AN IRREVERSIBILITY PHENOMENA IN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE MELTS IN SODIUM IRON PHOSPHATE SYSTEM

Theelectricalresistivityofsodium iron phosphate melts wasinvestigated asa functionoftem peratureand composition. Irreversibility was found in thetemperature dependent electricalresistivityinthe melts withlow Na2 Ocontentduringtheheating andcoolingcycle. Theirre versibility wasreduced withincreasing Na2 Ocontent. Theelectricalresistivity tendedto de creaseslightly withtime. Theelectricalconduction ofthe meltscontainingsimulatedindustry waste wassimilartothatofthe melts withsimilarsodacontent. Thetemperature dependent electricalresistivity and activation energy ofthese melts was discussed using the Motttheory and wascorrelatedtothe Fe(II) contentinthe melts

Preparation and Thermal Stability of Phosphate System Protection Glasses Doped with Rare Earths

The formation ability and thermal stability of phosphate laser protection glass doped with high Sm2O3 content were discussed. The characteristic temperatures ( Tg, Tc, Tm) were measured by DSC and the crystallization parameter β was calculated. The results show that the forming regions would shrink and tend to closed ellipse with increasing of Sm2O3 content. Increasing of BaO/Al2O3 ratio changes the network structure of rare earth glass and improves the thermal stability finally. However, with the increasing of Sm2O3 content, the β increases firstly and then decreases, and finally the thermal stability also increases firstly and then decreases.

Novel interface engineering of LDH-based materials on Mg alloy for efficient photocatalytic systems considering the geometrical linearity of condensed phosphates

This study presents a facile and rapid method for synthesizing novel Layered Double Hydroxide(LDH)nanoflakes,exploring their application as a photocatalyst,and investigating the influence of condensed phosphates'geometric linearity on their photocatalytic properties.Herein,the Mg O film,obtained by plasma electrolysis of AZ31 Mg alloys,was modified by growing an LDH film,which was further functionalized using cyclic sodium hexametaphosphate(CP)and linear sodium tripolyphosphate(LP).CP acted as an enhancer for flake spacing within the LDH structure,while LP changed flake dispersion and orientation.Consequently,CP@LDH demonstrated exceptional efficiency in heterogeneous photocatalysis,effectively degrading organic dyes like Methylene blue(MB),Congo red(CR),and Methyl orange(MO).The unique cyclic structure of CP likely enhances surface reactions and improves the catalyst's interaction with dye molecules.Furthermore,the condensed phosphate structure contributes to a higher surface area and reactivity in CP@LDH,leading to its superior photocatalytic performance compared to LP@LDH.Specifically,LP@LDH demonstrated notable degradation efficiencies of 93.02%,92.89%,and 88.81%for MB,MO,and CR respectively,over a 40 min duration.The highest degradation efficiencies were observed in the case of the CP@LDH sample,reporting 99.99%for MB,98.88%for CR,and 99.70%for MO.This underscores the potential of CP@LDH as a highly effective photocatalyst for organic dye degradation,offering promising prospects for environmental remediation and water detoxification applications.

Effects of Inoculation with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Physiology,Biochemistry,and Expression of Genes Related to the Protective Enzyme System of Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li

Fritillaria taipaiensis P.Y.Li is a widely used medicinal herb in treating pulmonary diseases.In recent years,its wild resources have become scarce,and the demand for efficient artificial cultivation has significantly increased.This article is the first to apply phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li to the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The aim is to identify suitable reference strains for the artificial cultivation and industrial development of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li by examining the effects of various phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their combinations on photosynthesis,physiological and biochemical properties,and gene expression related to the protective enzyme system in F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.The experiment,conducted in pots at room temperature,included a control group(CK)and groups inoculated with inorganic phosphorussolubilizing bacteria:W1(Bacillus cereus),W2(Serratia plymuthica),W12(Bacillus cereus and Serratia plymuthica),and groups inoculated with organophosphorus-solubilizing bacteria:Y1(Bacillus cereus),Y2(Bacillus cereus),Y12(Bacillus cereus and Bacillus cereus),totaling seven groups.Compared to CK,most growth indices in the bacterial addition groups showed significant differences,with W12 achieving the highest values in all indices except the leaf area index.The content of photosynthetic pigments,photosynthetic parameters,and osmoregulatory substances increased variably in each bacterial treatment group.W12 exhibited the highest content of chlorophyll a and soluble protein,while W1 had the highest free proline content.The activities of peroxidase(POD),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and catalase(CAT)in all inoculated groups were higher than in CK,with significant changes in SOD and CAT activities.The malondialdehyde(MDA)content in all inoculated groups was lower than in CK,with Y12 being the lowest,at approximately 30%of CK.Gene expression corresponding to these three enzymes also increased variably,with POD expression in Y2 being the highest at 2.73 times that of CK.SOD and CAT expression in Y12 were the highest,at 1.84 and 4.39 times that of CK,respectively.These results indicate that inoculating phosphate solubilizing bacteria can enhance the growth of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li,with the mixed inoculation groups W12 and Y12 demonstrating superior effects.This lays a theoretical foundation for selecting bacterial fertilizers in the cultivation process of F.taipaiensis P.Y.Li.

Effects of Phosphate Treatment on Growth Dynamics of Wheat in Wheat/Corn Intercropping System in Southwest Hilly Area

We aimed to investigate the effects of phosphate treatment on growth dynamics of wheat in wheat/corn intercropping system in southwest hil y area. [Method] Five phosphate fertilization levels were designed for wheat and corn respectively to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilization level on wheat/corn intercropping system by field block experiment. [Result] The number of til ers, plant height and yield component of wheat trended to increase with the increase of phos-phate fertilization amount and al reached the peak for phosphate fertilization amount of 135 kg/hm2. However, the number of til ers, plant height and yield component of wheat al decreased significantly with the further increase of phosphate fertilization amount. [Conclusion] Phosphate fertilization contributed to the wheat growth in a certain degree. However, excessive phosphate fertilization would affect final yield.

Adsorption mechanism of mixed salicylhydroxamic acid and tributyl phosphate collectors in fine cassiterite electro-flotation system

Two reagents including salicylhydroxamic acid(SHA) and tributyl phosphate(TBP) were tested as collectors either separately or together for electro-flotation of fine cassiterite(<10 μm).Subsequently,the flotation mechanism of the fine cassiterite was investigated by adsorbance determination,electrophoretic mobility measurements and Fourier transform infra-red(FT-IR) spectrum checking.Results of the flotation experiments show that with SHA as a collector,the collecting performance is remarkably impacted by the pulp pH value as the floatability of cassiterite varies sharply when the pH changes,and flotation with SHA gives distinct maximum at about pH 6.5.Additionally,the floatability of cassiterite is determined by using SHA and TBP as collectors.The range of pulp pH for good floatability is broadened in the presence of TBP as auxiliary collector,and the utilization of TBP improves the recovery of cassiterite modestly.Moreover,the optimum pH value for cassiterite flotation is associated with adsorbance.The results of FT-IR spectrum and the electrophoretic mobility measurements indicate that the adsorption interaction between the collectors and the cassiterite is dominantly a kind of chemical bonding in the form of one or two cycle chelate rings due to the coordination of carbonyl group,hydroxamate and P=O group to the metal tin atoms,where the oxygen atoms contained in carbonyl group,hydroxamate and P=O group of the polar groups have the stereo conditions to form five-membered rings.In addition,the adsorption interactions of SHA and TBP on the surfaces of cassiterite are also dominated by means of hydrogen bonds.

Biological nitrogen removal with enhanced phosphate uptake in (AO)2SBR using single sludge system

Simultaneous biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal with enhanced anoxic phosphate uptake via nitrite was investigated in an anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor((AO)2 SBR). The system showed stable phosphorus and nitrogen removal performance, and average removals for COD, TN and TP were 90%, 91% and 96%, respectively. The conditions of pH 7.5—8.0 and temperature 32℃ were found detrimental to nitrite oxidation bacteria but favorable to ammonia oxidizers, and the corresponding specific oxygen uptake rates(SOUR) for phase 1 and 2 of nitrification process were 0.7 and 15 mgO 2/(gVSS·h) in respect, which led to the nitrite accumulation in aerobic phase of(AO)2 SBR. Respiratory tests showed that 40 mgNO 2-N/L did not deteriorate the sludge activity drastically, and it implied that exposure of sludge to nitrite periodically enabled the biomass to have more tolerance capacity to resist the restraining effects from nitrite. In addition, batch tests were carried out and verified that denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms(DPAOs) could be enriched in a single sludge system coexisting with nitrifiers by introducing an anoxic phase in an anaerobic-aerobic SBR, and the ratio of the anoxic phosphate uptake capacity to aerobic phosphate uptake capacity was 45%. It was also found that nitrite(up to 20 mgNO 2-N/L) was not inhibitory to anoxic phosphate uptake and could serve as an electron acceptor like nitrate, but presented poorer efficiency compared with nitrate.

Selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium iron phosphate batteries using oxidation pressure sulfuric acid leaching system

Oxidation pressure leaching was proposed to selectively dissolve Li from spent LiFePO_(4) batteries in a stoichiometric sulfuric acid solution.Using O_(2) as an oxidant and stoichiometric sulfuric acid as leaching agent,above 97% of Li was leached into the solution,whereas more than 99% of Fe remained in the leaching residue,enabling a relatively low cost for one-step separation of Li and Fe.And then,by adjusting the pH of leachate,above 95% of Li was recovered in the form of the Li_(3)PO_(4) product through iron removal and chemical precipitation of phosphate.

Dehydration of xylose to furfural over niobium phosphate catalyst in biphasic solvent system

Phosphoric acid treated niobic acid(NbP)was used for the dehydration of xylose to furfural in biphasic solvent system,which was found to exhibit the best performance among the tested catalysts.The excellent performance of NbP could be explained by the better synergistic cooperation between Bro¨nsted and Lewis acid sites.Moreover,NbP showed good stability and no obvious deactivation or leaching of Nb could be observed after six continuous recycles.

Solubility and solution thermodynamics of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate in the water–methanol system

The solubility of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate(MAP)in the water–methanol system is essential for antisolvent crystallization studies.To investigate the effect of methanol on the solubility of MAP in water,the solubility of MAP in the water–methanol system was determined by dynamic method and static equilibrium method at temperatures ranging from 293.2 to 343.2 K at atmospheric pressure.Results showed that the solubility of MAP increased with the increase of temperature and the increase of water mole fraction in the water–methanol system.The experimental solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation,the combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich–Kister(CNIBS/R–K)model and the Jouyban–Acree model.The calculated results based on these three models were in very good agreement with the experimental data with the average relative deviations of 0.65%,0.97%,and 5.38%,respectively.Simultaneously,the thermodynamic properties of the MAP dissolution process in the water–methanol system,including Gibbs energy change,enthalpy,and entropy were obtained by the Van’t Hoff equation,which can be used to assess the crystallization process.

A novel phosphate ligand used for the Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation of cyclohexene in a thermoregulated PEG biphase system

A novel phosphate ligand, tri-（methoxyl polyethylene glycol）-phosphate （TMPGPA）, has been synthesized and used in the Rhcatalyzed hydroformylation of cyclohexene in a thermoregulated PEG biphase system. Under the optimized conditions, pressure = 5 MPa （H2：CO = 1：1）, P/Rh = 10 （molar ratio）, reaction time = 4 h and temperature = 120 ℃, the conversion of cyclohexene and the yield of aldehyde are 99%. The catalyst retained in PEG phase can be easily separated from the organic phase containing product by simple phase separation and reused ten times without obvious loss in activity.

Synthesis and Diffuse Reflectance Spectrum of Open－framework Cobalt Phosphate DAF－2 From Alcoholic System

ＳｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓａｎｄＤｉｆｆｕｓｅＲｅｆｌｅｃｔａｎｃｅＳｐｅｃｔｒｕｍｏｆＯｐｅｎ－ｆｒａｍｅｗｏｒｋＣｏｂａｌｔＰｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅＤＡＦ－２ＦｒｏｍＡｌｃｏｈｏｌｉｃＳｙｓｔｅｍＹＵＪｉ－ｈｏｎｇ；ＣＨＥＮＪｉｅ－ｓｈｅｎｇａｎｄＸＵＲｕ－ｒ...

Hydrogen inhibition effect of chitosan and sodium phosphate on ZK60 waste dust in a wet dust removal system:A feasible way to control hydrogen explosion

Wet dust removal systems used to control dust in the polishing or grinding process of Mg alloy products are frequently associated with potential hydrogen explosion caused by magnesium-water reaction.For purpose of avoiding hydrogen explosion risks,we try to use a combination of chitosan(CS)and sodium phosphate(SP)to inhibit the hydrogen evolution reaction between magnesium alloy waste dust and water.The hydrogen evolution curves and chemical kinetics modeling for ten different mixing ratios demonstrate that 0.4wt%CS+0.1wt%SP yields the best inhibition efficiency with hydrogen generation rate of almost zero.SEM and EDS analyses indicate that this composite inhibitor can create a uniform,smooth,tight protective film over the surface of the alloy dust particles.FTIR and XRD analysis of the chemical composition of the surface film show that this protective film contains CS and SP chemically adsorbed on the surface of ZK60 but no detectable Mg(OH)_(2),suggesting that magnesium-water reaction was totally blocked.Our new method offers a thorough solution to hydrogen explosion by inhibiting the hydrogen generation of magnesium alloy waste dust in a wet dust removal system.

Direct Conversion of Glucose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over Zirconium Phosphate Catalyst in a Biphasic System

Efficient and selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) from glucose was achieved in the presence of zirconium phosphate(ZrPO) catalyst in a biphasic system.With the use of this catalyst,a high HMF yield of 56.8% was obtained from glucose in a water-tetrahydrofuran(THF) biphasic system.Characterization results showed that such catalyst had weak to strong acid sites and contained both Lewis and Br?nsted acid sites.The results of comparative experiments over some other solid acid catalysts demonstrated that the Lewis acid sites on the ZrPO catalyst played a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose and the Br?nsted ones were active in the dehydration of generated fructose to HMF.Moreover,less levulinic acid(LA) and formic acid(FA)(0.5%) were detected in the reaction solution,indicating that this ZrPO catalyst exhibited high selectivity towards the formation of HMF.Furthermore,the ZrPO catalyst was very stable and could maintain its activity after being used for six times.

Effect of safety valve types on the gas venting behavior and thermal runaway hazard severity of large-format prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries

The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs,are not known.In this paper,the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating.Compared to previous studies,the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types.Two significant results are obtained:(Ⅰ)the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting,the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa,which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve;(Ⅱ)the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting,providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.

Enhancing sustainability in phosphate ore processing:Performance of frying oil as alternative flotation collector for carbonate removal

Recycling waste frying oils for the synthesis of flotation reagents presents a promising avenue for sustainable waste management.Moreover,it offers a cost-effective solution for crafting a specialized collector designed to efficiently remove carbonates and enhance phosphate enrichment in froth flotation processes.This study focuses on the synthesis of an anionic collector using the saponification reaction of a frying oil sample,subsequently applied to the flotation of calcite and dolomite.To elucidate the adsorption mechanisms of the frying oil collector(FrOC)and sodium oleate,a reference collector,on fluorapatite,calcite,dolomite,and quartz surfaces,comprehensive experiments were conducted,including zeta potential measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Results revealed diverse adsorption affinities of the molecules towards these minerals.To assess the practical performance of the collector,flotation tests were conducted using a natural phosphate ore mixture,employing a BoxBehnken experimental design.Notably,under optimized conditions(pH 9,1000 g/t of FrOC,3.5 min of conditioning,and 6 min of flotation),FrOC exhibited excellent performance,with calcite and dolomite recoveries exceeding 80%,while apatite recovery in the concentrate fraction remained below 10%.This work exemplifies both circular economy practices and the distinctive approach to sustainable mineral processing.

Effect of Phosphates on the Metal Ion Activated Surface Complexes at the SiO_2-H_2O Interface and in Quartz Deactivation in Flotation System

The complexation of phosphates in the quartz-metal ion-H_2O-oleate system was studied. Computer assisted calculations with the aid of the advanced program SOLGASWATER and known equilibrium constants were used to evaluate the mechanism,The calculation results revealed that in the presence of a certain amount of phosphates, metal ions adsorbed at the quartz-H_2O interface will be transferred into solution.Thus the competi- tion for metal ions between phosphates and the quartz surface leads to surface deactivation and re- duced floatability.Various distribution diagrams clearly demonstrate the change of surface complexation as a function of added phosphate concentration.The deactivation products were also evaluated.

Column breakthrough studies for the removal and recovery of phosphate by lime-iron sludge:Modeling and optimization using artificial neural network and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

Increases in the treatment of water to meet the growing water demand ultimately result in unmanageable quantities of residuals,the handling,and disposal of which is a major environmental issue.Consequently,research into beneficial reuse of water treatment residuals continues unabated.This study investigated the applicability of lime-iron sludge for phosphate adsorption by fixed-bed column adsorption.Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted at varying flow rates and bed depths.Fundamental and empirical models(Thomas,Yan,Bohart-Adams,Yoon-Nelson,and Wolboroska)as well as artificial intelligence techniques(Artificial neural network(ANN)and Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS))were used to simulate experimental breakthrough curves and predict column dynamics.Increase in flow rate resulted in reduced adsorption capacity.However,adsorption capacity was not affected by bed depth.ANN was superior in predicting breakthrough curves and predicted breakthrough times with high accuracy(R^2>0.9962).Na OH(0.5 mol·L^-1)was successfully used to regenerate the adsorption bed.After nine cyclic adsorption/desorption runs,only a marginal decrease in adsorption and desorption efficiencies of 10%and 8%respectively was observed.The same regenerate Na OH solution was reused for all desorption cycles.After nine cycles the eluent desorbed a total of 1550 mg phosphate exhibiting potential for further reuse.

The Bacterial Inhibitory Ability and In Vivo Drug Release Pattern of a New Drug Delivery System:Ciprofloxacine/tricalcium Phosphate Delivery Capsule

The bacterial inhibitory ability of a new drug delivery system (DDS):Ciprofloxacine/tricalcium phosphate delivery capsule (CTDC), its in vivo drug release pattern, and the influence of ultrasonic irradiation on its drug release were investigated. It was found that CTDC had a strong and sustained inhibitory ability to some common pathogens of bone and joint infections, such as staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vivo drug-release study in animals demonstrated a high concentration of ciprofloxacine in the bone tissue surrounding CTDC which was placed in the greater trochanter of the rabbit and continued to release ciprofloxacine for at least 5 weeks and the blood level of ciprofloxacine was low. In vivo study also showed ultrasonic irradiation could increase the amount of ciprofloxacine released from CTDC, which may be an economical, effecient and safe new method to achieve the control of drug release from DDS.

Microemulsion Synthesis of Mesoporous β-tricalcium Phosphate Powder with a Novel System

The synthesis of mesoporous β-tricalcium phosphate(β-TCP)powder was performed by using the microemulsion approach,with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB)/cyclohexane/n-octyl alcohol microemulsion system.The influences of different pH values and calcination temperatures on the phase composition of the β-TCP powder were studied.The in vitro proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)in the suspensions of β-TCP powders with meso-structure was studied.The phase composition,mesoporous structure,powder morphology,cell morphology and the optical density(OD)were characterized through X-ray diffraction(XRD),field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,Nadsorption-desorption isotherms,inverted phase contrast microscopy and Multiskan spectrum,respectively.The mesoporous β-TCP powder with specific surface area of 12.85 m^(2)/g and the average pore size 7.11 nm was obtained through the microemulsion approach(100 g/L CTAB/250 mL/L cyclohexane/250 mL/L n-octyl alcohol)with a controlled pH of 7.0,after calcinating the powder at 800℃.It was confirmed that mesoporous β-TCP powder benefits the activity of BMSCs more than the non-mesoporous β-TCP powder.