Core Conceptions of the Theory of Self-cultivation in East Asian Confucian Philosophy

The present study examines the four core concepts that underpin the various theories of cultivation of East Asian Confucian philosophy： self （ji,已）, cultivation （xiu, 修）, transformation （hua, 化）, and nurture （yang,餋）. The discussion is divided into six sections. The first section, the introduction, explains the significance of the issue in question. The second section examines the substantial notion of ＂self＂ as expounded in the Confucian intellectual tradition and the corresponding concept of selthood or personhood. Confucianism stresses that （1） personal selthood is based on the freedom of subjectivity （subjective volition）, and （2） society＇s values and norms originate in this freedom of subjectivity. The third section discusses the functional concept of cultivation, focusing on the fact that in Confucian theories the terms ＂cultivation＂ and ＂body＂ are always combined to form the concept of ＂self-cultivation.＂ Moreover, Confucian thinkers tend to discuss the effort of self-cultivation in the context of a body-mind continuum. Indeed, they often use orientational metaphors in order to describe the efforts entailed by cultivation. The fourth section analyzes the linguistic setting and context of the functional concept of transformation within Confucian philosophy of the concrete self. The term ＂transformation＂ indicates clearly that Confucian philosophy is a transformative philosophy. The fifth section analyzes the functional concept of nurture, stressing that Confucius＇ two greatest followers, Mencius and Xunzi, represent two opposed approaches to nurturing. Meneius stresses that one should undertake the effort of ＂nurturing qi,＂ that is, produce culture through natural cultivation, while Xunzi advocates artificially instilling culture in order to discipline, tame, and order nature. Mencius and Xunzi both turn to the container metaphor in their discussions of self-cultivation. The article concludes that the various cultivation activities advocated by these two disparate Confucians are based on two assumptions： （1） the self coincides with the physical body, and （2） the physical self is steeped in and interactive with the cultural values of society. In sum, the functional concept of self-cultivation is an important pillar of Confucian theories of self-cultivation.

Philosophical Influences on Education in China:Different Schools of Thought on Self-Cultivation

This essay takes a holistic look at the philosophy of education in China from the antiquity to the present time,with an emphasis on the notion of self-cultivation in different schools of thought.The purpose of the study is to draw out the positive aspects of Chinese philosophy for newer generations to carry forward the cultural heritage for a healthy development of their mind,body,and spirit in the 21st century and beyond.The study is meaningful since the Chinese civilization can be traced back at least 5,000 years,and perhaps even further.Its endurance,intellectual and cultural contributions to the world civilization,and China’s current rise as a world leading political and economic superpower,makes it especially worth examination.The paper is structured around four key themes:the quest for harmony,the pursuit of happiness,the search for health,and the action for healing.The article concludes with a suggestion of an integrated educational philosophy for contemporary Chinese educational practice.The study may have global implications as Confucius Institutes and Classrooms have been established worldwide since 2004 to teach Chinese language and culture.The localization and smooth integration of Chinese philosophy with Western ideologies in these countries is the key to bringing world peace and harmony.

Philosophical Foundations of Business Ethics： French Philosophy and Social Theory in Relation to Ethics and Philosophy of Management

This article gives an overview of my book French Philosophy and Social Theory. A Perspective for Ethics and Philosophy of Management, published by Springer 2014. As an extension of my earlier work on French philosophy, this book provides an application of important concepts from contemporary French philosophy to business ethics and the ethics of organizations. Although the book covers a wide range of philosophers and philosophical movements, there is a core and deep unity of the book. This is the demonstration of how the conceptual resources of contemporary French philosophy from the early 20th Century to the present day can be applied to give us new perspectives on business ethics and the ethics of organizations.

Research and Practice of the “Independence + Integration” Moral and Self-cultivation Teaching Method for Online Specialized Courses

In the context of the COVID-19 outbreak,online teaching has spread rapidly.However,the existing research on moral and self-cultivation teaching methods for online courses remains inadequate.This paper proposes an“independence+integration”moral and self-cultivation teaching method for online courses.The method divides the targets of moral and self-cultivation teaching into independent and integrated ones,and fits them both explicitly and implicitly into the online teaching of specialized courses in higher education.When this method was employed to teach engineering mechanics to industrial design students at a college in China,it effectively increased the students’acceptance of online courses as well as their understanding of moral and self-cultivation knowledge and the course itself,and improved the quality of online teaching.The method provides a new way of thinking about online moral and self-cultivation teaching.

The Philosophy of He(和):Examined from the Perspectives of Technology and Culture

Pre-modern Chinese crafts,such as iron smelting,cookery,medicine,and the production of vehicles,bows,and arrows indicate the traditional Chinese view of technology as being organic,holistic,and comprehensive.This view of technology is guided by the concept of he(和)and employs the means and methods of he,thus achieving the purport of he.In Chinese,the character he(和)possesses positive connotations.It originated from the meaning of"to season;to add flavoring to"(调和)and that of flavors being"perfectly harmonious"(和美).From this sensory experience,he gradually extended to the abstract levels of materiality,humanity,sociality,"order"(wei位),and "power,situation,force"(shi势).Finally,he was elevated to the supreme level of"qi of great harmony"(taihe zhi qi太和之气),which is comparable to the concept of dao(道).The philosophy of he has exerted wide impact on such areas as technology,art,national character,cultural psychology,and behavior patterns,and has become an integral part of China's inherent culture.The paradoxes and deviations of he hold their own profound philosophical implications that merit further exploration.As humanity confronts significant challenges,such as how we can coexist with others,with technology,and with nature,the ancient Eastern wisdom embodied in he continues to possess practical characteristics and value.

Buddhist Philosophy Is of “To Be” Philosophy

Based on the two roots of“to be”in Indo-European languages,this paper proposes that Brahman,Buddha,and bhutatathata all come from the second root,of“bhu(to be)”,because“bhu”belongs to the same root as the Greek root“phy”,physis from“phy”,is naturalism.Therefore,Brahma,Buddha,and bhutatathata are all knowledge related to natural science.The first root of“as(to be)”has led to the debate in buddhist philosophy about the asmiti and anasmiti.The spread of Buddhist philosophy in China is due to the lack of“as/bhu(to be)”,vocabulary and grammar in Chinese;as a result,the Buddhist verses translated in ancient China became a philosophy without“as/bhu(to be)”.At the same time,some Buddhist words have lost their connection with the root and the grammatical features of“as/bhu(to be)”,resulting in the spread of Buddhist philosophy in China having been into a language game.We should put Buddhist philosophy back into the Indo-European language family;it transforms the Buddhist philosophy of speaking ancient Chinese into the Buddhist modern philosophical language,and makes Buddhist philosophy develop into a set of understandable and logical normative philosophy.

Chinese Culture,Classical Philosophy,and the Cultivation of Life

This paper explores the intricate relationship between Chinese culture and the nation’s rise,emphasizing the indispensable role of cultural education in fostering a robust national spirit and civilization.Drawing from classical Chinese texts and contemporary philosophical insights,the study examines how cultural virtues and educational practices can lead to societal harmony,national rejuvenation,and global contributions.The analysis highlights the enduring relevance of Confucian principles and their potential to address modern challenges,advocating for a renewed focus on cultural education to achieve a prosperous and peaceful world.Additionally,it underscores the necessity of integrating traditional values with modern educational practices to create a holistic approach that fosters ethical leadership and global cooperation.

The Enlightenment of Tai Chi Philosophical World View on Human Peace

This paper discusses the worldview of classical Chinese Tai Chi philosophy:the holistic view,the view of Yin and Yang,view of change,view of no change,and view of harmony and their enlightenment to human peace.The holistic view inspires people to look at human society from the height of the whole earth,and consider not only national interests,but also the interests of all mankind.The view of yin-yang tells people that when analyzing problems,they should look at the two aspects of yin-yang integration,not only to consider their own national interests,but also the interests of other countries,not only to see the contradictions and conflicts between countries,but also to see mutual benefits,to develop positive factors and to overcome negative factors;The view of change tells people that national leaders should adjust their foreign relations according to the changes of the times and the situation on the premise of abiding by objective laws;The view of no change tells us to act in accordance with the laws of nature and society,and that countries should respect each other,benefit each other,and cooperate for win-win results.The view of harmony enlightens us that in international relations,we should advocate the idea of living in harmony,harmony in diversity and harmonious coexistence,and oppose hegemonism and power politics.

“Systematic Rival”From the Perspective of Philosophy of Property System

At present,the world is undergoing accelerating changes unseen in a century.With the United States regarding China as a strategic competitor,China-EU relations have become the core of national and global governance.For this reason,we use the basic theory and tools of Philosophy of Property System to clarify the EU’s characterization of China and accordingly propose the method of judgment and the principle of response.From this,we can get three basic cognitions of“systematic rivalry”,namely mutual exclusion of common cognition(Model A),mutual exclusion and cooperation of personality cognition(Model B),and cooperation of historical cognition(Model C).In order to steadily grasp the nature of“systematic rival”and make it operable,three basic cognitive models(AB,AC,BC,ABC,etc.)are combined,and a comprehensive judgment(ABC+model)is made to adapt to the supranational sovereignty characteristics of the EU.It is believed that the nature of“systematic rivalry”in the“trinity”refers to the main aspects of competition between China and Europe.Therefore,there are three principles for the Philosophy of Property System of“systematic rival”:first,maintain the situation of competition and cooperation;second,there is no fixed mode of competition and cooperation;and third,temporary confrontation and complementarity will lead to new competition and cooperation.

Analysis of Reform Strategies for Marxist Philosophy Teaching in Higher Education Institutions

Marxist philosophy is an important indicator of human thought in the process of modern social development,and it is also the theoretical and spiritual support of socialism with Chinese characteristics.With the development and progress of the times,Marxist philosophical theory has gradually integrated the ideas and thinking of the new era,becoming a good medicine to guide the spiritual development of college students.So,as an important political philosophy course offered by higher education institutions,how to effectively achieve the reform and development of Marxist philosophy teaching courses has become a key entry point for higher education institutions to achieve high-quality talent cultivation and implement the goal of moral education and talent development.This article mainly analyzes the curriculum connotation and characteristics of Marxist philosophy in higher education institutions,and explores the teaching reform path of Marxist philosophy in higher education institutions,hoping to provide reference opinions for promoting the improvement of talent education level in higher education institutions.

A Few Important and Original Aspects of Carlo Cattaneo’s Philosophical-Linguistic Ideas

The essay has two main purposes.The first is a general reconstruction of Cattaneo’s linguistic thought,highlighting the most important aspects of both his reflections on the connection between language and the community of speakers,and his study of the functions and properties of language.The latter includes an analysis of the influence Cattaneo’s philosophy had on the sphere of Italian linguistics at the turn of the 20th century.

Exploration of the Methods and Insights in the Introduction to Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

Marx,as one of the founders of Marxism,experienced a significant transformation in his thought during the period of 1843-1844.The Introduction to Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right(hereafter referred to as the Introduction)is one of Marx’s most representative works from this time.Lenin noted that this text,along with Marx’s On the Jewish Question,marks Marx’s transition from idealism and revolutionary democracy to materialism.In this renowned text,Marx offers a rational critique of the absolute authority of religion,articulates a vision for human emancipation,and envisages the possibility of free and comprehensive human development.During this intellectual shift,Marx absorbed the essence of German classical philosophy and,from a positivist perspective,began employing critical thinking and materialist expression.This enabled him to embark on a path of critique addressing both the religious and real social worlds.In the new era,systematically studying Marxist classic works allows for the exploration of their contemporary relevance.By aligning these classics with specific directions outlined in reports such as those from the 20th CPC Central Committee’s Third Plenary Session,the vitality of these works can be reinvigorated for the modern age.

Artistic Renewal and Heritage Conservation-Deleuze’s Philosophy in Reimagining Yongning Ancient Walled City

The Yongning Ancient Walled City, located in Quanzhou, Fujian Province, is a historic site with over 600 years of cultural heritage. Its preservation faces challenges posed by rapid urbanization, yet it also offers opportunities for creative renewal through artistic and cultural frameworks. This paper explores a novel approach to reimagining Yongning by integrating Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy-emphasizing multiplicity, rhizomatic connections, and the fold-with environmental art and cultural narratives. By drawing on Deleuze’s concepts of “nomadic space” and “fold” within the context of heritage conservation, this study provides actionable strategies for blending modern artistic practices with traditional cultural identity. Through field research, theoretical exploration, and design application, this paper demonstrates how Yongning can transform into a living museum of art, culture, and history. The findings aim to expand the dialogue on aesthetics, spatial theory, and heritage renewal.

生态危机的哲学根源与生态文明的政治哲学维度构建

生态危机的哲学根源来自西方二元主义所导致的对立与异化。二元主义由本体论扩展到认识论,再到政治哲学,在政治关系的两个维度上展现对立:权利绝对优先于权力,导致作为权利主体的人类与作为权力工具的自然万物的对立;权力支配度的不同,导致生态资源在人群中分配极度不均。资本主义政治哲学试图在两个层面维护二元对立,结果加剧生态危机:一方面,主流政治哲学竭力维护异化的合理性;另一方面,改变社会偏好,异化转移,将生产的异化转变为需求的异化。很多人认识到生态危机的这一根源,力求调节和缓和人与自然的二元对立,办法就是弱化人在人与自然关系中的主导地位。近年来,沿这一路径从政治哲学角度探讨生态危机的理论主要有三类,即生态保守主义、生态激进主义和生态国家主义,这些理论并未根本解决二元对立哲学的弊端。只有生态马克思主义既通过对资本主义生产方式的批判而克服了人与自然的对立,又通过对“类解放”目标的坚守而确保了人与自然关系中人类主体地位,将权利与义务统一。生态马克思主义真正提出生态文明得以建立的根本途径:生产领域,停止过度生产;需求领域,遏制无度消费;分配领域,调节生态资源的代内与代际分配;伦理领域,由群体本位走向类本位;制度领域,坚持以社会主义制度为基础建立生态保护和治理机制。

习近平科技创新重要论述的演进基础、体系构成与实践启示

党的十八大以来,习近平总书记关于科技创新的重要论述不断丰富发展,成为指引中国科技创新实践的重要思想理论武器。运用跨学科、跨领域综合视角分析发现:在演化基础上,习近平科技创新重要论述拥有马克思主义相关理论、西方经济学、中国优秀传统文化等多种理论与思想来源,受到全球科技演进态势、国际科技经济竞合局势、中国科技经济社会发展国情等多种因素的深刻影响;在体系结构上,习近平科技创新重要论述已经形成由新发展理念为统领、高水平科技自立自强为本质特征、“八个坚持”为主体框架、新型举国体制等为“重点内容”的四层逻辑体系架构,并一直在持续发展。因此,准确理解和把握该体系架构必须坚持动态演进与联系开放的思维。贯彻习近平科技创新重要论述的重要精神,要坚持科技创新在国家发展中的优先级战略定位不动摇,协同推进高水平科技自立自强与新质生产力发展,聚焦能力建设推进科技现代化进程。

《<黑格尔法哲学批判>导言》的原创性理论贡献

《<黑格尔法哲学批判>导言》是一部在马克思主义的形成史上占据重要地位的理论作品。值得肯定的是,该文对马克思主义的形成有多方面的重要原创性贡献,具体体现为:马克思主义“人的解放”理论的初步表述,历史唯物主义本体论的初步确立,马克思主义实践观、实践唯物主义世界观的初步表述,马克思主义哲学观的初步阐发,马克思主义世界历史观、社会形态演进学说的初步表述,马克思主义资本主义观的初步阐明,马克思主义无产阶级理论的初次表达。

人工智能的演进逻辑与教育造化——兼论“人工智能者”的概念及特征

人工智能的演进逻辑以其“类人”特质为基础,并通过促进人类智能的合道德化自主成熟呈现以“智人”使命为价值导向的发展框架。然而,受限于实践中人类自我认知与技术应用的长期隔离,人工智能技术教育造化的实现总是囿于伦理与成效的双重局限。为此,未来教育更应当从育人图景的反思出发,通过确立“人工智能者”作为核心培养目标,界定智能时代人类与技术交互的群体类别及其特征,塑造清晰的角色定位来引导受教育者自我认知的发展。在此基础上,进一步通过制度力量的完善、合作机制的构建、教育体系的结构性调整、教师队伍的技术素养培训等策略,推动人工智能的“育人”功能向其“完人”现实的转变。

生态学研究方法论:需求牵引、假说驱动、多层次综合、研究-过程尺度匹配、定性定量结合、应用验证

生态学是研究生物与环境关系的科学,目的是解决人类面临的生态环境问题。然而,不少生态研究结果不能可靠地解释、预测野外现象,更无助于实际问题的解决,其根本原因是方法论出了问题。与物理系统不同,生态系统是复杂适应系统,由具有独特内在性质的适应主体组成;子系统种类多,非线性相互作用类型多;系统不同层次间相互作用不稳定。根据这些特点,基于科学哲学原理、复杂性科学理论及生态学研究成功案例,文章首次提出生态学研究方法的六个原则,建立了生态学研究范式。原则1:需求牵引。社会需求是科技发展的根本驱动力。生态学本质上是一门应用科学,故更应注重需求牵引,提出与解决实际生态环境问题密切相关的科学问题。原则2:假说驱动。假说-演绎法是现代科学研究的基本范式。这对复杂适应系统的研究显得尤为重要,好的假设可使我们从复杂现象中抓住解决科学问题的突破口,开展直奔主题式的研究设计。原则3:多层次综合分析。由于不同层次间作用动态变化,且各层次成员间普遍存在非线性相互作用,故对此类系统的研究应进行多层次综合分析。至少要考虑三个层次,即现象发生的中心层次及其邻近的高、低两个层次。首先应对中心层次宏观量进行归纳分析,建立经验关系即宏观格局,进而探讨宏观格局与高层次背景及历史演化的关系,然后开展宏观格局的低层次机制研究。原则4:研究尺度与过程尺度相匹配。研究尺度与所研究现象相关过程的尺度不匹配是导致众多生态研究结论不可靠的最重要原因。尺度不匹配有两种类型:实验与现象的时间、空间和组织尺度不匹配;调查数据分析尺度与相关过程尺度不匹配。因此,生态研究尺度必须与过程尺度相匹配。首先必须开展野外观测,开展恰当尺度的分析,然后在近自然系统开展长时间模拟实验,证实野外结论,分析机制;中小宇宙实验应能模拟相关生态过程。原则5:定性机制与定量模型相结合。对于适应系统,精确的定量关系难以建立,其原因是变量异质性、难以运用统计量演绎法。据此特点,适应系统研究应首先阐明定性机制,即建立概念模型。定性机制很重要,不仅自身就有解释、预测能力,而且为定量模型提供坚实的基础;只有基于机制,定量模型才能具有更强的普适性和预测能力。为了减少变量异质性的影响,可在不同区域对定量模型进行率定,以提高预测能力。原则6:应用验证。除实验验证外,应不断进行应用验证,以检验所得规律是否真正有助于解决实际问题,并确定其适用范围。

综合性大学药物化学研究生药学理念培养的研究

目前全国的药学教育蓬勃发展,综合性大学开设药学本科、研究生教育的越来越多。但很多研究生在开展课题研究时没有基本的药学理念,易将药学研究变成化学类或生物类研究。该文以药物化学专业研究生为例,阐述其具体表现,并提出解决方案。要解决这些问题,需要在研究生课程中培养药学理念、在指导选题中融入药学理念,在行业实践中增强药学理念,并可编写相关指导手册来加以引导。

哲学社会科学实验室的“新文科转向”:轨迹、视野与进路

哲学社会科学实验室是新文科建设的重要载体。我国哲学社会科学实验室建设已经从单一学科探索转向学科交叉融合、从传统文本分析转向人工智能研究的双向调试阶段。该文在梳理我国哲学社会科学实验室发展现状、功能定位、运作模式、机遇挑战的基础上,总结出国际视野下实验室项目化数据在生产、多样化输出结果、构建集群技术结构等发展趋势,揭示本土视野下实验室发展从技术的移接孵化到情景再造的发展转向,提出以数增“智”、差异化情境共享、学科交叉融合增长等进路展望。