and human reliability, the real application of CBM can decrease hidden failure state probability. Only through this way can we assure that the protection systems work in good state. It has a certain reference value to protection system reliability engineering.

Protection Strategies against Cascading Failure for Power Systems of Ring Network

Power grid vulnerability is a key issue with large blackouts, causing power disruption for millions of people. The complexity of power grid, together with excessive number of components, makes it difficult to be modeled. Currently, researchers use complex networks to model and study the performance of power grids. In fact, power grids can be modeled into a complex network by making use of ring network topology, with substations and transmission lines denoted as nodes and edges, respectively. In this paper, three protection schemes are proposed and their effectiveness in protecting the power network under high and low-load attacks is studied. The proposed schemes, namely, Cascaded Load Cut-off (CLC), Cascaded Load Overflow (CLO) and Adaptive-Cascaded Load Overflow (A-CLO), improve the robustness of the power grids, i.e., decrease the value of critical tolerance. Simulation results show that CLC and CLO protection schemes are more effective in improving the robustness of networks than the A-CLO protection scheme. However, the CLC protection scheme is effective only at the expense that certain percentage of the network will have no power supply. Thus, results show that the CLO protection scheme dominates the other protection schemes, CLC and A-CLO, in terms of the robustness of the network, improved with the precise amount of load cut-off determined.

Serial Failure Diagnosis of a Transmission Line Protection Relaying System by Petri Nets

With the development of large-scale complicated modern power systems, the requirement for the associated protection scheme tends to be more stringent and its combination more complex. However, it is very difficult to figure out the factors of failure of such systems. This paper proposes a Petri net model of a transmission line protection relaying system, including three types of relays as well as an automatic reclosing device, and shows how to diagnose serial failure of the system by analyzing invariant sets of the model. Furthermore, it gives four basic types of failure sequences and its execution is much more intuitive and effective than the traditional method.

Failure Behaviors and Mechanisms of High-Ohmic Resistors Protected by PF/EP Paint in Heat and Humid Environment

Phenolic formaldehyde(PF)and epoxy(EP)resins are commonly used in electronic packaging. In this paper, high-ohmic resistors(2.2 M?, ±0.5%,)with Cr-Si film were coated by PF/EP paint, and the resulting coated resistors were used for heat and humid(HH)experiments. The experimental results show that the corrosion of bandlike resistive films is selective and isotropic, and that the corrosion spots in resistive films all form along grooves and extend in the same direction. It is revealed that OH^- ions are generated due to the electrochemical reactions of resistive film in HH experiments, so a NaOH aqueous solution with pH about 10 was used to study the effects of absorbed water and OH^- ions on PF/EP polymer film. The results indicates that the color of some part on PF/EP polymer film changes due to corrosion, and that the corrosion part of the polymer film is easy to be peeled off. It can be inferred that OH^- ions generated in HH experiments may play a catalytic role in the chemical reactions between polymer film and the absorbed water, which accelerates the degradation of PF/EP protection film for a resistor.

IGF1-PI3K-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy:Implications for new heart failure therapies,biomarkers,and predicting cardiotoxicity

Heart failure represents the end point of a variety of cardiovascular diseases.It is a growing health burden and a leading cause of death worldwide.To date,limited treatment options exist for the treatment of heart failure,but exercise has been well-established as one of the few safe and effective interventions,leading to improved outcomes in patients.However,a lack of patient adherence remains a significant barrier in the implementation of exercise-based therapy for the treatment of heart failure.The insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF1)phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)pathway has been recognized as perhaps the most critical pathway for mediating exercisedinduced heart growth and protection.Here,we discuss how modulating activity of the IGF1PI3K pathway may be a valuable approach for the development of therapies that mimic the protective effects of exercise on the heart.We outline some of the promising approaches being investigated that utilize PI3K-based therapy for the treatment of heart failure.We discuss the implications for cardiac pathology and cardiotoxicity that arise in a setting of reduced PI3K activity.Finally,we discuss the use of animal models of cardiac health and disease,and genetic mice with increased or decreased cardiac PI3K activity for the discovery of novel drug targets and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.

A Study on Some Causes of Rubble Mound Breakwater Failure

Rubble mound breakwater, one of the protection structures, has been widely used in coastal and port engineering. Block stones were first used as its armor layer, and its use was limited to shallow sea areas where there is no large waves. Since the specially-shaped armor unit was developed, the rubble mound breakwater has become the main sort of the protection structures, which can be used in deep water zones where storm sometimes occurs. Owing to severe and complex surrounding conditions, the rubble mound breakwater failure sometimes occurs, thus the study on the causes of failure is of great importance. In the present study some breakwater failures at home and abroad are illustrated and the causes of failure are investigated from the point of view of design, test, construction and maintenance.

Studies of commutation failures in hybrid LCC/MMC HVDC systems

A hybrid of line commutated converters(LCCs)and modular multi-level converters(MMCs)can provide the advantages of both the technologies.However,the commutation failure still exists if the LCC operates as an inverter in a hybrid LCC/MMC system.In this paper,the system behavior during a commutation failure is investigated.Both halfbridge and full-bridge MMCs are considered.Control strategies are examined through simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC.Additionally,commutation failure protection strategies for multi-terminal hybrid LCC/MMC systems with AC and DC circuit breakers are studied.This paper can contribute to the protection design of future hybrid LCC/MMC systems against commutation failures.

Efficient Routing Protection Algorithm Based on Optimized Network Topology

Network failures are unavoidable and occur frequently.When the network fails,intra-domain routing protocols deploying on the Internet need to undergo a long convergence process.During this period,a large number of messages are discarded,which results in a decline in the user experience and severely affects the quality of service of Internet Service Providers(ISP).Therefore,improving the availability of intra-domain routing is a trending research question to be solved.Industry usually employs routing protection algorithms to improve intra-domain routing availability.However,existing routing protection schemes compute as many backup paths as possible to reduce message loss due to network failures,which increases the cost of the network and impedes the methods deployed in practice.To address the issues,this study proposes an efficient routing protection algorithm based on optimized network topology(ERPBONT).ERPBONT adopts the optimized network topology to calculate a backup path with the minimum path coincidence degree with the shortest path for all source purposes.Firstly,the backup path with the minimum path coincidence with the shortest path is described as an integer programming problem.Then the simulated annealing algorithm ERPBONT is used to find the optimal solution.Finally,the algorithm is tested on the simulated topology and the real topology.The experimental results show that ERPBONT effectively reduces the path coincidence between the shortest path and the backup path,and significantly improves the routing availability.

Reliable Remote Relay Protection in Smart Grid

As the false trips of remote protection relays are among the main reasons behind cascading blackouts, it is critical to design reliable relay protection. Even though common protection schemes on traditional power systems have been investigated for a few decades, cascading failures in recent years indicate more research needed in this area. Consequently, researchers have proposed agent-based methods on the Smart Grid （SG） to address this issue. However, these existing agent-based methods simply use TCP protocol without considering real-time communication requirements （such as bandwidth and delay）. To deal with this issue, several methods for efficient network resource management are proposed. Furthermore, these existing methods do not consider the potential issues in practical communication networks, which may result in delay violation and trigger relay false trips. We have discussed simple backup solutions in the previous work. In this paper, in addition to network efficiency, we focus on improving the system reliability by exploring known power system information and minimizing the chances of false trips of important remote relays, e.g., defining power line priorities based on their importance. Moreover, to further improve the. system reliability, we also in- vestigate the peer-to-peer protection approaches to address the single point of failure of centralized control center.

ESD Protection Design and Characteristic Analysis of Advanced Process Integrated Circuit

The electrostatic discharge(ESD)phenomenon is very common,in daily life,many places will appear ESD phenomenon.However,ESD is a potential hazard for integrated circuits.This paper analyzes the ESD protection design and characteristics of advanced process integrated circuits,and puts forward personal views combined with experience,hoping to bring help to the people who pay attention to the ESD protection of integrated circuits.

顺丁橡胶装置溶剂管线腐蚀泄漏原因分析及防腐对策

某石化公司的顺丁橡胶装置发现溶剂管道出现了腐蚀穿孔问题。为了找到管道失效的根本原因,对腐蚀管道进行了取样,并进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、硬度测量、金相组织分析、微观形貌分析以及腐蚀产物能谱分析等检验与分析。结果显示,管道的化学成分、力学性能及金相组织均符合要求。然而,微观形貌分析发现腐蚀区域呈现沿晶选择性腐蚀,能谱结果显示腐蚀区域含有较高量的氟元素。综合考虑到腐蚀主要发生在焊缝附近,焊缝的凸起和沟槽会在该区域形成涡流和低压区,导致管道内上层气相区的氢氟酸(HF)浓度过高,从而对管壁组织变化区域产生选择性晶间腐蚀。因此可以判断氢氟酸(HF)腐蚀是导致溶剂管道腐蚀穿孔的根本原因。针对管道失效原因,提出了在焊接施工、工艺操作和材质升级方面的建议措施,以避免和预防类似失效,从而提高设备的安全性。

岩溶典型区崩塌落石被动防护网失效概率模拟

贵州省位于我国西南地区,多山地丘陵,是典型的喀斯特地形地貌区,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害频发。思南县小屯岩崩塌带上现存危岩体方量大,裂隙、凹岩腔、溶蚀孔洞等发育。为研究岩溶典型区崩塌落石被动防护网失效概率,通过高精度实景建模技术,构建崩塌带三维模型,进行崩塌落石运动过程模拟,根据现场调查、无人机航拍和数值模拟结果,选择合适的位置布设落石被动防护网。基于落石粒径大小识别,选取不同粒径大小的落石,进行落石被动防护网拦截效果模拟,计算落石被动防护网失效概率。结果表明:13种粒径落石突破概率各不相同,(0.25,2.25)m粒径落石拦截效果良好,但落石被动防护网拦截率不能达到百分之百;落石粒径大于2.25 m,被动防护网出现失效现象,故将2.25 m粒径的落石为小屯岩崩塌带下被动防护网的设计上限。根据计算,所有粒径落石经被动防护网拦截后的失效概率低于5%,属可接受范畴。研究成果为小屯岩崩塌带的落石防护措施提供了有力的参考依据,对保护岩溶地区山区人民的生命安全和财产安全具有重要意义。

一种基于转发图的域内路由保护算法

业界提出利用路由保护算法来解决网络中的故障问题,然而已有的路由保护算法存在4个方面的问题:1)无法应对网络中所有可能的单故障情形;2)需要额外辅助机制的协助;3)不支持增量部署;4)每个结点存储多个到达目的地址的备份下一跳.提出一种基于转发图的域内路由保护算法(an intradomain routing protection algorithm based on forwarding graph,RPBFG)来解决这4个问题.首先建立了以最大化故障保护率为目标、以转发图包含反向最短路径树为约束条件的路由保护模型;然后提出了利用遗传算法构造满足上述目标的转发图;最后根据构造的转发图计算出所有结点到达目的结点的备份下一跳.在11个真实拓扑结构中比较了RPBFG,NPC,U-turn,MARA-MA,MARA-SPE在故障保护率和路径拉伸度的性能.实验结果表明,RPBFG可以应对网络中所有可能的单故障;在平均路径拉伸度方面,RPBFG比NPC,U-turn,MARA-MA,MARA-SPE分别降低了0.11%,0.72%,37.79%,36.26%.

中国西部某油田管道失效原因及防护措施

对西部某油田管道失效数据进行统计分析,结合细菌检测、水质与土壤分析等手段对管道失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:内外腐蚀穿孔是造成该油田管道失效的主要原因;管道运行年限长、制造工艺缺陷、内外环境介质腐蚀性强、细菌加速腐蚀、缺乏有效腐蚀防护措施、施工过程不规范是该油田管道内外腐蚀的重要原因。通过失效原因分析、选用耐蚀性管材、采用适用性强的防腐蚀层和腐蚀抑制剂、建立现场腐蚀监测系统,可对油田管道腐蚀进行综合性治理防控。

高压GGNMOS器件结构及工艺对ESD防护特性的影响

基于高压CMOS工艺,对高压栅极接地N型金属氧化物半导体(Highvoltagegrounded-gate N-metal-oxide-semiconductor, HV-GGNMOS)的静电放电(Electrostatic discharge, ESD)防护性能进行研究。由于强折回特性以及失效电流低,HV-GGNMOS在实际应用中受到限制。本文通过计算机辅助设计技术仿真及传输线脉冲实验研究了工艺参数及版图结构对器件ESD防护性能的影响。结果表明,增加漂移区掺杂浓度可以有效提高器件失效电流;加强体接触和增加漂移区长度可以提高器件的维持电压,但失效电流会有所下降,占用版图面积也会更大。

难熔金属表面高温防护涂层抗热震性能研究现状

难熔金属及其合金具有高温强度优异、加工塑性好、耐腐蚀性好等优点,在航空、航天和核工业领域中得到了广泛应用,是一种重要的高温结构材料。但难熔金属及其合金因其自身易氧化的缺点,导致材料在未达到服役温度时就发生严重氧化,从而快速失效。目前,高性能高温防护涂层是保障难熔合金服役性能的关键,然而难熔金属及其合金表面高温防护涂层的实际服役工况非常苛刻,往往伴随着强热震,是导致涂层失效的重要原因。因此,难熔金属表面高温防护涂层在具备优异恒温抗氧化性能的前提下,还需具备良好的抗热震性能。综述了难熔金属表面高温防护涂层的热震失效机制,讨论了影响涂层抗热震性能的关键参数;阐述了难熔金属表面硅化物、金属和复合涂层3类主要涂层体系抗热震性能的研究现状,重点回顾了优化涂层结构、添加陶瓷颗粒以及设计复合涂层等提高涂层抗热震性能的方法及其改善效果;最后,从降低涂层与基体间的热膨胀系数失配度、改善基体/涂层界面结合性能以及设计复合梯度涂层3个方面展望了未来难熔金属高温防护涂层的发展方向。

基于SRv6的域内路由保护方案研究

网络故障导致大量的数据包丢失,并且严重影响网络性能,如何高效快速地应对网络中的故障是设计路由协议的基本要求和主要任务。目前,比较有效的方法是互联网部署的开放式最短路径优先(open shortest path first,OSPF)和中间系统到中间系统(intermediate system-to-intermediate system,IS-IS),通过动态路由协议解决网络故障,但是在协议动态收敛的过程中仍会有大量的报文被丢弃。因此,路由器厂商广泛采用了性能更好的路由保护方法来克服网络故障,然而,已有的路由保护方案普遍存在实现复杂度较高或者故障保护率偏低情况。针对上述问题,在SRv6实现了网络可编程性的基础上,提出一种基于SRv6的域内路由保护方案(research on intra-domain routing protection scheme based on SRv6,RPSRv6),方案首先提出了备份路径的计算规则,并根据备份路径计算规则在生成的增量最短路径树上,为所有受链路故障影响的源目的结点对计算备份路径,在此基础上,提出了Seg-ment List的计算规则,即计算出Segment List中SID的值与个数。在计算备份路径的过程中,每个受故障影响的结点和其他结点最多被访问一次,因此RPSRv6的时间复杂度具有较好的表现。实验结果表明,与已有的实现DC(downstream criterion)规则和U-Turn算法相比较,RPSRv6算法在故障保护率和路径拉伸度两个度量指标具有更好的实验效果,达到了100%的故障保护率并且在路径拉伸度方面达到了最优路径。

非奈利酮对2型糖尿病患者心肾保护作用的研究进展

盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂是心力衰竭患者的指南推荐治疗药物。然而,高钾血症和激素副作用的相关风险限制了其在2型糖尿病合并中晚期慢性肾脏病及心血管疾病高风险患者中的广泛使用。非奈利酮是一种新型非甾体类盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂,用于与2型糖尿病相关的心血管疾病和慢性肾脏病患者,达到心肾保护的作用。本文对非奈利酮在治疗2型糖尿病中心肾保护的作用机制、药理特性、安全性等进行综述,旨在为2型糖尿病合并心力衰竭及肾脏损伤患者的临床治疗提供帮助。

一起220 kV电流互感器故障保护动作行为分析

介绍了一起220 kV光伏电站内电流互感器故障的动作案例,详细分析了保护动作行为情况,根据分析对一次设备故障点进行了推测定位,并进行了验证,以期能对电网系统现场故障分析、保护动作分析等有所帮助。