Philosophical Matrix as a System of Categories of Pure Mind

The article is a study devoted to the development of the concept of the philosophical matrix as a system of categories of pure reason.The author proposes a new approach to understanding the philosophical system of categories by putting forward unambiguous comparative concepts that serve as the basis for natural sciences.While the foundations of specific sciences are the concepts of“practical reason”,the author finds the categories of“pure reason”to be the foundations of philosophy,understood as“knowledge of the universal”.The article shows that relying on the senses and the concepts of“practical reason”allows for the verification of knowledge,while their generalization,removed from knowledge obtained empirically,gives categories of“pure reason”,which are accepted as the building material of the matrix.In this way,the author proposes a new system of philosophical categories that describes the fundamental aspects of human reasoning and its interaction with the world.At the same time,the categories of the philosophical matrix are not related to such ambiguous classificatory concepts as space,time,being,existence,consciousness,and others.The article draws attention to the fact that the matrix can be used not only to analyze philosophical theories but also to develop new concrete scientific approaches,for example,for the intellectual development of children.In addition,the article suggests the possibility of applying the philosophical matrix in other areas of the humanities,including psychology,linguistics,and sociology.As a result of the conducted research,the human intellect is divided into three ascending stages,designated by me in the following words-reason,mind,and wisdom,with the subsequent use of these concepts in philosophy and other fields of knowledge.

Philosophical Reflection on Risks of Transgenic Technology

[Objective] The aim was to analyze risks of transgenic technology. [Method] Discussions on risks of transgenic technologies were conducted from perspective of philosophy. [Result] Mechanistic philosophy and reductionism are causes of reflection on risks of transgenic technology. Considering transgene is an artificial choice taking place of natural choice, it is inevitable for risks of transgenic technology to be found. In addition, social system constitutes the root for out-of-control of transgenic technology, hence, mechanism risk is the primary cause of transgenic risks. [Conclusion] It is inescapable for science view to be changed from arbitrary and lopsided to reflective and comprehensive and for technology view to be changed from exterminative and genesic to protective and symbiotic.

Richard Power’s Philosophical Thoughts in Prisoner’s Dilemma

The“prisoner’s dilemma”illustrates that everyone is rationally thinking about maximizing their own interests and taking their own best strategies,but the end result is counterproductive.In Prisoner’s Dilemma Richard Powers describes multiformareas of dilemma;to lose balance;to make choices;and ask each other:what to do next?It is a master trope for relaying the permanent impasse or dilemma of cooperation versus defection.In most cases,the prisoner's dilemma is more about the number of defeats in the game,and even a major loss of society.Individual rationality is likely to be a collective disregard,and if everyone is acting on the principle of self-interest,it is often the result that everyone is lost.Powers expresses his philosophical insight:Until a cooperative instead of antagonistic solution is collectively agreed upon,we still remain imprisoned in an interminable and oppressive struggle and conflict decided by self-interest and rational control,which is also a moral response to historical consciousness of postmodernism.

Philosophical Thinking on Soil and Water Ecology

Any ecosystem is commonly composed of organism and environmental system. Vegetation is primary producer and key factor of biological system,while water and soil are leading factors of environmental system. How to conform to and use nature,protect the integrity and continuity of the ecosystem,play ecological service function of the system,protect and improve eco-environment needs grasping key factor of ecosystem or principal contradiction,namely water,soil and vegetation. Said from the source,all human activities are dealing with water,soil and vegetation,and continuously using and changing water,soil and vegetation for production of material goods and social economic construction,thereby affecting and changing natural environment. Main problems of eco-environment are induced by the interference and destruction on water,soil and vegetation by human activities. But human beings cannot manipulate and change natural phenomenon and rule,such as sunlight,diurnal variation and revolution of the earth. Soil and water ecology is the deepening and development of soil and water conservation view,and innovation and expansion of ecological science,and indicates a kind of ecological equilibrium relationship among soil,water and vegetation on the earth inter-associating,inter-promoting and inter-developing. Broadly speaking,soil and water ecology indicates the sum total of all relations among water,soil and vegetation in motion and evolution process. Cognition of soil and water ecology from the height of philosophy is conducive to further understanding important position and role of soil and water ecology theory in eco-environment,correctly recognizing position and relationship between man and nature,and clearly finding the key of current eco-environment problem and its future and direction,which could provide important theoretic support for maintaining earth's eco-environment and realizing sustainable development of mankind.

The Rehabilitation of Rhetoric in Gadamer’s Philosophical Hermeneutics

The interrelation of rhetoric and hermeneutics is rooted in our existential historicity and linguisticity.Rhetorical competence and education are integral approaches to a better understanding of being-in-the-world.Inspired by Platonic dialectic and Aristotle’s phronesis,Gadamer has redefined true rhetoric and revived the epistemological and ethical dimensions in rhetoric in his philosophical hermeneutics.This article investigates four aspects in Gadamer’s rehabilitation of rhetoric.First,rhetoric as ethics.Rhetoric transcends the dualism of self-other,subject-object through its dialogical structure,and is composed of understanding and application as a whole in hermeneutic experience.Second,rhetoric as discursive knowledge.Rhetoric is oriented to eine Sache(reality)itself,and is endowed with primitive experience of truth.Its own validity as discursive knowledge is not confined to scientific methodology,and is essential for natural and human sciences.Third,rhetoric as component of linguisticity.The ubiquity of rhetoric makes it an integral component of linguisticity.The capacity to use metaphors,symbols,allegory is an important aspect of our linguisticity,revealing the rhetorical quality in language.Lastly,hermeneutic theories inspired by rhetoric.Gadamer’s rehabilitation of rhetoric is beneficial for the development of philosophical hermeneutics and humanist education in modern world.

Analysis——Phenomenology——Morphology：Some Remarks on Ludwig Wittgenstein＇s Philosophical Method

The article discusses the problem of the unity of Ludwig Wittgenstein＇s philosophy. It is demonstrated that Wittgenstein applied two methods of study. Changes in his philosophy are correlated with modifications in his method of thinking and investigation. In his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, the only correct method is logical proposition analysis. In the early 1930s, he transformed his philosophy into a phenomenological description of experience, defining its aim as the development of phenomenological language. After 1933, Wittgenstein recognised the grammatical dimension of language and created tools of grammatical analysis. He introduced the notions of language-games and life forms. His philosophy turned into morphology and a description of human language practice.

Philosophical Way of Life as ＂Cura Sui＂

Uniqueness of philosophical knowledge is connected with display of existential character of the answer to philosophical problems, therefore knowledge in the form of philosophizing is always ＂finding of the reality in a situation in which at any moment there is a person.＂ While philosophizing a person defines oneself by means of the realization. Philosophizing is something through what a person becomes what he/she is, while getting implicated with the reality. The philosophical way of life can be carried out in two ways： either alone as a way of meditation, or together with people as a way of communication. When I carry out thoughtful reflection as a self-reflection, transcendental reflection, and full understanding of the present moment in my life appears peace of mind （despite concern of life）, trust （despite all horrors and misfortunes）, ability to make decisions （despite fluctuations of passions）, reliability and fidelity （despite temptations of this world）. Philosophical thoughts are not the guide to action, but a condition of intelligent life： Life becomes impregnated with thought.

Managing Complexity and Speed of Processes in the Organizations—A Philosophical and Practical Approach

The business challenges of today are managing complexity and the speed of changes with processes and systems since there are continuously new requirements from market, consumers, suppliers, employees, government etc. For example, when product and service innovations are launched on the market, the relevant processes, policies, people, systems, and technologies should have been prepared and set up in advance. Depending on the business sector, the implementation of new processes and systems as well as their continuous improvement can be easy to very complex and of course very costly. Responding to those challenges, there are several methodologies and approaches like Continuous Improvement Process, Lean Management and Kaizen etc. On the other hand, the application of these methodologies to other industries like service and technology companies is not always successful since their conditions and requirements are different than those of manufacturing organizations. Because of these reasons, the management needs to find out （new） ways of working and to implement new solutions in order to master those challenges and problems. This is not always easy and successful. There are different types of solution options that can be applied situational in every organization. Philosophy can help essentially by asking and answering critical questions in order to provide with solution options to reduce the complexity and to increase the speed of processes. There are several proven and new governance concepts, frameworks, and tools which follow their philosophies. This paper demonstrates how those challenges can be responded and managed as well as how a philosophical approach can help primarily to provide with appropriate solutions.

Psychological and Philosophical Readings of the Spectatorship of Bollywood and Indian Tamil Film in Sri Lanka

The objective of this study is to explore the psychic, moral, ethical and logical significances in the spectatorship of Bollywood and Tamil film in the Sri Lanka. Bollywood and Tamil film has been taking a very popular cultural performance in Sri Lanka. The original Indian spectatorship of these film traditions has been diverted by the cultural and political psychology of Sri Lanka. Hence, this local orientation of the Indian cinema remains a quite metamorphosis and deconstruction in its appreciation and screening in terms of the social, cultural and political features that deeply-rooted in Sri Lankan history, culture and geographical limitations. For this study, several film texts, which include typical Bollywood and Tamil film characteristic features were used and observed on how they have been absorbed in the Sri Lankan cultural society. And on the other hand, some audience surveys specific to different film appreciation contexts were conducted. They included urban slums, semi-rural Muslim societies, north and east areas of Tamil villages, Colombo urban society, Tamil state areas and Kandyan Sinhala rural villages. In the textual analysis of the film content, implicit psychological narrations and their social and aesthetic interpretations were revealed in the analytical explanations. Using the audience surveys, many different opinions that can be traditionally filtered in the screening and appreciation of these film traditions specific to their living cultural settings were also identified. In conclusion, perception in Sinhala film has been considerably designed by the experience of Bollywood and Tamil film spectatorship is deducted by this study. Hence, not only this social trend affected to the appreciation of film in local general audience but also in all the facets of film production （script writing, shooting, acting, dialoguing, music and choreography and screening） has also significantly being influenced by the Bollywood and Tamil film. As a result of this evolution of local film culture, most recent trend in Sinhala film noir is also being followed by the early subjective consequences of Bollywood and Tamil film culture in Sri Lanka.

Theoretical Models of Space and Its Philosophical Category

Diverse concepts of space developed in history of natural philosophy,mathematics,physics,and other natural or cultural studies form theoretical models of spatial relations,given in human’s experience.Their diversity is due not only to the multiplicity of philosophical and methodological approaches to the concept of space,but also to the variety of ways,in which spatial relationships can be organized.This variety gives a possibility to distinct autonomous spaces of different types with diverse sets of properties as well as separate spaces with their own ordinal,metrical,and sequential structures.Particularly,various ways of space semiotization in culture generate different types of autonomous and separate spaces:written texts,maps,pictures,chessboards,etc.In the same time,all particular notions of space are included in a general logical class.Its volume and content are covered by the philosophical category of space.Such general category cannot be reduced to mathematical,physical,or other concepts of space elaborated in particular sciences,however,it serves as a philosophical basis for their comparison.

Philosophical Thinking on Chinese Drama

There is a profound and close relationship between philosophy and drama. All great writers have a philosophical vision and fantasy of one kind or another. As Wang Guowei said, "A Dream of Red Mansions is universally acclaimed as a philosophical and literary work." However, Chinese drama has always been plagued by pragmatism and instrumentalism, and often finds itself caught in the trap of philosophical poverty when it comes to dramatic writing and theoretical criticism related to drama. Friedrich Engels once said, "The immense depth of thought and the historical content are perfectly integrated with the vividness and richness of Shakespearean plots." This remains the highest philosophical standards we are going to reach in dramatic writing.

A Philosophical Review of China's Eco–Countryside Construction

Currently, rural China is committed to constructing beautiful countryside and promoting ecological progress. However, this process is accompanied with a distinct misconception that eco–countryside construction only serves as a solution to rural environmental pollution and a tool for ecological progress, instead of a strategy for the innovation and development of the Chinese economy. China's eco–countryside construction concerns its future economic development and transformation, as well as the improvement of the rural environment. This eco–countryside construction should be supposed to be a great strategy to boost China's ecological progress. It is designed to bring about new economic drivers and rural prosperity. From a philosophical perspective, this paper reviews China's eco–countryside construction, specifies its strategic value to economic development, and practical significance to the innovation of the Chinese economy.

In Search of the Reality of the African Selves Through the Philosophical Reasoning and Intellectual Insanity of the Sober Mind

The article searches for the reality of the African selves through the veins of philosophical and intellectual reasoning. It provides for African knowledge dissemination, integration and synthesis defining the hypothetical nature of the African mankind＇s reality. The African reality is explained herein, in terms of the realism subject matter of idealism from the circumstantial perspectives. The ideal that formed part of the authority of eternal yesterday carried throughout from one generation to the other. The article parallels its abstraction from the search of who am ＂I＂ when ＂me＂ comes into scrutiny in the body form. It disintegrates these intangible values and measures of equal importance. The body form of normative pluralism contains the coexistent of ＇T＇ and ＂me＂ and sustains them cooperatively. The insanity of the sober mind is often debated meaninglessly. The supposed meanings often end up meaningless sometimes and all the times; times and half a time worthless while micro scoped through non-African philosophical and intellectual minds.

Analysis on the Economic Ethics Thoughts in the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 are one of Marx＇ s early works with great significance. It marked the thought development of Marx to a new stage. Marx in the Manuscripts through the criticism of the national economics, alienation labor theory to the problem of human essence, existing in the capitalist society of economic development and the moral result inverse problem and the communism theory expounds main contents such as the economic reality of capitalist society in profound ethical criticism, reveals the capitalist society economy inhumane between moral and ethical relations, in all of his criticism is always full of profound urges and powerful strength of moral criticism and deep ethical care, contained in the Manuscripts of economic ethics in today still has the significant theory significance and practical guiding value.

The Intemal Implication of the Economic Ethics in the Alienated Labor Theory of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Alienated labor, also known as labor alienation, was a concept with historical creativity, which was first raised in Marx＇ s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. The Manuscripts was important works of Marx, in which the social relations of capitalism private ownership were analyzed by Marx using the concept of alienated labor. A deep analysis was conducted by Marx from the specific historical facts, in which the rational kernel of the alienated problem in the social relations of capitalism was mentioned. Specifically, the alienated labor theory was analyzed from the relationship of laborers with their labor products and labor itself, human＇ s essence, and other people under the condition of the capitalist private ownership; the ＂ought to be＂ ethical characteristics of labors were expounded from the perspective of ethics, and the abnormal labor relations in the process of capitalist production were ethically reviewed and criticized. Therefore, rich economic ethics thoughts were contained in Marx＇ s analysis of the alienated labor theory.

Philosophical Consideration about the Sustainable Development of the Economy in West China

To realize the sustainable development of the economy of West China is not merely a great economic problem, butalso a great national problem and political issue. The economic activity is a practical activity for the economic subject. Theeconomic development view, values, and the natural view of the economic subject determine the choice of the behavior of themain body in the economic activity. Only the behavior of the economic subject according with its demands could make theeconomy of west China have a sustainable development. Therefore, establishing the development view, the values and naturalview of the economic subject for sustainable development becomes a realistic problem that is worth of thinking.

从功能对等理论看Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone中译本的专有名词之比较

谈到现代西方魔幻文学,我们马上就想到一位英国作家——乔安妮·凯瑟琳·罗琳,以及她的代表作品《哈利·波特》。这个作品为七部曲,主要介绍了主人公哈利·波特在经过魔法世界中的种种磨练,最终打败黑暗势力,成长为一位年轻优秀的魔法师的传奇故事。它是一部魔幻儿童文学作品,深受各个年龄阶层人们的喜爱,风靡全球。从《哈利·波特》引发的热潮开始,各种争议也此起彼伏,有关这个作品的学术研究也一直不断。文章以《哈利·波特与魔法石》的苏农译本和彭倩文译本为研究比较对象,利用尤金·奈达的功能对等理论,从各个角度对原著中的重要专有名词展开系统分类,以及深入分析专有名词的各种翻译途径,如何最贴切地翻译文学作品中的专有名称,来帮助中国读者更好地理解作者罗琳所创造的世界。

Homer in Nietzsche’s Art of Interpretation

The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the relevance of the aesthetic understanding of the Western culture’s development in Nietzsche’s thought based on his artistic conception of interpretation.In order to accomplish this,his considerations on the figure of Homer in the production of the classical imaginary of Greek culture are taken as a discursive motif in the comparison between three distinct nuclei of his oeuvres,namely,his methodological discussions on philology,his theoretical analyses on the rhetorical nature of language-both from the time of his academic activity in Basel-and his philosophical reflections on creative interpretation in the 1880s.The fundamental premises raised by such comparison are the following:(a)interpretation as an art is a consequence of language as a pragmatically produced system of references;and(b)language is a practical aspect of the individual’s synthetic organic condition as a body in the world.As such,interpretation would be an aesthetic synthesis in Nietzsche’s philosophy.As a concluding remark,it should be demonstrated how the interpreter conceived as a creator is as worthwhile for understanding the historical processes of cultural transmission as it is for launching prospects for the future of cultural horizons.

The Physical Universe and the Theoretical Value of Science:Reflections on the Thought of G.Leopardi

The essay has two main purposes.The first consists of discussing some literary and philosophical thoughts on the epistemological value of science by one of the most famous and celebrated poets in Italian literature,Giacomo Leopardi.The poet firmly believes in the cognitive power of science,capable of revealing false beliefs with the light of reason.However,in his mature reflections,what will radically change will not be the value of scientific activity itself,always admirably accepted,but rather its true salvific force.Leopardi was not a scientist,but he used the scientific culture of his time to critically address the great existential themes of man concerning nature and the universe.He had amply demonstrated a scientific culture since his youthful'History of Astronomy',which would reappear in many of his other literary works.His deep and meditative reflections on the nature of finite and infinite space and time are a clear and fruitful testimony to this.However,Giacomo writes icastically,reason alone is not enough;it needs imagination.The second concerns a first reconstruction of the influence that the philosophy of Enlightenment had on Leopardi’s thought especially in relation to these topics:atheism,rejection of providentialism and anthropocentrism,the conception of nature,the question of the relationship between human and animal intelligence,the rejection of metaphysics,the importance of scientific knowledge.

Reconstructing Folk Concepts

Our reconstructions of folk concepts are often influenced by the metaphysical and epistemological doctrines we are committed to.Surprisingly enough,this influence is rarely recognized in definitional debates and has been mostly overlooked in the literature on philosophical definitions.It is frequent for philosophers to act as if only evidential support(for example,our intuitions across real and hypothetical cases)should be considered when choosing between competing reconstructions.This programmatic paper analyzes the interplay between philosophical commitments and evidence in the reconstruction of folk concepts.It also clarifies the precise manner in which metaphysical and epistemological doctrines influence philosophical definitions,why the incidence of metaphysical and epistemological doctrines is rarely recognized,and why theoretically motivated definitions should not be assimilated to the two major forms of definitions recognized in the relevant literature(descriptive and revisionary).