针刺对卵巢储备功能减退大鼠血清激素及PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察针刺对卵巢储备功能减退(DOR)大鼠血清激素、卵巢形态学变化及卵巢组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt及p-mTOR蛋白表达的影响,探索针刺治疗DOR的可能机制。方法:18只SPF级SD雌性大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组和针刺组,每组6只;模型组、针刺组采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺制备DOR大鼠模型,空白组仅腹腔注射同等量生理盐水。造模后针刺组取肾俞、关元、中极、气海、太溪、双侧三阴交和双侧子宫穴进行针刺,每次留针20 min,1次/d,连续21 d。空白组、模型组:仅抓取不进行干预,1次/d,连续21 d。观察比较各组间大鼠的血清激素改变情况,HE染色法观察大鼠卵巢形态学改变、卵巢中各级卵泡及黄体的数目变化,颗粒细胞层厚度改变;免疫组织化学法、Western blot法检测卵巢组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt及p-mTOR的蛋白表达。结果:与空白组比较,模型组血清FSH、LH水平升高(P<0.05),血清E2、AMH水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);卵巢组织中各级卵泡数明显减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);卵巢组织中PI3K、Akt及mTOR蛋白表达水平升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,针刺组血清FSH、LH水平显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清E2、AMH水平显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);卵巢组织中各级卵泡数明显增多,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);卵巢组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt及p-mTOR蛋白表达水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:针刺可以有效改善DOR大鼠卵巢储备功能,促进卵泡数量增加。作用机制可能与针刺调节卵巢组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt及p-mTOR蛋白表达有关。

Mechanism of stilbene glycosides on apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells via regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

Objective:To investigate the effects of stilbene glycoside(TSG)on okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells(SH-SY5Y)via the PI3K/AKT pathway.Methods:The optimal concentration of OA was screened by CCK-8 assay,and SH-SY5Y cells were divided into control group,model group,TSG group,LY294002 group and LY294002+TSG group.The proliferation and apoptosis in each group were detected by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays;Western blotting method and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of PI3K,P-PI3K(Y607),AKT,P-AKT(Ser473),Bcl-2 and Bax proteins.The relative protein expression was represented by P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax gray ratio.Results:CCK-8 screened the optimal concentration of OA as 40 nmol/L.Compared with the control group,the model group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,the pathway and apoptotic proteins expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were decreased,and the mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 were decreased.Bax mRNA expression level increased(P<0.05);Compared with model group,TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,increased protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT,Bcl-2/Bax,and increased mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,and Bcl-2.Bax mRNA expression decreased(P<0.05),LY294002 group decreased relative cell viability,increased apoptosis rate,P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K protein expression levels were significantly decreased(P<0.05),P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression levels were significantly decreased,but there was no statistical significance,PI3K,AKT and Bcl-2 mRNA expression levels were decreased,and Bax mRNA expression levels were increased(all P<0.05);Compared with LY294002 group,LY294002+TSG group increased relative cell viability,decreased apoptosis rate,and the protein expression levels of P-PI3K(Y607)/PI3K,P-AKT(Ser473)/AKT and Bcl-2/Bax were increased.The mRNA expression levels of PI3K,AKT,Bcl-2 were increased,Bax was decreased(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Stilbene glycoside may alleviate okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells by interfering with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,which in turn regulates the expression of apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bax.

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinases:functions and regulations

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase (IP3 3-kinase/IP3K) plays an important role in signal transduction in animal cellsby phosphorylating inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) to inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate (IP4). Both IP3 and IP4 arecritical second messengers which regulate calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Mammalian IP3Ks are involved in many biologicalprocesses, including brain development, memory, learning and so on. It is widely reported that Ca2+ is a canonicalsecond messenger in higher plants. Therefore, plant IP3K should also play a crucial role in plant development. Recently,we reported the identification of plant IP3K gene (AtIpk2β/AtIP3K) from Arabidopsis thaliana and its characterization.Here, we summarize the molecular cloning, biochemical properties and biological functions of IP3Ks from animal, yeastand plant. This review also discusses potential functions of IP3Ks in signaling crosstalk, inositol phosphate metabolism,gene transcriptional control and so on.

Promoting axon regeneration in the central nervous system by increasing PI3-kinase signaling

Much research has focused on the PI3-kinase and PTEN signaling pathway with the aim to stimulate repair of the injured central nervous system.Axons in the central nervous system fail to regenerate,meaning that injuries or diseases that cause loss of axonal connectivity have life-changing consequences.In 2008,genetic deletion of PTEN was identified as a means of stimulating robust regeneration in the optic nerve.PTEN is a phosphatase that opposes the actions of PI3-kinase,a family of enzymes that function to generate the membrane phospholipid PIP_(3) from PIP_(2)(phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate).Deletion of PTEN therefore allows elevated signaling downstream of PI3-kinase,and was initially demonstrated to promote axon regeneration by signaling through mTOR.More recently,additional mechanisms have been identified that contribute to the neuron-intrinsic control of regenerative ability.This review describes neuronal signaling pathways downstream of PI3-kinase and PIP3,and considers them in relation to both developmental and regenerative axon growth.We briefly discuss the key neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that govern regenerative ability,and describe how these are affected by signaling through PI3-kinase.We highlight the recent finding of a developmental decline in the generation of PIP_(3) as a key reason for regenerative failure,and summarize the studies that target an increase in signaling downstream of PI3-kinase to facilitate regeneration in the adult central nervous system.Finally,we discuss obstacles that remain to be overcome in order to generate a robust strategy for repairing the injured central nervous system through manipulation of PI3-kinase signaling.

槟榔碱上调高果糖诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌GLUT-4和p-PI3K的表达

目的探索槟榔碱对高果糖诱导Wistar大鼠胰岛素抵抗的改善作用。方法采用高糖喂养Wistar大鼠建立胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型。实验大鼠随机分成4组:普通饲料对照组(Control)、高果糖模型组(HF)、普通饲料对照+5 mg/kg槟榔碱组(Con+Are)、高果糖+5 mg/kg槟榔碱组(HF+Are)。Western blot检测GLUT-4和p-PI3K的表达。结果与对照组相比高果糖模型组大鼠骨骼肌葡萄糖转运载体4(GLUT4)和磷酸化磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(p-PI3K)的表达是明显降低的,而5 mg/kg槟榔碱能明显上调高果糖模型组GLUT-4和p-PI3K的表达,但对对照组无显著影响。结论 5 mg/kg槟榔碱能上调高果糖诱导胰岛素抵抗大鼠骨骼肌细胞GLUT-4和p-PI3K的表达。

大鼠心肌肥厚中PTEN,p-PI_3K蛋白表达对心肌纤维化的影响

对健康成年SD大鼠采用皮下注射异丙肾上腺素造成心肌肥厚模型;取心肌组织,常规石蜡切片,Masson染色,观察心肌组织的成纤维细胞变化;免疫荧光染色检测PTEN和p-PI3K的表达及分布.结果与对照组相比,实验组细胞间纤维细胞增多;免疫荧光检测PTEN和p-PI3K的阳性表达明显增高.表明PTEN和p-PI3K蛋白表达增高可能在心肌纤维化的发生和发展过程中起重要作用.

贝伐珠单抗通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路下调肺腺癌H1299细胞PD-L1表达

目的:探讨贝伐珠单抗(Beva)对人肺腺癌H1299细胞程序性细胞死亡配体1(PD-L1)表达的影响及其可能机制。方法:使用不同浓度Beva(0、5、10、20、40、80μg/ml)作用于H1299细胞36 h、48 h、72 h,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖抑制率,流式细胞术检测细胞PD-L1表达;实验分为:对照组(等量培养液)、Beva组、740-YP(PI3K激活剂)组、LY294002(PI3K抑制剂)组、Beva+740-YP组,流式细胞术检测细胞PD-L1表达,Western blot法检测细胞p-PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达。结果:(1)Beva能抑制H1299细胞增殖,其作用与剂量有关(P<0.05);(2)随着Beva浓度升高、作用时间延长,H1299细胞PD-L1表达量逐渐减少(P<0.05);(3)PI3K通路抑制剂LY294002处理H1299细胞后PD-L1的表达量显著减少(P<0.01),PI3K通路激活剂740-YP处理H1299细胞后PD-L1的表达量显著增加(P<0.01);(4)Beva处理H1299细胞后PD-L1、p-PI3K、p-AKT的表达显著减少(P<0.05),加入740-YP后可减弱Beva对PD-L1、p-PI3K、p-AKT的抑制作用(P<0.01)。结论:Beva在一定范围内以剂量依赖方式抑制H1299细胞增殖,以时间-剂量依赖方式下调H1299细胞中PD-L1的表达,其机制与抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。

紫草素通过PI3K/Akt通路促进人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞自噬

目的研究紫草素(Shikonin)对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞自噬的影响及其作用机制。方法 CCK-8法检测紫草素处理人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞24、48 h细胞的存活率,Western blot方法检测紫草素处理24 h和48 h时LC3、p62、PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白水平。结果 1μmol.L-1紫草素处理细胞48 h以及2.5、5μmol.L-1紫草素处理MCF-7细胞24 h和48 h时,MCF-7细胞的活力受到明显抑制,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ值增加,p62表达减少,总PI3K、Akt、p-PI3K、p-Akt均减少。结论紫草素促进乳腺癌MCF-7细胞自噬,其作用机制可能与PI3K/Akt通路受到抑制有关。

PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白在胃癌细胞中的表达及其意义

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,PKB/Akt)信号通路中相关蛋白磷酸化PI3K(phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase,p-PI3K)和磷酸化蛋白激酶B(phosphorylated protein kinase B,p-Akt)在胃癌组织中的表达与胃癌相关病理参数之间的关系。方法收集2017年1月至2018年12月南昌大学第二附属医院经胃镜病理确诊为胃癌并行手术切除患者的胃癌标本(n=100)和对应癌旁组织(n=100),以及正常胃黏膜组织(n=48),比较3种组织中p-PI3K和p-Akt的表达情况,探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路相关蛋白与胃癌相关病理参数之间的关系。结果p-PI3K在胃癌组织、癌旁组织及正常胃黏膜中的阳性表达率分别为55.0%、23.0%及14.6%;p-Akt在胃癌组织、癌旁组织及正常胃黏膜中的阳性表达率分别为29.0%、13.0%及8.3%,胃癌组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt的表达率均显著高于癌旁组织及正常胃黏膜,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胃癌组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt的表达与患者的年龄、性别无明显相关性,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。肿瘤病理分期为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期、低分化、浸润深度穿透浆膜及淋巴结转移的患者胃癌组织中p-PI3K、p-Akt的阳性率更高(P<0.05)。结论p-PI3K和p-Akt在胃癌组织中高表达,且与胃癌的相关病理参数存在显著相关性,PI3K/Akt信号通路可能参与了胃癌的发生与发展。

嗅三针对SAMP8小鼠海马磷酸化PI3K/Akt蛋白表达和突触可塑性的影响

目的:观察嗅三针对SAMP8小鼠海马磷酸化PI3K、Akt蛋白表达和海马突触可塑性损伤的影响,探讨嗅三针治疗阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型小鼠的作用机制。方法:将40只SAMP8小鼠随机分为模型组(Model)、嗅三针组(XSZ)、嗅神经切断嗅三针组(XSZ+XSJ)和盐酸多奈哌齐组(Donepezil),每组10只,10只SAMR1小鼠作为正常组(Control)。XSZ组和XSZ+XSJ组采用电针刺激印堂穴和双侧迎香穴,Donepezil组采用盐酸多奈哌齐灌胃,Control组和Model组不干预。采用Morris水迷宫实验评价小鼠学习记忆能力,新物体识别实验评价小鼠新物体识别能力,Western Blot和免疫组化检测小鼠海马区p-PI3K和p-Akt蛋白表达,透射电镜观测小鼠海马突触超微结构。结果:与Model组比较,XSZ和Donepezil干预均可以明显降低SAMP8小鼠4d平均逃避潜伏期,增加其靶象限停留时间、穿越平台次数和新物体偏爱指数,明显升高其海马p-PI3K和p-Akt蛋白表达(P<0.05),改善其海马神经元突触结构;XSZ+XSJ对于SAMP8小鼠学习记忆能力、新物体识别能力指标及p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表达无显著影响(P>0.05),对其突触结构损伤无明显改善;对于上述指标的影响,XSZ组与Donepezil组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:嗅三针可能基于嗅觉通路完整性,调节海马PI3K/Akt磷酸化表达,修复海马突触形态结构损伤,改善海马突触可塑性,从而发挥提高SAMP8小鼠学习记忆能力的效应。

Insensitivity of PI3K/Akt/GSK3 signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of age-related macular degeneration patients

Our recent studies with cultured retinal pigment epithelium cells suggested that overexpression of interleukin 17 receptor C（IL-17RC）,a phenomenon observed in peripheral blood and chorioretinal tissues with age-related macular degeneration（AMD）,was associated with altered activation of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase（PI3K）,Akt,and glycogen synthase kinase 3（GSK3）.We wondered whether or not altered PI3 K,Akt,and GSK3 activities could be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells（PBMC） obtained from AMD patients.In the patients＇ PBMC,absent or reduced serine-phosphorylation of GSK3α or GSK3β was observed,which was accompanied with increased phosphorylation of GSK3 substrates（e.g.CCAAT enhancer binding protein a,insulin receptor substrate 1,and TAU）,indicative of enhanced GSK3 activation.In addition,decreased protein mass of PI3K85α and tyrosinephosphorylation of PI3K50α was present in PBMC of the AMD patients,suggesting impaired PI3 K activation.Moreover,abnormally lowered molecular weight forms of Akt and GSK3 were detected in PBMC of the AMD patients.These data demonstrate that despite the presence of high levels of IL-17 RC,Wnt-3a and vascular endothelial growth factor,the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 signaling pathway is insensitive to these stimuli in PBMC of the AMD patients.Thus,measurement of PI3K/Akt/GSK3 expression and activity in PBMC may serve as a surrogate biomarker for AMD.

Synergistic suppression of the PI3K inhibitor CAL-101 with bortezomib on mantle cell lymphoma growth

Objective: To investigate the effects of CAL-101, particularly when combined with bortezomib(BTZ) on mantle cell lymphoma(MCL) cells, and to explore its relative mechanisms.Methods: MTT assay was applied to detect the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of CAL-101. MCL cells were divided into four groups: control group, CAL-101 group, BTZ group, and CAL-101/BTZ group. The expression of PI3K-p110σ, AKT, ERK, p-AKT and p-ERK were detected by Western blot. The apoptosis rates of CAL-101 group, BTZ group, and combination group were detected by flow cytometry. The location changes of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) of 4 groups was investigated by NF-κB Kit exploring. Western blot was applied to detect the levels of caspase-3 and the phosphorylation of AKT in different groups. Results: CAL-101 dose- and time-dependently induced reduction in MCL cell viability. CAL-101 combined with BTZ enhanced the reduction in cell viability and apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that CAL-101 significantly blocked the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathway in MCL cells. The combination therapy contributed to the inactivation of NF-κB and AKT in MCL cell lines. However, cleaved caspase-3 was up-regulated after combined treatment. Conclusion: Our study showed that PI3K/p110σ is a novel therapeutic target in MCL, and the underlying mechanism could be the blocking of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These findings provided a basis for clinical evaluation of CAL-101 and a rationale for its application in combination therapy, particularly with BTZ.

Regulatory Effects of Zuogui Pill on Apoptosis of Follicles in Rats Injured by 60Co-γRays Based on PI3K/Akt/m TOR Signaling Pathway

[Objectives]To explore the protective effects of Zuogui Pill on ^(60)Co-γ-ray-induced premature aging of rats based on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin(PI3K/Akt/mTOR)signaling pathway.[Methods]Sixty sexually mature female SD rats were irradiated with ^(60)Co-γ-ray(6.0 Gy,LD 40)for 24 h at one time.These rats were randomly divided into model group,Progynova group[0.18(g·kg)/d],Progynova[0.09(g·kg)/d]+Zuogui Pill high dose[23.625(g·kg)/d)]group,Zuogui Pill high dose[23.625(g·kg)/d)]group,Zuogui Pill medium dose[9.45(g·kg)/d)]group and Zuogui Pill low dose[4.725(g·kg)/d]group.The administration(once a day)lasted 21 d.The rat serum[follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH)and estradiol(E_(2))]were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The morphological changes of ovary were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining.The apoptosis rate of granulosa cells was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase(TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling(TUNEL).The protein expression of phosphorylated(p)-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR,B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2),and Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax)in ovarian tissues were detected by Western blot.[Results]Compared with the normal group,the model group showed significant increase in the serum FSH(P<0.01),significant decrease in serum E_(2)(P<0.05),and decrease in the number of early follicles and luteum in the ovary(P<0.01).Besides,the apoptosis rate of granulosa cells increased significantly(P<0.01);the expression of p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR and Bcl-2 in ovarian tissue decreased significantly,while the expression of Bax increased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with the model group,the number of early follicles in the ovary increased and the apoptosis rate of granulosa cells decreased after intervention in each administration group.In addition,the protein expressions of p-PI3K,p-Akt,p-mTOR and Bcl-2 increased,while the expression of Bax decreased,especially in Progynova+Zuogui Pill high dose group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05,P<0.01).[Conclusions]Zuogui Pill may protect the radiation-injured ovary through activating the expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR protein in ovarian tissue,increasing the amount of Bcl-2 protein and inhibiting the expression of Bax protein.

Tongxinluo Activates PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway to Inhibit Endothelial Mesenchymal Transition and Attenuate Myocardial Fibrosis after Ischemia-Reperfusion in Mice

Objective To investigate the potential role of Tongxinluo(TXL)in attenuating myocardial fibrosis after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury(MIRI)in mice.Methods A MIRI mouse model was established by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation for 45 min.According to a random number table,66 mice were randomly divided into 6 groups(n=11 per group):the sham group,the model group,the LY-294002 group,the TXL group,the TXL+LY-294002 group and the benazepril(BNPL)group.The day after modeling,TXL and BNPL were administered by gavage.Intraperitoneal injection of LY-294002 was performed twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks.Echocardiography was used to measure cardiac function in mice.Masson staining was used to evaluate the degree of myocardial fibrosis in mice.Qualitative and quantitative analysis of endothelial mesenchymal transition(EndMT)after MIRI was performed by immunohistochemistry,immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry,respectively.The protein expressions of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1(CD31),α-smoth muscle actin(α-SMA),phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)and phospho protein kinase B(p-AKT)were assessed using Western blot.Results TXL improved cardiac function in MIRI mice,reduced the degree of myocardial fibrosis,increased the expression of CD31 and inhibited the expression ofα-SMA,thus inhibited the occurrence of EndMT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).TXL significantly increased the protein expressions of PI3K and p-AKT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).There was no significant difference between TXL and BNPL group(P>0.05).In addition,the use of the PI3K/AKT pathway-specific inhibitor LY-294002 to block this pathway and combination with TXL intervention,eliminated the protective effect of TXL,further supporting the protective effect of TXL.Conclusion TXL activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit EndMT and attenuated myocardial fibrosis after MIRI in mice.

Liposomalα-cyperone targeting bone resorption surfaces suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis progression via the PI3K/Akt axis

Osteoporosis is a metabolic dysregulation of bone that occurs mainly in postmenopausal women,and the hyperfunction of osteoclasts is the primary contributor to postmenopausal osteoporosis.However,the development of effective therapeutic drugs and precise delivery systems remains a challenge in the field of anti-absorption therapy.Here,we reported theα-cyperone(α-CYP)for anti-osteoporosis and developed a liposome-based nano-drug delivery system ofα-CYP,that specifically targets the bone resorption interface.Firstly,we found that theα-CYP,one of the major sesquiterpenes of Cyperus rotundus L.,attenuated the progression of osteoporosis in ovariectomized(OVX)mice and down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated proteins of phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)and protein kinase B(Akt),causing down-regulation of osteoclast-related genes/proteins and curbing osteoclast differentiation.Furthermore,α-CYP reversed the activation of osteoclastic differentiation and enhanced osteoporosis-related proteins expression caused by PI3K/Akt agonist(YS-49).More importantly,we adopted the osteoclastic resorption surface targeting peptide Asp8 and constructed the liposome(lipαC@Asp8)to deliverα-CYP to osteoclasts and confirmed its anti-osteoporosis effect and enhanced osteoclast inhibition by blocking PI3K/Akt axis.In conclusion,this study demonstrated thatα-CYP inhibits osteoclast differentiation and osteoporosis development by silencing PI3K/Akt pathway,and the liposome targeting delivery systems loaded withα-CYP might provide a novel and effective strategy to treat osteoporosis.

Class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K) pathway is frequently activated in human cancers.Class I PI3 Ks are lipid kinases that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate(PIP2) at the 3-OH of the inositol ring to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate(PIP3), which in turn activates Akt and the downstream effectors like mammalian target of rapamycin(m TOR) to play key roles in carcinogenesis. Therefore, PI3 K has become an important anticancer drug target, and currently there is very high interest in the pharmaceutical development of PI3 K inhibitors. Idelalisib has been approved in USA and Europe as the first-in-class PI3 K inhibitor for cancer therapy. Dozens of other PI3 K inhibitors including BKM120 and ZSTK474 are being evaluated in clinical trials. Multifaceted studies on these PI3 K inhibitors are being performed, such as single and combinational efficacy, resistance, biomarkers,etc. This review provides an introduction to PI3 K and summarizes key advances in the development of PI3 K inhibitors.

基于网络药理学及动物实验研究温肾宣痹汤抗骨质疏松的机制

目的应用网络药理学、分子对接及体内实验技术,预测以及验证温肾宣痹汤(wenshen xuanbi tang,WSXBT)抗骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)的作用机制。方法利用网络药理学筛选WSXBT治疗OP的关键成分及核心靶点,Metascape数据库对核心靶点进行基因本体论(gene ontology,GO)功能分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG)通路富集分析,AutoDockTools 1.5.7软件进行分子对接模拟关键活性成分与核心靶点的结合活性。切除大鼠双侧卵巢建立OP大鼠模型,研究WSXBT对OP大鼠的药效及验证相关靶点通路。酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测血清中OPG、PINP、RANKL水平,生物力学测试仪测定大鼠股骨生物力学,Micro-CT检测股骨骨密度,进而通过Western blot法检测PI3K和Akt的蛋白表达水平。结果筛选出WSXBT活性成分156个,涉及229个潜在作用靶点,筛选核心靶点23个,共涉及145条信号通路;分子对接结果显示,槲皮素、异补骨脂黄酮、β-谷甾醇等关键成分与PIK3R1、AKT1核心靶点均拥有良好的结合能力。体内实验结果表明,WSXBT可明显升高OP大鼠骨密度,改善OP大鼠骨组织微结构,提高大鼠股骨生物力学,增加大鼠PINP表达及OPG/RANKL比值,Western blot结果显示,WSXBT可明显升高p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt比值。结论WSXBT可能通过PI3K/Akt信号通路及升高OPG/RANKL比值改善绝经后OP大鼠骨密度。

Effects of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor on humancervical carcinoma cells in vitro

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)is a crucial cell survival pathway implicated in tumorigenesis because of its role in stimulating cell proliferation and suppressing apoptosis.This study was to investigate the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis by LY294002,an inhibitor of PI3K in cervical cancer cells and the expression of FLICE-like inhibitory protein(c-FLIP)in vitro.Human cervical cancer HeLa cells were used in this experiment and cultured.The cultured cells were treated with LY294002 at different concentrations(10,25,50 and 100µmol/L)for 6,12,24,and 48 h before harvesting for evaluation.Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol(-2-y1)-3,5-di-phenyltetrazoliumbromide(MTT)assay.Apoptosis was analyzed byflow cytometry.The expression of c-FLIP was detected by Western blot.Cell viability was inhibited by LY294002 significantly(P<0.05).Flow cytometry analysis revealed that cell apoptosis was significantly increased in the presence of LY294002 as compared with the control group.Although the expression of c-FLIP was increased in a short time,the expression of c-FLIP was markedly suppressed after the treatment of LY294002 for 48 h.These results suggested that the PI3K/Akt signal pathway might be involved in the regulation of cell apoptosis in cervical cancer cells.Moreover,the regulation of c-FLIP expression through PI3K/Akt signal pathway in cervical cancer cells was observed in vitro.

丹参注射液对AngⅡ诱导NRK-52E细胞损伤的保护作用

目的考察丹参注射液对血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)诱导肾小管上皮细胞(NRK-52E细胞)损伤的保护作用。方法将NRK-52E细胞分为对照组、模型组(AngⅡ)、丹参注射液组(AngⅡ+丹参注射液),MTT法检测其增殖,免疫荧光法与Western blot法分别检测PI3K、p-PI3K蛋白表达。结果与对照组比较,AngⅡ作用24 h后可显著抑制细胞增殖及PI3K、p-PI3K蛋白表达,而丹参注射液均能加以恢复。结论丹参注射液能减轻AngⅡ对NRK-52E细胞的损伤作用,其机制可能与激活PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。

Elucidation of the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of Melastoma dodecandrum Lour. based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Objective:To systematically explore the effect and mechanism of melastomatis dodecandri herba(Melastoma dodecandrum Lour.)in the treatment of hepatitis based on network pharmacology.Method:We evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of M.dodecandrum in concanavalin A(Con A)-induced hepatitis in mice by assessing survival rate,histological analysis,serum transaminases,and related cytokines.Then the mechanism of action was predicted by a network pharmacology-based strategy.Based on the results,we measured the hepatic expression of related genes at mRNA level and proteins related to the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)and nuclear factorkappa B(NF-кB)pathways.Results:Our study results clearly demonstrated that M.dodecandrum pretreatment significantly alleviated liver injury.This was demonstrated by an increase in survival rate,decreased severity of liver damage,and reduced serum transaminase levels compared with those in the Con A group.Moreover,M.dodecandrum significantly reduced the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-a,interleukin-6,and interferon-g and increased the liver levels of superoxide dismutase,which indicated that M.dodecandrum exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.On the basis of network pharmacology,50 nodes were selected as major hubs based on their topological importance.Pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the putative targets of M.dodecandrum mostly participate in various pathways associated with the anti-inflammation response,which implies the underlying mechanism by which M.dodecandrum acts on hepatitis.Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR analysis showed that M.dodecandrum downregulates the mRNA expression of interleukin-6,Toll-like receptor 7,interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4,NF-кB and tumor necrosis factor-a in liver tissues.Western blotting showed that M.dodecandrum pretreatment protected against inflammation through activating the PI3K-Akt pathway by upregulating phosphorylated Akt(p-Akt)expression and suppressing NF-кB activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKK,IkBa,and p65.Conclusion:The present work demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of M.dodecandrum by regulating the PI3K/Akt and NF-кB pathways in Con A-induced mice,which provide insights into the treatment of hepatitis using M.dodecandrum.