The philosophical foundation of the mainstream neoclassical economics is empirical philosophy.The controversies of economic methodology over inductive and deductive methods,over verificationistic and falsificationisti...The philosophical foundation of the mainstream neoclassical economics is empirical philosophy.The controversies of economic methodology over inductive and deductive methods,over verificationistic and falsificationistic approaches,and over positive and normative analyses in the evolution of economics are associated with those in the philosophy of science.The evolution of philosophy of science suggests that the above-mentioned pairs of economic methodologies should be appropriately combined when used in economics.It is not sensible to overemphasize either one inside each pair of economic methodologies.展开更多
Entropy is important in philosophy of science,but some fallacies originate from the misunderstanding entropy increases.The basis of thermodynamics is the statistics and its basic principle of statistical independence....Entropy is important in philosophy of science,but some fallacies originate from the misunderstanding entropy increases.The basis of thermodynamics is the statistics and its basic principle of statistical independence.We proposed possible entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in isolated systems,and discuss this possibility of various aspects on science and nature.Further,we derive quantitatively a total formula of entropy change for universal evolution of any natural and social systems,and discuss entropy decrease in economics and social sciences.Entropy change is a testable science.As long as we break through the bondage of the second law of thermodynamics,the rich and complex world is full of examples of entropy decrease.We believe world is not pessimistic always.展开更多
The scientificity of the research should be evaluated according to the methodology used in the study.However,these are usually the research areas or the institutions that are classified as scientific or non-scientific...The scientificity of the research should be evaluated according to the methodology used in the study.However,these are usually the research areas or the institutions that are classified as scientific or non-scientific.Because of various reasons,it may turn out that the scientific institutions are not producing science,while the“non-scientists”are doing real science.In the extreme case,the official science system is entirely corrupt,consisting of fraudsters,while the real scientists have been expelled from academic institutions.Since 2016-2017,there has been much talk about the“post-truth era”and the politicians who are“denying science”.However,simultaneously,many complaints about the corruption of science appeared.The outsider cannot tell who is telling the truth as it may be the case that the science fraudsters are defending themselves and these politicians are aware of the corruption.It is also untrue that the censoring or suppression of science started from 2016-2017.Suppression of science because of political and ideological reasons was present already long ago,and during the last few years,it has been increasing.The picture is highly complicated as there are many pretenders,false accusations,etc.For example,because of political reasons,someone may be set up as a pseudoscientist,the real scientist may be expelled using political accusations,justified criticism may be labelled as political pressure,etc.There is something like an inner information war ongoing in and around science.The classical philosophy of science seems unable to handle it because every formal rule can be misapplied.Science,as a whole,may be unable to persist.展开更多
Dark matter and dark energy as two basic problems of modern science are very important in philosophy.But,some models of them are not testability in epistemology.Based on Dirac’s negative energy,we propose that the ne...Dark matter and dark energy as two basic problems of modern science are very important in philosophy.But,some models of them are not testability in epistemology.Based on Dirac’s negative energy,we propose that the negative matter and opposite matter are different.They can form a perfect symmetrical world.The negative matter may be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy.It is the mechanism of inflation as origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing.We calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter,and propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is an opposite repulsive lensing,and other eight possible tests.This is a testable and calculable model.展开更多
Time and space are two very important basic concepts in philosophy and nature.In special relativity we proved that there are necessarily two symmetrical topological structures separated by the light-cone,which include...Time and space are two very important basic concepts in philosophy and nature.In special relativity we proved that there are necessarily two symmetrical topological structures separated by the light-cone,which includes the generalized Lorentz transformation(GLT)for the spacelike interval,in which phase velocity is superluminal.Based on quantum entanglement as new fifth interaction,we research a simple superluminal entangled communication,whose key is to establish two mutually entangled particles or devices Alice(A)and Bob(B).We observe and control the information of A position,and then can know the corresponding results of the other B.This is not to send directly information each other.It may be superluminal,and should agree and test GLT.Moreover,we research some new possible developments of time and space,such as the fractal dimension extended to the complex dimension,the higher dimensional time,and the arrow of time.A generalized Noether’s theorem is proposed.In quantum theory,we search the higher dimensional complex space in supersymmetry,and the space-time operators.展开更多
The big progresses in astronomy and universe are all related to important philosophy of science.Based on general relativity,we discuss some progresses:binary stars and their form,negative matter,and inflation,etc.Then...The big progresses in astronomy and universe are all related to important philosophy of science.Based on general relativity,we discuss some progresses:binary stars and their form,negative matter,and inflation,etc.Then we propose three predictions of gravitational waves:their observations must be nonlinear waves;velocity of gravitational wave should be slightly higher than the velocity of light;gravitational waves in black holes may emit and be observed.The directed gravitational wave observatories for high-energy astrophysics are proposed.展开更多
Models and observations are two fundamental methodological approaches in Earth system science(ESS). They evolve collaboratively and enhance one another. However, neither of these two approaches is perfect, and they ha...Models and observations are two fundamental methodological approaches in Earth system science(ESS). They evolve collaboratively and enhance one another. However, neither of these two approaches is perfect, and they have incompatibilities due to their methodological differences. The emergence of data assimilation(DA) has enabled these two approaches to develop in conjunction and form a harmonic ESS methodology. As a result, DA has shown a fresh vitality and applicability in ESS. This paper reviews the application of DA in the main branches of ESS, traces the coordinated evolution of DA with the methodologies of rationalism and empiricism, analyzes the relationships of DA with estimation theory and cybernetics, summarizes the advances of DA in China, and presents an outlook on the challenges facing the development of a uniform DA for ESS. DA theories and methods will continue to evolve and provide an increasingly mature methodology for enhancing the understanding and prediction of Earth as a system.展开更多
Contemporary science philosophy suggests that discussing ontological problems is of fundamental significance broadly within certain specific disciplines. Natural and social science research are inseparable from philos...Contemporary science philosophy suggests that discussing ontological problems is of fundamental significance broadly within certain specific disciplines. Natural and social science research are inseparable from philosophical guidance; for instance, the philosophy of geography is the ideological basis for geography. The traditional philosophy of geography is methodology- oriented, which primarily emphasizes the ＂logical structure of geography explanations,＂ and ig- nores the discussion of its ontology. This study, in the context of the philosophy of science, ex- plores the relationships between methodology, ontology, and the philosophy of geography, defines the connotations of geographical ontology, analyzes the links and differences between philoso- phical ontology and scientific ontology of geography, clarifies the nature of geographical ontology, and summaries its theoretical values. The ontology of geography incorporates the philosophically ontological beliefs of geographers and geographical schools and the ontological commitment of the theory of geography. As different geographers hold different philosophical viewpoints, their ontological beliefs are different; one geographical theory asserts an ontological commitment of ＂what is there,＂ which determines the nature and types of objectives the theory references. The ontological beliefs of geographers determine their epistemology, methodology, and axiology, and the ontological commitment of a geographical theory is the premise and basis of that theory.展开更多
An important epistemological problem has been faced by Exercise Physiologists.On one hand,one theory explains the fatigue through a ceiling effect of oxygen uptake.On the other hand,the new theory proposes that an enc...An important epistemological problem has been faced by Exercise Physiologists.On one hand,one theory explains the fatigue through a ceiling effect of oxygen uptake.On the other hand,the new theory proposes that an encephalon mechanism would stop the effort before a catastrophic homeostasis failure.Many physiologists have looked for evidence to support their favourite theory even though the induction logic problem does not allow to prove whether truth is discovered;however,it is possible to prove that it does not occur.When some researchers fail to test their hypotheses,they use relativism to bring up their theories again.Noakes and his colleagues have based their theory on relativism,because it is impossible to refute by empirical observation.It also doesn't explain all phenomena that the oldest Hill's theory is able to explain.Noakes's theory isn't more accurate in its previsions.Noakes did not check whether the oxygen uptake plateau occurs in suitable tests to measure on the mouth what happens in the muscles.Finally,it doesn't propose new tests for the encephalon role during maximal effort,as that is expected in scientific work.For all of these reasons,it is possible to conclude there are no advantages in switching to the“Central Governor”theory.展开更多
The heavy emphasis on statistical rigor that business schools in American universities place on research is questionable in general and, for business schools in China, is not necessarily a good strategy by which eithe...The heavy emphasis on statistical rigor that business schools in American universities place on research is questionable in general and, for business schools in China, is not necessarily a good strategy by which either to produce useful research or to distinguish themselves from business schools in the United States. The reasons for this pertain to, first, what statistical analysis is good for in science; second, what statistical analysis is not good for in science; third, what statistical analysis is and is not good for in business research; fourth, how a large sample size is not generalizable but a single case is; fifth, how action research, design research, and Herbert Simon＇s ＂sciences of the artificial＂ all demonstrate rigor without statistics; and finally, the historical context that explains the turn to statistics in American business schools but is irrelevant to China. The recommendation is for business schools in China not necessarily to reject statistical research, but rather, to also pursue other, equally scientific forms of research, including those recognized by Herbert Simon.展开更多
基金the Research Project titled“The Role of the Global Development Initiative in Promoting Balanced,Coordinated and Inclusive Global Development”(ID:3162022ZYE03)and funded by the Basic Research Funds for Centrally Administered Institutions of Tertiary Education.
文摘The philosophical foundation of the mainstream neoclassical economics is empirical philosophy.The controversies of economic methodology over inductive and deductive methods,over verificationistic and falsificationistic approaches,and over positive and normative analyses in the evolution of economics are associated with those in the philosophy of science.The evolution of philosophy of science suggests that the above-mentioned pairs of economic methodologies should be appropriately combined when used in economics.It is not sensible to overemphasize either one inside each pair of economic methodologies.
文摘Entropy is important in philosophy of science,but some fallacies originate from the misunderstanding entropy increases.The basis of thermodynamics is the statistics and its basic principle of statistical independence.We proposed possible entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in isolated systems,and discuss this possibility of various aspects on science and nature.Further,we derive quantitatively a total formula of entropy change for universal evolution of any natural and social systems,and discuss entropy decrease in economics and social sciences.Entropy change is a testable science.As long as we break through the bondage of the second law of thermodynamics,the rich and complex world is full of examples of entropy decrease.We believe world is not pessimistic always.
文摘The scientificity of the research should be evaluated according to the methodology used in the study.However,these are usually the research areas or the institutions that are classified as scientific or non-scientific.Because of various reasons,it may turn out that the scientific institutions are not producing science,while the“non-scientists”are doing real science.In the extreme case,the official science system is entirely corrupt,consisting of fraudsters,while the real scientists have been expelled from academic institutions.Since 2016-2017,there has been much talk about the“post-truth era”and the politicians who are“denying science”.However,simultaneously,many complaints about the corruption of science appeared.The outsider cannot tell who is telling the truth as it may be the case that the science fraudsters are defending themselves and these politicians are aware of the corruption.It is also untrue that the censoring or suppression of science started from 2016-2017.Suppression of science because of political and ideological reasons was present already long ago,and during the last few years,it has been increasing.The picture is highly complicated as there are many pretenders,false accusations,etc.For example,because of political reasons,someone may be set up as a pseudoscientist,the real scientist may be expelled using political accusations,justified criticism may be labelled as political pressure,etc.There is something like an inner information war ongoing in and around science.The classical philosophy of science seems unable to handle it because every formal rule can be misapplied.Science,as a whole,may be unable to persist.
文摘Dark matter and dark energy as two basic problems of modern science are very important in philosophy.But,some models of them are not testability in epistemology.Based on Dirac’s negative energy,we propose that the negative matter and opposite matter are different.They can form a perfect symmetrical world.The negative matter may be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy.It is the mechanism of inflation as origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing.We calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter,and propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is an opposite repulsive lensing,and other eight possible tests.This is a testable and calculable model.
文摘Time and space are two very important basic concepts in philosophy and nature.In special relativity we proved that there are necessarily two symmetrical topological structures separated by the light-cone,which includes the generalized Lorentz transformation(GLT)for the spacelike interval,in which phase velocity is superluminal.Based on quantum entanglement as new fifth interaction,we research a simple superluminal entangled communication,whose key is to establish two mutually entangled particles or devices Alice(A)and Bob(B).We observe and control the information of A position,and then can know the corresponding results of the other B.This is not to send directly information each other.It may be superluminal,and should agree and test GLT.Moreover,we research some new possible developments of time and space,such as the fractal dimension extended to the complex dimension,the higher dimensional time,and the arrow of time.A generalized Noether’s theorem is proposed.In quantum theory,we search the higher dimensional complex space in supersymmetry,and the space-time operators.
文摘The big progresses in astronomy and universe are all related to important philosophy of science.Based on general relativity,we discuss some progresses:binary stars and their form,negative matter,and inflation,etc.Then we propose three predictions of gravitational waves:their observations must be nonlinear waves;velocity of gravitational wave should be slightly higher than the velocity of light;gravitational waves in black holes may emit and be observed.The directed gravitational wave observatories for high-energy astrophysics are proposed.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA19070104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41801270 and 41701046)the 13th Five-year Informatization Plan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XXH13505-06)。
文摘Models and observations are two fundamental methodological approaches in Earth system science(ESS). They evolve collaboratively and enhance one another. However, neither of these two approaches is perfect, and they have incompatibilities due to their methodological differences. The emergence of data assimilation(DA) has enabled these two approaches to develop in conjunction and form a harmonic ESS methodology. As a result, DA has shown a fresh vitality and applicability in ESS. This paper reviews the application of DA in the main branches of ESS, traces the coordinated evolution of DA with the methodologies of rationalism and empiricism, analyzes the relationships of DA with estimation theory and cybernetics, summarizes the advances of DA in China, and presents an outlook on the challenges facing the development of a uniform DA for ESS. DA theories and methods will continue to evolve and provide an increasingly mature methodology for enhancing the understanding and prediction of Earth as a system.
基金Humanities and Social Science Research Project of Ministry of Education Fund,No.15YJA720003
文摘Contemporary science philosophy suggests that discussing ontological problems is of fundamental significance broadly within certain specific disciplines. Natural and social science research are inseparable from philosophical guidance; for instance, the philosophy of geography is the ideological basis for geography. The traditional philosophy of geography is methodology- oriented, which primarily emphasizes the ＂logical structure of geography explanations,＂ and ig- nores the discussion of its ontology. This study, in the context of the philosophy of science, ex- plores the relationships between methodology, ontology, and the philosophy of geography, defines the connotations of geographical ontology, analyzes the links and differences between philoso- phical ontology and scientific ontology of geography, clarifies the nature of geographical ontology, and summaries its theoretical values. The ontology of geography incorporates the philosophically ontological beliefs of geographers and geographical schools and the ontological commitment of the theory of geography. As different geographers hold different philosophical viewpoints, their ontological beliefs are different; one geographical theory asserts an ontological commitment of ＂what is there,＂ which determines the nature and types of objectives the theory references. The ontological beliefs of geographers determine their epistemology, methodology, and axiology, and the ontological commitment of a geographical theory is the premise and basis of that theory.
文摘An important epistemological problem has been faced by Exercise Physiologists.On one hand,one theory explains the fatigue through a ceiling effect of oxygen uptake.On the other hand,the new theory proposes that an encephalon mechanism would stop the effort before a catastrophic homeostasis failure.Many physiologists have looked for evidence to support their favourite theory even though the induction logic problem does not allow to prove whether truth is discovered;however,it is possible to prove that it does not occur.When some researchers fail to test their hypotheses,they use relativism to bring up their theories again.Noakes and his colleagues have based their theory on relativism,because it is impossible to refute by empirical observation.It also doesn't explain all phenomena that the oldest Hill's theory is able to explain.Noakes's theory isn't more accurate in its previsions.Noakes did not check whether the oxygen uptake plateau occurs in suitable tests to measure on the mouth what happens in the muscles.Finally,it doesn't propose new tests for the encephalon role during maximal effort,as that is expected in scientific work.For all of these reasons,it is possible to conclude there are no advantages in switching to the“Central Governor”theory.
文摘The heavy emphasis on statistical rigor that business schools in American universities place on research is questionable in general and, for business schools in China, is not necessarily a good strategy by which either to produce useful research or to distinguish themselves from business schools in the United States. The reasons for this pertain to, first, what statistical analysis is good for in science; second, what statistical analysis is not good for in science; third, what statistical analysis is and is not good for in business research; fourth, how a large sample size is not generalizable but a single case is; fifth, how action research, design research, and Herbert Simon＇s ＂sciences of the artificial＂ all demonstrate rigor without statistics; and finally, the historical context that explains the turn to statistics in American business schools but is irrelevant to China. The recommendation is for business schools in China not necessarily to reject statistical research, but rather, to also pursue other, equally scientific forms of research, including those recognized by Herbert Simon.
