Osteopontin promotes gastric cancer progression via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Osteopontin(OPN)is thought to be closely related to the occurrence,metastasis and prognosis of many types of tumors.AIM To investigate the effects of OPN on the proliferation,invasion and migration of GC cells and its possible mechanism.METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of OPN in the GC cells were analyzed by realtime quantitative-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting,and observe the effect of varying degree expression OPN on the proliferation and other behaviors of GC.Next,the effects of OPN knockdown on GC cells migration and invasion were examined.The short hairpin RNA(shRNA)and negative control shRNA targeting OPN-shRNA were transfected into the cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Non transfected cells were classified as control in the identical transfecting process.24 h after RNA transfection cell proliferation activity was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenytetrazoliumromide assay,and cell invasiveness and migration were detected by Trans well assay.Meanwhile,the expression of protein kinase B(AKT),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the human GC cell lines was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.RESULTS The results of this study revealed that OPN mRNA and protein expression levels were highly expressed in SGC-7901 cells.OPN knockdown by specific shRNA noticeably reduced the capabilities of proliferation,invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells.Moreover,in the experiments of investigating the underlying mechanism,results showed that OPN knockdown could down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF,it also decreased the phosphorylation of AKT.Meanwhile,the protein expression levels of MMP-2,VEGF and phosphorylated AKT was noticeable lower than that in control group in the GC cells after they were added to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitor(LY294002).CONCLUSION These results suggested that OPN though PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathway to upregulate MMP-2 and VEGF expression,which contribute SGC-7901 cells to proliferation,invasion and migration.Thus,our results demonstrate that OPN may serve as a novel prognostic biomarkers as well as a potential therapeutic targets for GC.

Protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B signaling pathway inhibition

BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is a common digestive tract disease, which is usually treated with hormone medicines. Hormone medicines are effective to some extent, but long-term use of them may bring about many complications.AIM To explore the protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin(PNS) against dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced intestinal inflammatory injury through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway inhibition in rats.METHODS Colitis rat models were generated via DSS induction, and rats were divided into control(no modeling), DSS, DSS + PNS 50 mg/k, and DSS + PNS 100 mg/kg groups. Then, the intestinal injury, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory indices, tight junction proteins, apoptosis, macrophage polarization, and TLR4/AKT signaling pathway in colon tissues from rats in each of the groups were detected. The PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway in the colon tissue of rats was blocked using the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor, LY294002.RESULTS Compared with rats in the control group, rats in the DSS group showed significantly shortened colon lengths, and significantly increased disease activity indices, oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory indices, as well as significantly decreased expression of tight junction-associated proteins. In addition, the DSS group showed significantly increased apoptotic cell numbers,and showed significantly increased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues.They also showed significantly decreased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, as well as activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway(all P < 0.05). Compared with rats in the DSS group, rats in the DSS + PNS group showed significantly lengthened colon lengths, decreased disease activity indices, and significantly alleviated oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory responses. In addition, this group showed significantly increased expression of tight junction-associated proteins, significantly decreased apoptotic cell numbers, and significantly decreased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues. This group further showed significantly increased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, and significantly suppressed activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as well as a dose dependency(all P < 0.05). When the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited, the apoptosis rate of colon tissue cells in the DSS + LY294002 group was significantly lower than that of the DSS group(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION PNS can protect rats against DSS-induced intestinal inflammatory injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and therefore may be potentially used in the future as a drug for colitis.

Fenofibrate Pre-treatment Suppressed Inflammation by Activating Phosphoinositide 3 Kinase/Protein Kinase B(PI3K/Akt) Signaling in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible beneficial effects of Fenofibrate on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury（IRI） in mice and its potential mechanism. IRI was induced by bilateral renal ischemia for 60 min followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Eighteen male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups： sham-operated group（sham）, IRI＋saline group（IRI group）, IRI＋Fenofibrate（FEN） group. Normal saline or Fenofibrate（3 mg/kg） was intravenously injected 60 min before renal ischemia in IRI group and FEN group, respectively. Blood samples and renal tissues were collected at the end of reperfusion. The renal function, histopathologic changes, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-8（IL-8）, tumor necrosis factor alpha（TNF-α） and IL-6] in serum and renal tissue homogenate were assessed. Moreover, the effects of Fenofibrate on activating phosphoinositide 3 kinase/protein kinase B（PI3K/Akt） signaling and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α（PPAR-α） were also measured in renal IRI. The results showed that plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, histopathologic scores and the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-6 were significantly lower in FEN group than in IRI group. Moreover, Fenofibrate pretreatment could further induce PI3K/Akt signal pathway and PPAR-α activation following renal IRI. These findings indicated PPAR-α activation by Fenofibrate exerts protective effects on renal IRI in mice by suppressing inflammation via PI3K/Akt activation. Thus, Fenofibrate could be a novel therapeutic alternative in renal IRI.

Micro RNA-21 promotes phosphatase gene and protein kinase B/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase expression in colorectal cancer

AIM: To explore the regulatory mechanism of the target gene of micro RNA-21(mi R-21), phosphatase gene(p TEN), and its downstream proteins, protein kinase B(AKT) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(p I3K), in colorectal cancer(CRC) cells. METHODS: Quantitative real-time p CR(q RT-p CR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of mi R-21 and p TEN in HCT116, HT29, Colo32 and SW480 CRC cell lines. Also, the expression levels of p TEN m RNA and its downstream proteins AKT and p I3 K in HCT116 cells after downregulating mi R-21 were investigated. RESULTS: Comparing the mi R-21 expression in CRC cells, the expression levels of mi R-21 were highest in HCT116 cells, and the expression levels of mi R-21 were lowest in SW480 cells. In comparing mi R-21 and p TEN expression in CRC cells, we found that the protein expression levels of mi R-21 and p TEN were inversely correlated(p < 0.05); when mi R-21 expression was reduced, m RNA expression levels of p TEN did not significantly change(p > 0.05), but the expression levels of its protein significantly increased(p < 0.05). In comparing the levels of p TEN protein and downstream AKT and p I3 K in HCT116 cells after downregulation of mi R-21 expression, the levels of AKT and p I3 K protein expression significantly decreased(p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: p TEN is one of the direct target genesof mi R-21. Thus, phosphatase gene and its downstream AKT and p I3 K expression levels can be regulated by regulating the expression levels of mi R-21, which in turn regulates the development of CRC.

Cytotoxicity of nonylphenol on spermatogonial stem cells via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway

BACKGROUND With continuous advancement of industrial society,environmental pollution has become more and more serious.There has been an increase in infertility caused by environmental factors.Nonylphenol(NP)is a stable degradation product widely used in daily life and production and has been proven to affect male fertility.However,the underlying mechanisms therein are unclear.Thus,it is necessary to study the effect and mechanism of NP on spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs).AIM To investigate the cytotoxic effect of NP on SSCs via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)pathway.METHODS SSCs were treated with NP at 0,10,20 or 30μmol.MTT assay was performed to evaluate the effect of NP on the proliferation of SSCs.Flow cytometry was conducted to measure SSC apoptosis.The expression of Bad,Bcl-2,cytochrome-c,pro-Caspase 9,SOX-2,OCT-4,Nanog,Nanos3,Stra8,Scp3,GFRα1,CD90,VASA,Nanos2,KIT,PLZF and PI3K/AKT/mTOR-related proteins was observed by western blot,and the mRNA expression of SOX-2,OCT-4 and Nanog was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS Compared with untreated cells(0μmol NP),SSCs treated with NP at all concentrations showed a decrease in cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-2,Nanog,OCT-4,SOX-2,Nanos3,Stra8,Scp3,GFRα1,CD90,VASA,Nanos2,KIT,and PLZF(P<0.05),whereas the expression of Bad,cytochrome-c,and pro-Caspase 9 increased significantly(P<0.05).We further examined the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and found that the phosphorylation of PI3K,AKT,mTORC1,and S6K was significantly decreased by NP at all concentrations compared to that in untreated SSCs(P<0.05).NP exerted the greatest effect at 30μmol among all NP concentrations.CONCLUSION NP attenuated the proliferation,differentiation and stemness maintenance of SSCs while promoting apoptosis and oxidative stress.The associated mechanism may be related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Telencephalin protects PAJU cells from amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis by activating the ezrin/radixin/moesin protein family/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway

Telencephalin is a neural glycoprotein that reduces apoptosis induced by amyloid beta protein in the human neural tumor cell line PAJU. In this study, we examined the role of the ezrin/radixin/moesin protein family/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in this process. Western blot analysis demonstrated that telencephalin, phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B were not expressed in PAJU cells transfected with empty plasmid, while they were expressed in PAJU cells transfected with a telencephalin expression plasmid. After treatment with 1.0 nM amyloid beta protein 42, expression of telencephalin and phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B in the transfected cells gradually diminished, while levels of phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin increased. In addition, the high levels of telencephalin, phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B expression in PAJU cells transfected with a telencephalin expression plasmid could be suppressed by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. These findings indicate that telencephalin activates the ezrin/radixin/moesin family/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway and protects PAJU cells from amyloid beta protein-induced apoptosis.

Xuebijing improves intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats by regulating the VEGF-A/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND:This study aims to explore whether Xuebijing(XBJ) can improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in sepsis and its mechanism.METHODS:A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP).A total of 30 male SD rats were divided into four groups:sham group,CLP group,XBJ + axitinib group,and XBJ group.XBJ was intraperitoneally injected 2 h before CLP.Hemodynamic data(blood pressure and heart rate) were recorded.The intestinal microcirculation data of the rats were analyzed via microcirculation imaging.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) kits were used to detect the serum levels of interleukin-6(IL-6),C-reactive protein(CRP),and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the rats.Histological analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to analyze the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa in rats.The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGF-A),phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated PI3K(p-PI3K),protein kinase B(Akt),and phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt) in the small intestine was analyzed via Western blotting.RESULTS:XBJ improved intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats,alleviated the injury of small intestinal microvascular endothelial cells and small intestinal mucosa,and reduced the systemic inflammatory response.Moreover,XBJ upregulated the expression of VEGF-A,p-PI3K/total PI3K,and p-Akt/total Akt in the rat small intestine.CONCLUSION:XBJ may improve intestinal microcirculation dysfunction in septic rats possibly through the VEGF-A/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Mechanism of stilbene glycosides on apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells via regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the effects of stilbene glycoside(TSG)on okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y)via the PI3K/AKT pathway.Methods:The optimal concentration of OA was screened by CCK-8 assay,and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into control group,model group,TSG group,LY294002 group and LY294002+TSG group.The proliferation and apoptosis in each group were detected by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays;Western blotting method and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of PI3K,P-PI3K(Y607),AKT,P-AKT(Ser473),Bcl-2 and Bax proteins.The relative protein expression was represented by P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax gray ratio.Results:CCK-8 screened the optimal concentration of OA as 40 nmol/L.Compared with the control group,the model group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,the pathway and apoptotic proteins expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were decreased,and the mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 were decreased.Bax mRNA expression level increased(P<0.05);Compared with model group,TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,increased protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT,Bcl-2/Bax,and increased mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,and Bcl-2.Bax mRNA expression decreased(P<0.05),LY294002 group decreased relative cell viability,increased apoptosis rate,P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.05),P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels were significantly decreased,but there was no statistical significance,PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased,and Bax mRNA expression levels were increased(all P<0.05);Compared with LY294002 group,LY294002+TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,and the protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were increased.The mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,Bcl-2 were increased,Bax was decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Stilbene glycoside may alleviate okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by interfering with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,which in turn regulates the expression of apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax.

Multiple implications of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 in human cancer

3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1(PDK1) is a central mediator of cellular signaling between phosphoinositide-3 kinase and various intracellular serine/threonine kinases,including protein kinase B,p70 ribosomal S6 kinase,serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase,and protein kinase C.PDK1 activates members of the AGC family of protein kinases by phosphorylating serine/threonine residues in the activation loop.Here,we review the regulatory mechanisms of PDK1 and its roles in cancer.PDK1 is activated by autophosphorylation in the activation loop and other serine residues,as well as by phosphorylation of Tyr-9 and Tyr-373/376.Src appears to recognize PDK1 following tyrosine phosphorylation.The role of heat shock protein 90 in regulating PDK1 stability and PDK1-Src complex formation are also discussed.Furthermore,we summarize the subcellular distribution of PDK1.Finally,an important role for PDK1 in cancer chemotherapy is proposed.In conclusion,a better understanding of its molecular regulatory mechanisms in various signaling pathways will help to explain how PDK1 acts as an oncogenic kinase in various cancers,and will contribute to the development of novel cancer chemotherapies.

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells modulate autophagy in RAW264.7 macrophages via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway under oxygen-glucose deprivation/restoration conditions

Background: Autophagy of alveolar macrophages is a crucial process in ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent cells with the potential for repairing injured sites and regulating autophagy. This study was to investigate the influence of BM-MSCs on autophagy of macrophages in the oxygen-glucose deprivation/restoration (OGD/R) microenvironment and to explore the potential mechanism.Methods: We established a co-culture system of macrophages (RAW264.7) with BM-MSCs under OGD/R conditionsin vitro. RAW264.7 cells were transfected with recombinant adenovirus (Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3B) and autophagic status of RAW264.7 cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Autophagy-related proteins light chain 3 (LC3)-I, LC3-II, and p62 in RAW264.7 cells were detected by Western blotting. We used microarray expression analysis to identify the differently expressed genes between OGD/R treated macrophages and macrophages co-culture with BM-MSCs. We investigated the gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is downstream of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway.Results: The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I of OGD/R treated RAW264.7 cells was increased (1.27 ± 0.20vs. 0.44 ± 0.08,t = 6.67,P < 0.05), while the expression of p62 was decreased (0.77 ± 0.04vs. 0.95 ± 0.10,t = 2.90,P < 0.05), and PI3K (0.40 ± 0.06vs. 0.63 ± 0.10,t = 3.42,P < 0.05) and p-Akt/Akt ratio was also decreased (0.39 ± 0.02vs. 0.58 ± 0.03,t = 9.13,P < 0.05). BM-MSCs reduced the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio of OGD/R treated RAW264.7 cells (0.68 ± 0.14vs. 1.27 ± 0.20,t = 4.12,P < 0.05), up-regulated p62 expression (1.10 ± 0.20vs. 0.77 ± 0.04,t = 2.80,P < 0.05), and up-regulated PI3K (0.54 ± 0.05vs. 0.40 ± 0.06,t = 3.11,P < 0.05) and p-Akt/Akt ratios (0.52 ± 0.05vs. 0.39 ± 0.02,t = 9.13,P < 0.05). A whole-genome microarray assay screened the differentially expressed geneHO-1, which is downstream of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and the alteration ofHO-1 mRNA and protein expression was consistent with the data on PI3K/Akt pathway.Conclusions: Our results suggest the existence of the PI3K/Akt/HO-1 signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells under OGD/R circumstancesin vitro, revealing the mechanism underlying BM-MSC-mediated regulation of autophagy and enriching the understanding of potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of ALI.

黄芩素调节PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路及对细菌性脑膜炎大鼠血脑屏障的影响

目的:探讨黄芩素调控磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路对细菌性脑膜炎(BM)大鼠血脑屏障的影响。方法:制备大鼠BM模型,将大鼠分为对照组、模型组、黄芩素组(腹腔注射30 mg/kg黄芩素)、黄芩素+抑制剂组(腹腔注射30 mg/kg黄芩素+7.5 mg/kg LY294002),对大鼠进行Loeffler神经行为评分,H-E染色观察大鼠脑组织病理学变化,伊文思蓝染色检测血脑屏障通透性,分别检测脑脊液IL-1β、IL-6水平及白细胞计数(WBC)、脑组织含水量,水通道蛋白4(AQP4)、闭锁蛋白-5(claudin-5)、PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路相关蛋白表达。结果:对照组大鼠脑组织结构正常,细胞排列整齐,模型组大鼠脑组织细胞排列紊乱,大量炎症细胞浸润。与对照组比较,模型组Loeffler评分及脑组织AQP4、claudin-5、p-PI3K、p-Akt表达水平显著降低,脑脊液IL-1β、IL-6水平及WBC、脑组织EB含量及含水量、p-NF-κB p65表达水平显著升高;黄芩素组较模型组病理损伤减轻,炎症细胞减少。与模型组比较,黄芩素组Loeffler评分及脑组织AQP4、claudin-5、p-PI3K、p-Akt表达水平显著升高,脑脊液IL-1β、IL-6水平及WBC、脑组织EB含量及含水量、p-NF-κB p65表达水平显著降低;LY294002可部分逆转黄芩素对BM大鼠血脑屏障通透性的改善作用。结论:黄芩素可改善BM大鼠脑水肿及血脑屏障通透性,可能与调控PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路有关。

茯苓酸调节PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路对大鼠幽门螺旋杆菌相关性胃炎的治疗作用

目的 探讨茯苓酸(PA)对大鼠幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)相关性胃炎的治疗效果及作用机制。方法 建立Hp相关性胃炎大鼠模型;所有大鼠分为对照组(CT组)、模型组(M组)、PA低剂量组(PA L组)和PA高剂量组(PA H组)、PA H+磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)激活剂(740 Y-P)组;评估各组大鼠胃黏膜损伤指数(UI),透射电子显微镜观察胃黏膜细胞形态学,HE染色评价胃黏膜病理学特征,ELISA检测胃组织白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-10、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的水平,Western blot法检测PI3K、磷酸化-PI3K(p-PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、p-AKT、核因子(NF)-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果 与CT组比较,M组大鼠胃黏膜糜烂,上皮水肿、充血、溃疡严重,上皮细胞固缩,炎性细胞浸润,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平升高,IL-10和SOD水平降低(P<0.05);与M组比较,PA L组、PA H组大鼠胃黏膜损伤改善,炎性细胞浸润减少,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平降低,IL-10和SOD水平升高(P<0.05);与PA H组比较,PA H+740 Y-P组大鼠胃黏膜病理损伤加重,上皮细胞固缩,UI、IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS以及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平升高,IL-10和SOD水平降低(P<0.05)。结论 PA可能通过抑制PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路发挥对大鼠Hp相关性胃炎的治疗作用。

Bornyl acetate extracted from Sharen(Fructus Amomi)inhibits proliferation,invasion and induces apoptosis by suppressing phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling in colorectal cancer

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the antitumor effects of bornyl acetate(BA)isolated from Sharen(Fructus Amomi)in colorectal cancer(CRC)and the underlying mechanisms.METHODS:SW480 and HT29 cells were treated with increasing doses of BA in order to determine its antitumor effects in vitro.Cell viability,colony formation,cell cycle,and apoptosis as well as migration and invasion were assessed using various assays.In addition,the in vivo antitumor effects of BA were assessed using a xenograft mouse model.We then assessed the mechanism of action of BA by conducting pathway activator-mediated rescue experiments and assessed the protein levels by Western blot analysis.RESULTS:BA showed anti-CRC tumor activities in vitro by suppressing cell proliferation and colony formation,inducing apoptosis,blocking cell cycle,and inhibiting migration and invasion.These effects were mediated via suppression of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT)pathway.In the tumor xenograft experiment,BA was found to repress tumor growth in vivo with low toxicity.CONCLUSIONS:The results demonstrated that BA exerts antitumor effects by suppressing the PI3K/AKT pathway,with low toxicity.Thus,BA might be a potential novel therapeutic agent for CRC.

汉黄芩素调节磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶/核因子κB信号通路对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠辅助性T细胞17/调节性T细胞平衡的影响

目的探讨汉黄芩素(Wog)调节磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/丝氨酸苏氨酸蛋白激酶(Akt)/核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠辅助性T细胞17(Th17)/调节性T细胞(Treg)平衡的影响。方法2022年8-12月,大鼠采用随机数字表法分为Model组、低剂量Wog组(Wog-L组,50 mg/kg)、高剂量Wog组(Wog-H组,100 mg/kg)、阳性药物氨茶碱组(Ami组,2.3 mg/kg)、IGF-1(PI3K激活剂)组(1.33 mg/kg)、Wog-H+IGF-1组(100 mg/kg+1.33 mg/kg)、对照组(CK组),每组12只。除CK组外,其他组大鼠均需利用烟熏法联合气管滴注脂多糖(LPS)的方法构建COPD模型,建模成功24 h后,进行给药处理,每天1次给药,持续4周。检测呼气峰流量(PEF)、每分钟通气量(MV)、吸气峰流量(PIF);流式细胞术检测外周血中Th17/Treg;HE染色检测肺组织病理;酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠肺组织中白细胞介素(IL)-17、IL-10水平;蛋白质印迹法检测肺组织中维甲酸相关孤核受体γt(RORγt)、叉头框蛋白P3(Foxp3)、磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)、磷酸化Akt(p-Akt)、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)蛋白。结果与CK组比较,Model组大鼠PEF(12.56±0.47比8.72±0.39)、PIF(9.35±0.32比7.24±0.17)、MV(132.26±5.78比96.63±3.28)、Treg(31.18±2.62比15.52±1.01)比例、IL-10(23.35±1.16比8.85±0.27)明显降低(均P<0.05);Th17(3.14±0.13比18.86±1.67)比例、Th17/Treg(0.10±0.01比1.22±0.11)、肺泡间隔(33.36±1.48比49.78±1.73)、气道炎症评分(0比4.56±0.23)及IL-17(75.83±3.60比185.56±8.62)水平明显升高(均P<0.05)。与Model组比较,Wog-L组、Wog-H组PEF(9.66±0.40,11.49±0.51)、PIF(8.28±0.19,9.03±0.22)、MV(105.54±4.11,126.67±5.72)、Treg(19.93±1.18,27.73±2.05)比例、IL-10(11.56±0.33,20.72±0.59)水平明显升高(均P<0.05);Th17(3.14±0.13比18.86±1.67)比例、Th17/Treg(0.10±0.01比1.22±0.11)、肺泡间隔(43.45±1.26,35.78±1.12)、气道炎症评分(3.75±0.17,0.86±0.07)、IL-17(162.27±7.14,103.35±4.33)水平明显降低(均P<0.05)。与CK组比较,Model组大鼠RORγt(0.15±0.01比1.34±0.11)、p-PI3K(0.22±0.01比0.86±0.07)、p-Akt(0.18±0.01比0.75±0.06)、p-NF-κB p65(0.11±0.01比0.69±0.06)蛋白表达升高,Foxp3(1.45±0.27比0.35±0.02)蛋白表达降低(均P<0.05)。与Model组相比,Wog-L组、Wog-H组RORγt(1.08±0.10,0.36±0.02)、p-PI3K(0.71±0.06,0.35±0.03)、p-Akt(0.62±0.06,0.28±0.02)、p-NF-κB p65(0.52±0.05,0.26±0.02)蛋白表达明显降低,Foxp3(0.57±0.04,1.13±0.09)蛋白表达明显升高(均P<0.05)。Wog-H组与Ami组大鼠上述各指标水平近似,均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IGF-1逆转了高剂量Wog对COPD大鼠Th17/Treg的影响。结论Wog促进COPD大鼠Th17/Treg平衡的机制可能与下调PI3K/Akt/NF-κB通路有关。

替米沙坦通过磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路抑制硬化性胃癌细胞增殖

目的研究替米沙坦对硬化性胃癌(SGC)细胞增殖的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法常规培养胃癌细胞MKN1和SGC细胞HSC45。采用细胞计数盒8实验检测替米沙坦对MKN1和HSC45增殖能力的影响;流式细胞仪检测替米沙坦对HSC45凋亡和细胞周期的影响;蛋白质印迹法检测激活替米沙坦对HSC45自噬和磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路相关蛋白表达的影响;采用PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路激活剂SC79和替米沙坦共同处理HSC45,分别检测激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路后,替米沙坦对HSC45增殖、凋亡、自噬和细胞周期的影响。结果替米沙坦呈浓度和时间依赖性抑制MKN1和HSC45细胞增殖(均P<0.001),且对HSC45细胞增殖抑制效果更为显著(P<0.05)。替米沙坦组HSC45早期凋亡率、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达量、G_(0)/G_(1)期细胞周期比例均高于对照组[(26.2±2.6)%比(1.3±0.4)%、(1.02±0.09)比(0.29±0.04)、(53.4±3.4)%比(38.1±2.9)%],磷酸化PI3K、磷酸化AKT和磷酸化mTOR蛋白表达均低于对照组(均P<0.05)。替米沙坦组和替米沙坦+SC79组HSC45细胞增殖抑制率、细胞凋亡率、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达及G_(0)/G_(1)期细胞比例均高于对照组,但替米沙坦+SC79组均低于替米沙坦组(均P<0.05)。结论替米沙坦下调PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,促进SGC细胞凋亡、自噬和周期阻滞,进而抑制SGC细胞增殖能力。

基于PI3K/PKB信号通路变化探究清胰汤在急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤治疗中的应用价值及作用机制

目的:基于磷脂酰肌醇3羟激酶(PI3K)/磷酸化蛋白激酶B(PKB)信号通路变化探究清胰汤在急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤治疗中的应用价值及作用机制。方法:选取2020年8月~2022年11月我院收治的98例急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤患者,随机分为对照组与观察组各49例,对照组给予常规西药治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用中药清胰汤治疗,均治疗2周,比较两组患者的临床疗效,肠胃恢复状况(发热、腹胀腹痛、恶心呕吐及肠鸣音恢复时间),血氧指标[血氧分压(PaO_(2))、氧合指数(OI)水平],血清学指标[淀粉酶(AMY)、脂肪酶(LPS)、PI3K、PKB水平],生活质量[生活质量核心问卷(QLQ-C30)评分]以及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组患者的总有效率为91.84%高于对照组的73.47%(P<0.05);观察组患者恶心呕吐、腹胀腹痛、发热、肠鸣音等肠胃状况恢复时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者的PaO_(2)、OI水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者的血清AMY、LPS、PI3K、PKB水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组患者的QLQ-C30评分低于对照组(P<0.05);两组患者均未见有明显严重不良反应发生,且两组间不良反应发生率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:清胰汤对急性胰腺炎相关性肺损伤有较好的临床治疗效果,可有效缓解患者症状,提高生活质量,用药安全性好,PI3K/PKB信号通路激活被抑制是其主要作用机制之一。

Y-box binding protein 1 augments sorafenib resistance via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Sorafenib is the first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Y-box binding protein 1(YB-1)is closely correlated with tumors and drug resistance.However,the relationship between YB-1 and sorafenib resistance and the underlying mechanism in HCC remain unknown.AIM To explore the role and related mechanisms of YB-1 in mediating sorafenib resistance in HCC.METHODS The protein expression levels of YB-1 were assessed in human HCC tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues.Next,we constructed YB-1 overexpression and knockdown hepatocarcinoma cell lines with lentiviruses and stimulated these cell lines with different concentrations of sorafenib.Then,we detected the proliferation and apoptosis in these cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling,flow cytometry and Western blotting assays.We also constructed a xenograft tumor model to explore the effect of YB-1 on the efficacy of sorafenib in vivo.Moreover,we studied and verified the specific molecular mechanism of YB-1 mediating sorafenib resistance in hepatoma cells by digital gene expression sequencing(DGE-seq).RESULTS YB-1 protein levels were found to be higher in HCC tissues than in corresponding nontumor tissues.YB-1 suppressed the effect of sorafenib on cell proliferation and apoptosis.Consistently,the efficacy of sorafenib in vivo was enhanced after YB-1 was knocked down.Furthermore,KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DGEseq demonstrated that the phosphoinositide-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)signaling pathway was essential for the sorafenib resistance induced by YB-1.Subsequently,YB-1 interacted with two key proteins of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway(Akt1 and PIK3R1)as shown by searching the BioGRID and HitPredict websites.Finally,YB-1 suppressed the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway induced by sorafenib,and the blockade of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by LY294002 mitigated YB-1-induced sorafenib resistance.CONCLUSION Overall,we concluded that YB-1 augments sorafenib resistance through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HCC and suggest that YB-1 is a key drug resistance-related gene,which is of great significance for the application of sorafenib in advanced-stage HCC.

补阳还五汤通过调控PI3K/Akt、JAK2/STAT3信号促进BMSC趋化迁移对外伤性脊髓损伤大鼠神经元活性及认知功能的影响

目的研究补阳还五汤通过调控磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)、内源性酪氨酸激酶(JAK)2/信号传导和转录启动因子(STAT)3信号促进骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)趋化迁移对外伤性脊髓损伤大鼠的神经元活性及认知功能的影响。方法选取健康大鼠53只,随机分为健康组(健康大鼠常规饲养)、损伤组(建立脊髓损伤模型)、干预组(补阳还五汤治疗)、对照组(甲泼尼龙治疗),每组12只,剩余5只大鼠用于补阳还五汤含药血清制备。流式细胞术鉴定BMSCs细胞。Transwell小室法测大鼠BMSCs迁移。高架十字迷宫和Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠认知功能。苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测脊髓组织病理形态。TUNEL测脊髓组织神经细胞凋亡。免疫组化检测p-JAK2、p-STAT3。Western印迹测PI3K、p-PI3K、Akt、p-Akt。结果传代后的培养细胞呈旋窝状或放射状贴壁生长,细胞多呈星形、梭形或三角状,培养3代后,细胞贴壁加快、形态均一,呈旋窝状或单层放射状生长。培养细胞表面抗原CD29、CD90为阳性,CD31、CD45为阴性,提示其为BMSCs细胞。与健康组相比,损伤组总路程、进入开臂次数、穿越平台次数显著降低,不同时间的潜伏期显著升高(P<0.05)。与损伤组相比,干预组与对照组总路程、进入开臂次数、穿越平台次数显著升高,不同时间的潜伏期显著降低(P<0.05)。干预组与对照组各指标对比无统计学差异(P>0.05)。健康组脊髓组织结构完整。损伤组脊髓组织疏松水肿,有细胞空泡变性产生。相较于损伤组,干预组与对照组大鼠脊髓组织病理形态有所改善。与健康组相比,损伤组BMSCs、PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt显著降低,神经细胞凋亡率、p-JAK2、p-STAT3显著升高(P<0.05)。与损伤组相比,干预组BMSCs、PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt显著升高,神经细胞凋亡率、p-JAK2、p-STAT3显著降低(P<0.05)。干预组与对照组各指标水平无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论补阳还五汤通过激活PI3K/Akt通路抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路的激活,促进BMSCs的迁移,减轻神经细胞的凋亡,起到神经保护的作用,从而改善脊髓损伤大鼠的认知功能。

紫草素对人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和凋亡的影响

目的探讨紫草素对人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和凋亡的影响及机制。方法将对数生长期MGC803细胞随机分为空白对照组、紫草素组、紫草素+胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)组和紫草素+LY294002组。空白对照组细胞在无药培养基中培养,紫草素组细胞在含终浓度10μmol·L^(-1)紫草素的培养基中培养,紫草素+IGF-1组细胞在含终浓度10μmol·L^(-1)紫草素和终浓度10μmol·L^(-1) IGF-1的培养基中培养,紫草素+LY294002组细胞在含终浓度10μmol·L^(-1)紫草素和终浓度30μmol·L^(-1) LY294002的培养基中培养。培养24 h后,采用细胞计数试剂盒-8法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,Transwell法检测细胞侵袭能力,Western blot法检测细胞中B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、细胞色素C(Cyt C)、激活型caspase-3(cleaved caspase-3)、cleaved caspase-9、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(PKB)、磷酸化PKB(p-PKB)蛋白表达。结果紫草素组MGC803细胞增殖抑制率和凋亡率显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞增殖抑制率和凋亡率显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞增殖抑制率和凋亡率均显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05)。紫草素组MGC803细胞划痕愈合率和侵袭细胞数显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞划痕愈合率和侵袭细胞数显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞划痕愈合率和侵袭细胞数显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05)。紫草素组MGC803细胞中Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),Bax、Cyt C、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞中Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05),Bax、Cyt C、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞中Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05),Bax、Cyt C、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05)。紫草素组MGC803细胞中p-PI3K、p-PKB蛋白相对表达量及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-PKB/PKB比值显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),紫草素组和空白对照组MGC803细胞中PI3K、PKB蛋白相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞中p-PI3K、p-PKB蛋白相对表达量及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-PKB/PKB比值显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05),紫草素+IGF-1组与紫草素组MGC803细胞中PI3K、PKB蛋白相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞中p-PI3K、p-PKB蛋白相对表达量及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-PKB/PKB比值显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05),紫草素+LY294002组与紫草素组MGC803细胞中PI3K、PKB蛋白相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论紫草素可抑制人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭并促进其凋亡,其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/PKB信号通路有关。

积雪草酸调节PI3K/AKT信号通路对七氟烷诱导的海马神经元HT-22细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨积雪草酸(AA)通过调节磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路对七氟烷(SEVO)诱导的HT-22细胞凋亡的影响。方法使用不同浓度(0、5、10、15、20、30μmol/L)AA处理七氟烷诱导HT-22细胞24 h,CCK-8检测HT-22细胞活力;将HT-22细胞分为对照(Control)组、七氟烷(SEVO)组、AA低浓度(AA-L,10μmol/L)组、AA中浓度(AA-M,15μmol/L)组、AA高浓度(AA-H,20μmol/L)组和AA高浓度+PI13K通路抑制剂LY294002(AA-H+LY294002,20μmol/L AA+5μmol/L LY294002)组。显微镜下观察各组细胞形态变化,ELISA检测炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)水平,活性氧(ROS)试剂盒检测ROS水平,TUNEL试剂盒检测HT-22凋亡,JC-1法检测线粒体膜电位,三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量检测试剂盒检测ATP含量,Western blot检测B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT和AKT蛋白表达。结果与0μmol/L相比,5~30μmol/L AA处理的HT-22细胞活力呈浓度依赖性升高(P<0.05),选择浓度为10、15、20μmol/L的AA用于后续实验。与SEVO组相比,AA-L组、AA-M组和AA-H组TNF-α、IL-6、MDA和ROS水平、细胞凋亡率、Bax和Caspase-3蛋白表达降低,SOD和GSH-Px水平、红/绿JC-1荧光比、ATP含量、Bcl-2蛋白表达、PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平增加(P<0.05),且呈浓度依赖性。LY294002可逆转AA对七氟烷诱导的HT-22细胞损伤的保护作用(P<0.05)。结论AA通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路保护七氟烷诱导的HT-22细胞损伤,为新型减轻七氟烷诱导的神经毒性的药物开发提供了一定的理论参考。