Ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica ameliorates ovarian defects through phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibition in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective:To assess the therapeutic potential of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta(A.)indica in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:Thirty-five prepubertal female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups with 7 animals in each group.Group 1 received 0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally.Groups 2 to 5 received testosterone propionate(0.2 mg/kg,s.c.)dissolved in olive oil daily for 42 days to induce PCOS.In addition,group 3 was administered with A.indica extract(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally)from the 7th to 12th week,group 4 received quercetin(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally)and group 5 received wartmannin(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally).At the end of treatment,blood was collected for biochemical evaluation.Total follicular count and uterus corpus luteum count followed by PI3K gene expression in the ovary and uterus were evaluated.Results:The ethanolic extracts of A.indica significantly reduced body weight,ovary weight and uterus weight of rats.Extracts of A.indica also significantly increased the levels of serum glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,very low-density lipoprotein,insulin,testosterone,and luteinizing hormone.Treatment also reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant parameters in the liver homogenates of PCOS-induced rats.Histological examination of the ovary and uterus confirmed PCOS occurrence and remission state in the PCOS-induced and treated groups,respectively.Moreover,A.indica and quercetin significantly downregulated PI3K gene expression.Histopathological results of the ovary and uterus also proved the protective role of A.indica.Conclusions:A.indica leaf extract has beneficial effects in the treatment of PCOS by downregulation of PI3K gene expression.

Loss of monopolar spindle-binding protein 3B expression promotes colorectal cancer malignant behaviors by activation of target of rapamycin kinase/autophagy signaling

BACKGROUND Monopolar spindle-binding protein 3B(MOB3B)functions as a signal transducer and altered MOB3B expression is associated with the development of human cancers.AIM To investigate the role of MOB3B in colorectal cancer(CRC).METHODS This study collected 102 CRC tissue samples for immunohistochemical detection of MOB3B expression for association with CRC prognosis.After overexpression and knockdown of MOB3B expression were induced in CRC cell lines,changes in cell viability,migration,invasion,and gene expression were assayed.Tumor cell autophagy was detected using transmission electron microscopy,while nude mouse xenograft experiments were performed to confirm the in-vitro results.RESULTS MOB3B expression was reduced in CRC vs normal tissues and loss of MOB3B expression was associated with poor CRC prognosis.Overexpression of MOB3B protein in vitro attenuated the cell viability as well as the migration and invasion capacities of CRC cells,whereas knockdown of MOB3B expression had the opposite effects in CRC cells.At the molecular level,microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II/I expression was elevated,whereas the expression of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)2,MMP9,sequestosome 1,and phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase(mTOR)was downregulated in MOB3B-overexpressing RKO cells.In contrast,the opposite results were observed in tumor cells with MOB3B knockdown.The nude mouse data confirmed these in-vitro findings,i.e.,MOB3B expression suppressed CRC cell xenograft growth,whereas knockdown of MOB3B expression promoted the growth of CRC cell xenografts.CONCLUSION Loss of MOB3B expression promotes CRC development and malignant behaviors,suggesting a potential tumor suppressive role of MOB3B in CRC by inhibition of mTOR/autophagy signaling.

Osteopontin promotes gastric cancer progression via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most common malignant tumors.Osteopontin(OPN)is thought to be closely related to the occurrence,metastasis and prognosis of many types of tumors.AIM To investigate the effects of OPN on the proliferation,invasion and migration of GC cells and its possible mechanism.METHODS The mRNA and protein expression of OPN in the GC cells were analyzed by realtime quantitative-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting,and observe the effect of varying degree expression OPN on the proliferation and other behaviors of GC.Next,the effects of OPN knockdown on GC cells migration and invasion were examined.The short hairpin RNA(shRNA)and negative control shRNA targeting OPN-shRNA were transfected into the cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Non transfected cells were classified as control in the identical transfecting process.24 h after RNA transfection cell proliferation activity was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenytetrazoliumromide assay,and cell invasiveness and migration were detected by Trans well assay.Meanwhile,the expression of protein kinase B(AKT),matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in the human GC cell lines was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.RESULTS The results of this study revealed that OPN mRNA and protein expression levels were highly expressed in SGC-7901 cells.OPN knockdown by specific shRNA noticeably reduced the capabilities of proliferation,invasion and migration of SGC-7901 cells.Moreover,in the experiments of investigating the underlying mechanism,results showed that OPN knockdown could down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF,it also decreased the phosphorylation of AKT.Meanwhile,the protein expression levels of MMP-2,VEGF and phosphorylated AKT was noticeable lower than that in control group in the GC cells after they were added to phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)inhibitor(LY294002).CONCLUSION These results suggested that OPN though PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signal pathway to upregulate MMP-2 and VEGF expression,which contribute SGC-7901 cells to proliferation,invasion and migration.Thus,our results demonstrate that OPN may serve as a novel prognostic biomarkers as well as a potential therapeutic targets for GC.

Protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B signaling pathway inhibition

BACKGROUND Intestinal inflammation is a common digestive tract disease, which is usually treated with hormone medicines. Hormone medicines are effective to some extent, but long-term use of them may bring about many complications.AIM To explore the protective effects of panax notoginseng saponin(PNS) against dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced intestinal inflammatory injury through phosphoinositide-3-kinase protein kinase B(PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway inhibition in rats.METHODS Colitis rat models were generated via DSS induction, and rats were divided into control(no modeling), DSS, DSS + PNS 50 mg/k, and DSS + PNS 100 mg/kg groups. Then, the intestinal injury, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory indices, tight junction proteins, apoptosis, macrophage polarization, and TLR4/AKT signaling pathway in colon tissues from rats in each of the groups were detected. The PI3 K/AKT signaling pathway in the colon tissue of rats was blocked using the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor, LY294002.RESULTS Compared with rats in the control group, rats in the DSS group showed significantly shortened colon lengths, and significantly increased disease activity indices, oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory indices, as well as significantly decreased expression of tight junction-associated proteins. In addition, the DSS group showed significantly increased apoptotic cell numbers,and showed significantly increased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues.They also showed significantly decreased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, as well as activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway(all P < 0.05). Compared with rats in the DSS group, rats in the DSS + PNS group showed significantly lengthened colon lengths, decreased disease activity indices, and significantly alleviated oxidative stress reactions and inflammatory responses. In addition, this group showed significantly increased expression of tight junction-associated proteins, significantly decreased apoptotic cell numbers, and significantly decreased M1 macrophages in spleen and colon tissues. This group further showed significantly increased M2 macrophages in colon tissues, and significantly suppressed activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, as well as a dose dependency(all P < 0.05). When the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited, the apoptosis rate of colon tissue cells in the DSS + LY294002 group was significantly lower than that of the DSS group(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION PNS can protect rats against DSS-induced intestinal inflammatory injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and therefore may be potentially used in the future as a drug for colitis.

Multiple implications of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 in human cancer

3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1(PDK1) is a central mediator of cellular signaling between phosphoinositide-3 kinase and various intracellular serine/threonine kinases,including protein kinase B,p70 ribosomal S6 kinase,serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase,and protein kinase C.PDK1 activates members of the AGC family of protein kinases by phosphorylating serine/threonine residues in the activation loop.Here,we review the regulatory mechanisms of PDK1 and its roles in cancer.PDK1 is activated by autophosphorylation in the activation loop and other serine residues,as well as by phosphorylation of Tyr-9 and Tyr-373/376.Src appears to recognize PDK1 following tyrosine phosphorylation.The role of heat shock protein 90 in regulating PDK1 stability and PDK1-Src complex formation are also discussed.Furthermore,we summarize the subcellular distribution of PDK1.Finally,an important role for PDK1 in cancer chemotherapy is proposed.In conclusion,a better understanding of its molecular regulatory mechanisms in various signaling pathways will help to explain how PDK1 acts as an oncogenic kinase in various cancers,and will contribute to the development of novel cancer chemotherapies.

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase,catalytic,alpha polypeptide RNA interference inhibits growth of colon cancer cell SW948

AIM:To investigate the gene knock-down effect by the phosphoinositide-3-kinase,catalytic,alpha polypeptide(PIK3CA)-targeted double-stranded RNA(dsRNA) and its effect on cell proliferation and cycle distribution in SW948.METHODS:Two PIK3CA-targeted dsRNAs were constructed and transfected into SW948 cells.Transfections were performed using lipofectamine TM 2000.The transfection effectiveness was calculated basing on the rate of fluorescence cell of SW948 at 6 h after transfection.Total messenger RNA was extracted from these cells using the RNeasy kit,and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the down-regulation of PIK3CA,AKT1,MYC,and CCND1 gene expression.Cells were harvested,proteins were resolved,and western blot was employed to detect the expression levels of PIK3CA,AKT1,MYC,and CCND1 gene.Cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide assay and the inhibition rate was calculated.Soft agar colony formation assay was performed basing on colonies greater than 60 μm in diameter at ×100 magnification.The effect on cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry.All experiments were performed in triplicate.RESULTS:Green fluorescence was observed in SW948 cell transfected with plasmid Pgenesil-1,and the transfection effectiveness was about 65%.Forty-eight hours post-transfection,mRNA expression of PIK3CA in SW948 cells was 0.51 ± 0.04 vs 0.49 ± 0.03 vs 0.92 ± 0.01 vs 0.93 ± 0.03(P = 0.001) in Pgenesil-CA1,Pgenesil-CA2,negative and blank group respectively.mRNA expression of AKT1 was 0.50 ± 0.03 vs 0.48 ± 0.01 vs 0.93 ± 0.04 vs 0.92 ± 0.02(P = 0.000) in Pgenesil-CA1,Pgenesil-CA2,negative and blank group respectively.mRNA expression of MYC was 0.49 ± 0.01 vs 0.50 ± 0.04 vs 0.90 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.03(P = 0.001) in the four groups respectively.mRNA expression of CCND1 was 0.45 ± 0.02 vs 0.51 ± 0.01 vs 0.96 ± 0.03 vs 0.98 ± 0.01(P = 0.001) in the four groups respectively.The protein level of PIK3CA was 0.53 ± 0.01 vs 0.54 ± 0.02 vs 0.92 ± 0.03 vs 0.91 ± 0.02(P = 0.001) in Pgenesil-CA1,Pgenesil-CA2,negative and blank group respectively.The protein level of AKT1 in the four groups was 0.49 ± 0.02 vs 0.55 ± 0.03 vs 0.94 ± 0.03 vs 0.95 ± 0.04,P = 0.000).The protein level of MYC in the four groups was 0.51 ± 0.03 vs 0.52 ± 0.04 vs 0.92 ± 0.02 vs 0.95 ± 0.01(P = 0.000).The protein level of CCND1 in the four groups was 0.54 ± 0.04 vs 0.56 ± 0.03 vs 0.93 ± 0.01 vs 0.93 ± 0.03(P = 0.000).Both Pgenesil-CA1 and Pgenesil-CA2 plasmids significantly suppressed the growth of SW948 cells when compared with the negative or blank group at 48 h after transfec-tion(29% vs 25% vs 17% vs 14%,P = 0.001),60 h after transfection(38% vs 34% vs 19% vs 16%,P = 0.001),and 72 h after transfection(53% vs 48% vs 20% vs 17%,P = 0.000).Numbers of colonies in negative,blank,CA1,and CA2 groups were 42 ± 4,45 ± 5,8 ± 2,and 10 ± 3,respectively(P = 0.000).There were more than 4.5 times colonies in the blank and negative control groups as there were in the CA1 and CA2 groups.In addition,the colonies in blank and negative control groups were also larger than those in the CA1 and CA2 groups.The percentage of cells in the CA1 and CA2 groups was significantly higher in G 0 /G 1 phase,but lower in S and G 2 /M phase when compared with the negative and control groups.Moreover,cell apoptosis rates in the CA1 and CA2 groups were 5.11 ± 0.32 and 4.73 ± 0.32,which were significantly higher than those in negative(0.95 ± 0.11,P = 0.000) and blank groups(0.86 ± 0.13,P = 0.001).No significant difference was found between CA1 and CA2 groups in cell cycle distribution and apoptosis.CONCLUSION:PIK3CA-targeted short hairpin RNAs can block the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway and inhibit cell growth,increase apoptosis,and induce cell cycle arrest in the PIK3CA-mutant colon cancer SW948 cells.

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 participates in the occurrence and development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by regulating autophagy

The development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)may be related to the abnormal alterations of multiple proteins.Our previous study revealed that the expression of phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4(PIK3R4)was decreased in ALS.However,the role of PIK3R4 in ALS pathogenesis remains unknown.This study was the first to find that transfection of PC12 cells with small interfering RNA against the PIK3R4 gene significantly decreased the expression levels of PIK3R4 and the autophagy-related proteins p62 and LC3.Additionally,in vivo experiments revealed that the PIK3R4 protein was extensively expressed in the anterior horn,posterior horn,central canal,and areas surrounding the central canal in cervical,thoracic,and lumbar segments of the spinal cord in adult mice.PIK3R4 protein was mainly expressed in the neurons within the spinal lumbar segments.PIK3R4 and p62 expression levels were significantly decreased at both the pre-onset and onset stages of ALS disease in Tg(SOD1*G93A)1 Gur mice compared with control mice,but these proteins were markedly increased at the progression stage.LC3 protein expression did not change during progression of ALS.These findings suggest that PIK3R4 likely participates in the prevention of ALS progression.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Animal Care and Use of Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital,Affiliated People’s Hospital of Nanchang University(approval No.2020025)on March 26,2020.

血管生成素-1激活tyrosine kinase／PI3K增加血管内皮细胞[Mg^2＋]i

目的:探讨血管生成素-1(Ang-1)对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)内游离镁离子浓度([Mg2+]i)的调节机制。方法:我们采用荧光指示剂mag-fura-2,运用PTi阳离子测定系统动态测HUVECs的[Mg2+]i。结果:Ang-1诱导的[Mg2+]i增加与细胞外Mg2+浓度无关。Ang-1诱导的[Mg2+]i增加与细胞内Ca2+浓度无关。经酪氨酸激酶阻断剂(tyrphostin A23和genistein),磷脂酰3激酶阻断剂(wortmannin和LY294002)预处理,均显著阻断Ang-1诱导的[Mg2+]i增加。但经活化丝裂原激活激酶阻断剂(SB202190和PD98059)预处理,不能阻断Ang-1诱导的[Mg2+]i增加。结论:Ang-1通过酪氨酸激酶/磷脂酰3激酶信号传递途径使细胞内的Mg2+库释放Mg2+,从而增加HUVECs的[Mg2+]i。

PI3 kinase/Akt通路对颌骨代谢的调节

胰岛素不仅在糖尿病中发挥重要的作用,在骨的代谢中也是关键的调节因子,胰岛素与胰岛素受体结合,促进胰岛素受体底物(IRS)发生酪氨酸磷酸化,进而激活PI3kinase/Akt通路。PI3kinase/Akt通路参与了多种细胞的增殖分化,越来越多的证据证明,PI3kinase/Akt通路在骨细胞的增殖、分化起重要作用。本文就PI3kinase/Akt通路对骨代谢的调节作一综述,希望能为骨代谢疾病患者种植牙的药物选择提供思路。

基于PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β信号通路探讨EA改善APP/PS1双转基因小鼠认知功能障碍的内在机制

目的探讨鞣花酸(ellagicacid,EA)对APP/PS1双转基因小鼠认知功能的影响,并基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/糖原合成酶激酶-3(PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β)信号通路探讨鞣花酸对双转基因小鼠海马氧化应激水平的调节机制。方法将32只SPF级6月龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠随机分为4组,即APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+EA组、APP/PS1+LY294002组、APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组,每组8只,另外选取8只SPF级C57BL/6J野生型小鼠(Wildtype)作为空白对照组,即WT组。APP/PS1+EA组给予50mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)灌胃EA;APP/PS1+LY294002组予以1.5mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)腹腔注射PI3K抑制剂LY294002;APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组予以50mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)灌胃EA,同时按1.5mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1)腹腔注射LY294002;WT组和APP/PS1组于相同时间点灌胃等体积10%二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。每日给药1次,连续给药60天。Morris水迷宫检测小鼠学习和记忆能力,免疫组化、蛋白免疫印迹法检测PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β相关蛋白的表达,透射电镜观察小鼠海马组织超微结构变化。结果与WT组相比,其他四组的逃避潜伏期均增长(P<0.05),穿越平台次数明显减少(P<0.01);APP/PS1组、APP/PS1+LY294002组和APP/PS1+EA+LY294002组中的PI3K、AKT蛋白表达量显著降低(P<0.01),GSK-3β表达量显著升高(P<0.01);APP/PS1+EA组的PI3K表达量降低(P<0.05),AKT表达量显著降低(P<0.01),GSK-3β表达量升高(P<0.05);与WT组相比,APP/PS1组海马神经元细胞数目较少,线粒体结构破坏,大部分线粒体出现肿胀,线粒体的内膜和外模不完整,部分线粒体嵴消失,微管、微丝缠结,排列紊乱,而APP/PS1+EA组神经元细胞数较APP/PS1组增多,线粒体结构较清晰,可见清楚的线粒体嵴,线粒体轻度水肿。微管、微丝排列较整齐有序。结论鞣花酸改善AD模型小鼠的学习和记忆能力、减少海马神经元细胞损伤和凋亡,其作用机制可能是通过调节PI3K、AKT、GSK-3β等相关蛋白降低AD模型小鼠海马氧化应激水平。

紫草素对人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和凋亡的影响

目的探讨紫草素对人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和凋亡的影响及机制。方法将对数生长期MGC803细胞随机分为空白对照组、紫草素组、紫草素+胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)组和紫草素+LY294002组。空白对照组细胞在无药培养基中培养,紫草素组细胞在含终浓度10μmol·L^(-1)紫草素的培养基中培养,紫草素+IGF-1组细胞在含终浓度10μmol·L^(-1)紫草素和终浓度10μmol·L^(-1) IGF-1的培养基中培养,紫草素+LY294002组细胞在含终浓度10μmol·L^(-1)紫草素和终浓度30μmol·L^(-1) LY294002的培养基中培养。培养24 h后,采用细胞计数试剂盒-8法检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,Transwell法检测细胞侵袭能力,Western blot法检测细胞中B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、细胞色素C(Cyt C)、激活型caspase-3(cleaved caspase-3)、cleaved caspase-9、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(PKB)、磷酸化PKB(p-PKB)蛋白表达。结果紫草素组MGC803细胞增殖抑制率和凋亡率显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞增殖抑制率和凋亡率显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞增殖抑制率和凋亡率均显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05)。紫草素组MGC803细胞划痕愈合率和侵袭细胞数显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞划痕愈合率和侵袭细胞数显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞划痕愈合率和侵袭细胞数显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05)。紫草素组MGC803细胞中Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),Bax、Cyt C、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞中Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05),Bax、Cyt C、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞中Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05),Bax、Cyt C、cleaved caspase-3、cleaved caspase-9蛋白相对表达量及Bax/Bcl-2比值显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05)。紫草素组MGC803细胞中p-PI3K、p-PKB蛋白相对表达量及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-PKB/PKB比值显著低于空白对照组(P<0.05),紫草素组和空白对照组MGC803细胞中PI3K、PKB蛋白相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);紫草素+IGF-1组MGC803细胞中p-PI3K、p-PKB蛋白相对表达量及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-PKB/PKB比值显著高于紫草素组(P<0.05),紫草素+IGF-1组与紫草素组MGC803细胞中PI3K、PKB蛋白相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);紫草素+LY294002组MGC803细胞中p-PI3K、p-PKB蛋白相对表达量及p-PI3K/PI3K、p-PKB/PKB比值显著低于紫草素组(P<0.05),紫草素+LY294002组与紫草素组MGC803细胞中PI3K、PKB蛋白相对表达量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论紫草素可抑制人胃癌MGC803细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭并促进其凋亡,其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/PKB信号通路有关。

PI3K信号过度活化引发免疫病理机制研究进展

目前少数研究发现磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)基因PIK3CD(编码p110δ)发生功能获得性(GOF)变异后,可导致活化的PI3Kδ综合征(APDS)。该突变可通过诱导T细胞减少/衰老/耗竭、B细胞发育受阻、NK细胞毒性降低等多种免疫系统内部缺陷机制导致机体内免疫缺陷、免疫失调甚至肿瘤发生。本文主要对PI3Kδ GOF诱导APDS发生的相关临床疾病特点及免疫缺陷分子机制展开综述,重点阐述该突变导致淋巴细胞发育、分化及功能缺陷的分子机制。

miR-93-5p通过PI3K/AKT通路调控HepG2细胞自噬

目的:探究miR-93-5p对HepG2细胞增殖、自噬、葡萄糖消耗以及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,AKT)通路的影响。方法:高浓度葡萄糖诱导构建胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)细胞模型,设计合成miR-93-5p inhibitor和NC,结合自噬抑制剂3-MA,将细胞分为Control组、IR组、IR+inhibitor NC组、IR+inhibitor组、IR+3-MA+inhibitor组。CCK8法检测各组细胞增殖活力,试剂盒检测各组细胞葡萄糖消耗量和细胞糖原合成情况,Western-Blot法检测细胞自噬基因微管相关蛋白1轻链3(autophagy genes microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)-I、LC3-II、肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)蛋白、PI3K/AKT通路蛋白(AKT、p-AKT)的表达。结果:与对照组相比,IR组细胞增殖活力、葡萄糖消耗量和细胞糖原合成量、HGF蛋白、LC3-II蛋白表达下降(P<0.01),LC3-I蛋白和p-AKT/AKT值表达均增加(P<0.01)。与IR组和IR+inhibitor NC组相比,IR+inhibitor组细胞增殖活力、葡萄糖消耗量和细胞糖原合成量、HGF蛋白、LC3-II蛋白表达增加(P<0.01),LC3-I蛋白和p-AKT/AKT值表达均下降(P<0.01)。与IR+inhibitor组相比,3-MA能逆转miR-93-5p inhibitor的作用。结论:miR-93-5p通过PI3K/AKT通路促进HepG2细胞自噬,进而抑制胰岛素抵抗,缓解糖尿病造成的机体损伤。

磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸肌醇-3-激酶对原发性肝癌TACE治疗反应的预测作用

目的探讨经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗的原发性肝癌患者磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸肌醇-3-激酶(PIK3CA)的表达及其与TACE治疗反应的相关性。方法从TCGA数据库下载425例肝癌患者PIK3CA的表达量。利用GSE104580数据集内TACE治疗敏感和不敏感患者癌组织PIK3CA表达量,分析两组基因表达差异,绘制ROC曲线分析TACE治疗敏感性与PIK3CA表达的相关性。从GSE14520数据集下载具有完整临床资料、接受TACE治疗的肝细胞癌27例,基于PIK3CA的表达量最佳截断值,分成PIK3CA高表达组和PIK3CA低表达组,比较两组患者的临床资料。应用“survminer”R包进行Kaplan-Meier生存分析。结果肝癌组织PIK3CA表达明显高于癌旁组织;TACE不敏感患者癌组织PIK3CA表达量高于TACE敏感患者,TACE治疗敏感性与PIK3CA表达相关性的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.645;生存分析显示PIK3CA表达量越低,患者生存时间越长,且1、2、3年的AUC分别为0.765、0.713、0.633。结论PIK3CA对于肝细胞癌有一定的诊断价值,有可能作为TACE治疗敏感性的预测指标。

积雪草酸调节PI3K/AKT信号通路对七氟烷诱导的海马神经元HT-22细胞凋亡的影响

目的探讨积雪草酸(AA)通过调节磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/AKT)信号通路对七氟烷(SEVO)诱导的HT-22细胞凋亡的影响。方法使用不同浓度(0、5、10、15、20、30μmol/L)AA处理七氟烷诱导HT-22细胞24 h,CCK-8检测HT-22细胞活力;将HT-22细胞分为对照(Control)组、七氟烷(SEVO)组、AA低浓度(AA-L,10μmol/L)组、AA中浓度(AA-M,15μmol/L)组、AA高浓度(AA-H,20μmol/L)组和AA高浓度+PI13K通路抑制剂LY294002(AA-H+LY294002,20μmol/L AA+5μmol/L LY294002)组。显微镜下观察各组细胞形态变化,ELISA检测炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和丙二醛(MDA)水平,活性氧(ROS)试剂盒检测ROS水平,TUNEL试剂盒检测HT-22凋亡,JC-1法检测线粒体膜电位,三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量检测试剂盒检测ATP含量,Western blot检测B淋巴细胞瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3)、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-AKT和AKT蛋白表达。结果与0μmol/L相比,5~30μmol/L AA处理的HT-22细胞活力呈浓度依赖性升高(P<0.05),选择浓度为10、15、20μmol/L的AA用于后续实验。与SEVO组相比,AA-L组、AA-M组和AA-H组TNF-α、IL-6、MDA和ROS水平、细胞凋亡率、Bax和Caspase-3蛋白表达降低,SOD和GSH-Px水平、红/绿JC-1荧光比、ATP含量、Bcl-2蛋白表达、PI3K和AKT磷酸化水平增加(P<0.05),且呈浓度依赖性。LY294002可逆转AA对七氟烷诱导的HT-22细胞损伤的保护作用(P<0.05)。结论AA通过激活PI3K/AKT信号通路保护七氟烷诱导的HT-22细胞损伤,为新型减轻七氟烷诱导的神经毒性的药物开发提供了一定的理论参考。

外周血受体相互作用蛋白激酶3、混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域水平与新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎病情严重程度的关系

目的分析新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)患儿外周血受体相互作用蛋白激酶3(RIPK3)、混合系列蛋白激酶样结构域(MLKL)的表达情况及其与病情严重程度的关系。方法选取92例NEC患儿纳入NEC组,并根据病情严重程度进一步分为轻度NEC组(Ⅰ级)60例和重度NEC组(Ⅱ~Ⅲ级)32例,另选取同期诊治的60例腹股沟斜疝患儿纳入对照组。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA表达;采用Pearson相关分析法明确NEC组外周血RIPK3 mRNA与MLKL mRNA表达的相关性;采用免疫印迹法检测NEC回肠组织和正常回肠组织中RIPK3、MLKL蛋白表达;采用多因素Logistic回归分析明确重度NEC发生的独立危险因素。绘制受试者工作特征曲线,分析外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA单独及联合预测重度NEC的价值。结果NEC组外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA相对表达量分别为(2.41±0.52)、(3.03±0.64),高于对照组的(1.02±0.21)、(0.93±0.20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。NEC回肠组织中RIPK3、MLKL蛋白相对灰度值分别为(1.20±0.21)、(1.13±0.24),高于正常回肠组织的(0.34±0.12)、(0.32±0.11),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。NEC组患儿外周血RIPK3 mRNA与MLKL mRNA相对表达量呈正相关(r=0.623,P<0.001)。重度NEC组合并气腹征、多器官功能障碍综合征、败血症者占比和RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA相对表达量均高于轻度NEC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA相对表达量升高是重度NEC发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。外周血RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA联合预测重度NEC的曲线下面积大于RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA单独预测(Z=4.127、4.261,P<0.05)。结论RIPK3 mRNA、MLKL mRNA在NEC患儿外周血中表达升高,两者均与NEC病情严重程度有关,且两者联合检测对重度NEC具有较高的预测价值。

Yes相关蛋白(YAP)通过激活PI3K/AKT通路促进皮肤鳞状细胞癌细胞侵袭和迁移

目的探讨Yes相关蛋白(YAP)在皮肤鳞状细胞癌(cSCC)中表达及与cSCC侵袭和迁移中的作用。方法通过免疫组织化学染色法检测cSCC、鲍温病(BD)、癌旁正常皮肤组织中YAP的表达水平,并分析与临床病理参数之间的关系;利用慢病毒转染构建YAP基因敲低的A431稳定细胞株,利用四甲基罗丹明标记的鬼笔环肽检测A431细胞微丝分布和数量,Transwell TM实验检测细胞侵袭能力,划痕实验检测A431细胞的迁移能力;免疫荧光细胞化学染色法观察敲低YAP后上皮间质转化(EMT)相关标志物上皮钙黏素(E-cadherin)、锌指转录因子Snail的表达;Western blot法检测E-cadherin、Snail、β-catenin、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(AKT)、磷酸化的蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)、核糖体蛋白S6(S6)、磷酸化S6(p-S6)、4E结合蛋白1(4EBP1)、磷酸化的4EBP1(p-4EBP1)的表达。结果YAP在cSCC和BD中表达显著高于癌旁正常皮肤组织;cSCC中YAP高表达与肿瘤大小、分化程度、侵袭程度密切相关,与患者的性别、年龄、发病部位、形态类型、是否神经脉管侵犯不相关;敲低A431细胞中YAP后,肿瘤细胞的侵袭、迁移能力降低,细胞微丝变细、伪足变少;E-cadherin表达增加,Snail和β-catenin蛋白表达降低,p-AKT、p-S6及p-4EBP1蛋白表达降低。结论YAP在cSCC中高表达,YAP激活PI3K/AKT信号通路促进cSCC的侵袭、迁移及EMT过程。

秋水仙碱通过激动PI3K/AKT/eNOS信号通路对急性心肌梗死大鼠心功能的影响

目的:探究秋水仙碱通过调节磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)信号通路对急性心肌梗死(AMI)大鼠心功能的影响。方法:78只大鼠中随机选取12只作为假手术组,剩余大鼠构建AMI模型,造模成功大鼠分为模型组、秋水仙碱组[4 mg/(kg·d)]、秋水仙碱[4 mg/(kg·d)]+LY294002(20 mg/mL)组、秋水仙碱[4 mg/(kg·d)]+MK-2206(60μg/mL)组、秋水仙碱[4 mg/(kg·d)]+L-NAME(1.6 mg/mL)组,每组12只。超声心动图检测大鼠左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、射血分数(EF)及短轴缩短率(FS)。处死大鼠,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测大鼠心肌组织石蜡切片病理学变化;末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测心肌细胞凋亡率;酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)测定大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)以及心肌组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)水平;免疫印迹法(Western Blot)测定大鼠心肌组织PI3K/AKT/eNOS通路蛋白表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠LVESD、LVEDD,血清CK-MB、TNF-α、IL-6水平,心肌匀浆MDA、心肌细胞凋亡率升高,EF、FS水平,心肌匀浆SOD、CAT,心肌组织磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)/PI3K、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)/AKT、磷酸化eNOS(p-eNOS)/eNOS降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,秋水仙碱组大鼠LVESD、LVEDD,血清CK-MB、TNF-α、IL-6水平,心肌匀浆MDA、心肌细胞凋亡率降低,EF、FS水平,心肌匀浆SOD、CAT,心肌组织p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-eNOS/eNOS升高(P<0.05);与秋水仙碱组相比,秋水仙碱+LY294002组、秋水仙碱+MK-2206组、秋水仙碱+L-NAME组大鼠LVESD、LVEDD,血清CK-MB、TNF-α、IL-6水平,心肌匀浆MDA、心肌细胞凋亡率升高,EF、FS水平,心肌匀浆SOD、CAT,心肌组织p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-eNOS/eNOS降低(P<0.05)。结论:秋水仙碱可能通过激活PI3K/AKT/eNOS信号通路对AMI大鼠发挥心功能保护作用。

黄芪阳和汤调控PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路促进糖尿病足溃疡大鼠创面愈合

目的基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路探究黄芪阳和汤对糖尿病足溃疡(DFU)大鼠创面愈合的影响。方法构建DFU大鼠模型,将建模成功的48只大鼠随机分为模型组,黄芪阳和汤低(8.5 g/kg)、高(17 g/kg)剂量组,黄芪阳和汤高剂量(17 g/kg)+LY294002(PI3K/AKT通路抑制剂,0.3 mg/kg)组;每组12只;另取12只大鼠为对照组。各组大鼠给予对应药物干预,连续4周。第14、28天给药后,观察大鼠一般状态及创面变化,计算创面愈合率,检测大鼠空腹血糖(FBG)水平和大鼠创面周围组织经皮氧分压(TcpO2);酶联免疫吸附试验检测大鼠血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素(IL)-6水平;苏木素-伊红染色观察大鼠创面组织病理学变化;免疫组织化学染色测定大鼠创面组织微血管密度;蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠创面组织中PI3K、磷酸化PI3K(p-PI3K)、AKT、磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)、NF-κB p65、磷酸化NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65)、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκB-α)蛋白表达。结果对照组大鼠毛色光滑,饮食、饮水、排泄均正常,较活跃,创面愈合快,创面组织炎症反应较轻,新生血管较多,肉芽组织中成纤维细胞及胶原基质丰富;模型组大鼠毛色暗淡无光泽,活动减少,且出现多饮、多食、多尿症状,创面颜色较深,且周围组织出现水肿、溃疡,创面组织可见大量炎性细胞浸润,伴组织坏死、渗出,新生血管及成纤维细胞较少,创面愈合率、创面周围组织TcpO2、血清VEGF、HIF-1α、创面组织微血管密度、p-PI3K、p-AKT、IκB-α蛋白表达水平降低,FBG、血清CRP、IL-6、创面组织p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达升高(P<0.05);与模型组相比,黄芪阳和汤低、高剂量组大鼠状态逐渐改善,创面组织病变程度依次减轻,创面愈合率、创面周围组织TcpO2、血清VEGF、HIF-1α、创面组织微血管密度、p-PI3K、p-AKT、IκB-α蛋白表达水平依次升高,FBG、血清CRP、IL-6、创面组织p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达依次降低(P<0.05);LY294002能部分逆转高剂量黄芪阳和汤对DFU大鼠的治疗作用(P<0.05)。结论黄芪阳和汤能调控PI3K/AKT/NF-κB信号通路,抑制DFU大鼠炎症反应,促进血管新生,从而促进创面愈合。

右美托咪定调节JAK2/STAT3信号通路对老年胸腔镜患者术后认知功能的影响

目的探讨右美托咪定调节蛋白络氨酸激酶2(JAK2)/信号转导子与激活子3(STAT3)信号通路对老年胸腔镜患者术后认知功能的影响。方法前瞻性选取2020年8月至2023年6月于邯郸市第一医院行胸腔镜手术的老年患者96例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各48例。观察组患者在全身麻醉插管后持续泵注右美托咪定,对照组给予等量0.9%氯化钠溶液泵注,术毕前30 min停止泵注。比较两组患者术前及术后1、3、5 d时认知功能[简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)],术前及术后1 d时JAK2/STAT3信号通路相关蛋白(JAK2、P-JAK2和P-STAT3)水平,麻醉诱导前(T 0)、诱导5 min时(T 1)、术毕(T 2)及拔管时(T 3)血流动力学[平均动脉压(MAP)、心率]变化和不良反应发生率。结果观察组术后1、3 d的MMSE评分分别为(26.70±1.24)、(27.24±1.53)分,均显著高于对照组[(25.15±1.16)、(26.71±1.46)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后1 d的JAK2、P-JAK2、P-STAT3水平分别为0.31±0.07、0.43±0.08、0.37±0.07,均显著低于对照组(0.42±0.09、0.48±0.12、0.44±0.09),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组T 3时心率、MAP水平分别为(82.31±8.43)次/min、(87.43±9.01)mmHg,均显著低于对照组[(86.03±8.74)次/min、(92.41±9.64)mmHg],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论右美托咪定可减少老年胸腔镜患者术后认知功能障碍的发生,这可能与JAK2/STAT3信号通路是氧化应激信号通路之一有关。