Intensified reactive extraction of 4-hydroxypyridine with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in 1-octanol by using tributyl phosphate

The efficient separation of amphoteric organic compounds from dilute solutions is of great importance in the industrial field. In the present work, the reactive extractions of 4-hydroxypyridine(4-HP) with tributyl phosphate(TBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid(D2EHPA) and TBP + D2EHPA dissolved in 1-octanol were investigated, respectively. The influences of the initial concentrations of TBP, D2EHPA and TBP + D2EHPA on distribution ratio(D) were discussed, as well as the reactive extraction mechanism were proposed. The obvious intensification effect was observed when the mixture of TBP and D2EHPA was used as extractant. The best extraction conditions were found to be of the molar ratio of D2EHPA and TBP at 2:1 and the equilibrium aqueous pH at 3.50-4.50. D values increased with the increase of the total concentration of TBP and D2EHPA in 1-octanol. Especially, the analysis on the extraction mechanisms clearly indicate(i) TBP in 1-octanol shows negligible reactive extraction toward 4-HP,(ii) D2EHPA in 1-octanol exhibits moderate extraction effect by forming 4-HP:D2EHPA(1:1) and 4-HP:2D2EHPA(1:2) type complexes, while(iii) D2EHPA in TBP/1-octanol demonstrates the maximum distribution ratio with the 4-HP:D2EHPA(1:1) type complex domination. The discussion provides new insights on the mechanism and opens a new way for the intensified extraction of amphoteric organic compounds by using the mixture of multiple extractants in the diluent.

Adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) in Water with Phosphoric Acid Modified and Ordinary Walnut Shells

A comparison between the effects of ordinary walnut shell and phosphoric acid modified walnut shell on adsorption of Cr（Ⅵ） was carried out. The experimental results showed that owing to larger surface void of modified walnut shell its adsorption of Cr（Ⅵ） was better. When the temperature was 35 ℃, adsorbent particle size was 1.0-1.6 mm, shaker shock rate was 200 r/min, and dosage of walnut shell was 0.80 g, the Cr（Ⅵ） removal rate reached 99.4%. The fitting of adsorption isotherm and kinetics model showed that, Langmuir isotherm model could reflect the adsorption process of modified walnut shell; and both the adsorption processes of ordinary and modified walnut shells accorded with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equations.

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil using phosphoric acid and phosphate

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study arsenic （As） removal from a naturally contaminated soil using phosphoric acid （H3PO4） and potassium dihydrogen phosphate （KHEPO4）. Both H3PO4 and KHEPO4 proved to reduce toxicity of the soil in terms of soil As content, attaining more than 20% As removal at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. At the same time, acidification of soil and dissolution of soil components （Ca, Mg, and Si） resulted from using these two extractants, especially H3PO4. The effectiveness of these two extractants could be attributed to the replacement of As by phosphate ions （PO4^3-）. The function of H3PO4 as an acid to dissolve soil components had little effects on As removal. KH2PO4 almost removed as much As as H3PO4, but it did not result in serious damage to soils, indicating that it was a more promising extractant. The results of a kinetic study showed that As removal reached equilibrium after incubation for 360 rain, but dissolution of soil components, especially Mg and Ca, was very rapid. Therefore dissolution of soil components would be inevitable if As was further removed. Elovich model best described the kinetic data of As removal among the four models used in the kinetic study.

Synergistic extraction of rare earth by mixtures of 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid from sulfuric acid medium

The extraction of Nd^3＋ and Sm^3＋, including the extraction and stripping capability as well as the separation effect of Nd^3＋ or Sm^3＋, from a sulfuric acid medium, by mixtures of di-（2-ethylhexyl） phosphoric acid （HDEHP, H2A2（0）） and 2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester （HEH/EHP, H2L2（0）） were studied. The distribution ratios and synergistic coefficients of Nd^3＋ and Sm^3＋ in different acidities were also determined. A synergistic extractive effect was found when HDEHP and HEH/EHP were used as mixed extractants for Sm^3＋ or Nd^3＋. The chemical compositions of the extracted complex were determined as Nd.（HA2）2-HL2 and Sm.（HA2）2-HL2. The extraction equilibrium constants, enthalpy change, and entropy change of the extraction reaction were also determined.

Centrifugal extraction of rare earths from wet-process phosphoric acid

Phosphorite ore is a potential resource of rare earths （RE） as well as phosphate; therefore, the recovery of RE from wet-process phosphoric acid （WPA） is promising. This study investigated the influence of rotational speed, extractant concentration, flow ratio and phase contact time on the centrifugal extraction of RE from WPA and the separation of RE from impurities. The results indicate that higher rotational speed, higher extractant concentration and larger flow ratio are beneficial to the extraction of RE and impurities from phosphoric acid. It is found that the phase contact time for efficiently extracting RE and that for iron are of great difference, which provides an effective method for separating RE from iron using the non-equilibrium extraction process in centrifugal contactors. Compared with equilibrium extraction, the separation factor βRE/Fe is enhanced from 0.07 to 17.6.

Leaching kinetics of calcium molybdate with hydrochloric acid in presence of phosphoric acid

Calcium molybdate(CaMoO4)is the main component of powellite and is a predominant intermediate in the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process of molybdenum.The extraction of Mo from CaMoO4 by a combination of phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid was investigated.For further understanding of the leaching mechanism,the effects of five key factors were studied to describe the leaching kinetics.The results indicated that the dissolution rate of CaMoO4 was independent of the stirring speed.Mo extraction significantly increased with increasing HCl concentration and temperature,but decreased with increasing particle size.A shrinking core model with surface chemical reaction was found to withstand the dissolution of CaMoO4.The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 70.879 kJ/mol,and a semi-empirical equation was derived for the rate of reaction.

Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics studies of divalent manganese from phosphoric acid solution by using cationic exchange resin

There are numerous impurities in wet-process phosphoric acid,among which manganese is one of detrimental metallic impurities,and it causes striking negative effects on the industrial phosphoric acid production and downstream commodity.This article investigated the adsorption behavior of manganese from phosphoric acid employing Sinco-430 cationic ion-exchange resin.Resorting FT-IR and XPS characterizations,the adsorption mechanism was proved to be that manganese was combined with sulfonic acid group.Several crucial parameters such as temperature,phosphoric acid content and resin dose were studied to optimize adsorption efficiency.Through optimization,removal percentage and sorption capacity of manganese reached 53.12 wt%,28.34 mg·g^-1,respectively.Pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model simulated kinetics data best and the activation energy was evaluated as 6.34 kJ·mol^-1 for the sorption reaction of manganese.In addition,the global adsorption rate was first controlled by film diffusion process and second determined by pore diffusion process.It was found that the resin could adsorb up to 50.24 mg·g^-1 for manganese.Equilibrium studies showed that Toth adsorption isotherm model fitted best,followed by Temkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models.Thermodynamic analysis showed that manganese adsorption was an endothermic process with enhanced randomness and spontaneity.

Thermal stability and oil absorption of aluminum hydroxide treated by dry modification with phosphoric acid

The dry modification of aluminum hydroxide powders with phosphoric acid and the effects of modification of technological conditions on thermal stability, morphology and oil absorption of aluminum hydroxide powders were investigated. The results show that the increase of mass ratio of phosphoric acid to aluminum hydroxide, the decrease of mass concentration of phosphoric acid and prolongation of mixing time are favorable to the improvement of thermal stability of aluminum hydroxide; when the mass ratio of phosphoric acid to aluminum hydroxide is 5:100, the mass concentration of phosphoric acid is 200 g/L and the mixing time is 10 min, the initial temperature of loss of crystal water in aluminum hydroxide rises from about 192.10 to 208.66 ℃, but the dry modification results in the appearance of agglomeration and macro-aggregate in the modified powders, and the oil absorption of modified powders becomes higher than that of original aluminum hydroxide.

Dissolution behaviors of rare earth elements in phosphoric acid solutions

In order to provide practical fundamental data for rare-earth elements （REEs） recovery from phosphoric acid and to betterunderstand REEs behavior during the phosphoric acid evaporation process, the solubilities of REEs in phosphoric acid with variousconcentrations of phosphorus at different temperatures were measured. A simple linear model between REEs solubility andphosphoric acid concentration is built and the experimental data are found to fit it very well （R2〉0.94）. Hydrogen-ion concentration isfound to be the predominant factor controlling the solubility of REEs in phosphoric acid. In addition, the solubility of REEs inphosphoric acid is found to sharply decrease with increasing temperature, which can be attributed to the increase of the Gibbs energyof the REEPO4 dissolution reaction or the restraint of the disassociation of phosphoric acid molecules owing to the elevatedtemperature.

CFD investigation of the agitation in the desupersaturation during the wet-process phosphoric acid(WPPA)process

Desupersaturation is a complex cooling operation that involves hydrodynamic,thermal and mechanical phenomena.This process requires continuous agitation to avoid fouling problems and sludge deposition.The current work aims to investigate the well mixedness in the desupersaturation tank for optimal performance.For this purpose,a multi-fluid CFD study was conducted based on the Euler–Euler modeling approach,considering a multiphase flow involving a liquid phase(phosphoric acid)and a poly-dispersed solid phase,i.e.a sludge with three different sizes where each size is considered as a separate phase.First,the hydrodynamic behavior of the flow within the agitated desupersaturator is analyzed through the investigation of the velocity fields as well as the power and pumping numbers,to determine both the agitator capacity to pump the flow and its power consumption during the operation.Then,in order to assess the mixture homogeneity,we evaluated the solid suspension in the desupersaturation reactor following conventional methods and two new proposed methodologies:the first approach is to evaluate the suspension quality in the mixing system by compartment and the second consists on the assessment of the uniform convergence of the solid concentration.Furthermore,we calculated the time required to achieve a full suspension at different solid concentrations.On other hand,we conducted a detailed analysis of the solid distribution dependency on the impeller rotational speed at different solid volume fraction,which allows a good understanding of the parameters controlling the homogenization in the desupersaturator.

The fouling properties of SiO2-CaO-P2O5 system in high-temperature rotary kiln phosphoric acid process

Kiln phosphoric acid(KPA)technology could produce P2O5 with high purity and has been applied in thermal phosphoric acid industry;however the formation of fouling in the high-temperature rotary kiln restricts the stable and long-term operation.In this paper,the reaction of phosphate ores with gaseous P2O5 was investigated in a high-temperature reactor,and the Ca O-SiO2-P2O5 ternary phase diagram was analyzed to understand the fouling formation mechanism.The results showed that the low-melting-point products,such as Ca(PO3)2and Ca2P2O7,are responsible for the fouling in the KPA process.In addition,a small amount of impurities,e.g.,aluminum and iron,could facilitate the generation of the low-melting-point products and cause serious fouling.Based on the high-temperature SiO2-P2O5 and CaO-SiO2-P2O5 phase diagram analysis,the control of Si/Ca molar ratio(e.g.,Si/Ca=2.0)was found to avoid fouling formation in the kiln.These results could provide the operation parameters of reaction temperature and feeds composition to suppress the fouling in the kiln reactor for the phosphoric acid production in industry.

Study on reactions of gaseous P_2O_5 with Ca_3(PO_4)_2 and SiO_2 during a rotary kiln process for phosphoric acid production

In a rotary kiln process for phosphoric acid production,the reaction between gaseous phosphorus pentoxide（P2O5）and phosphate ore and silica contained in feed balls（the so-called P2O5＂absorption＂）not only reduces phosphorous recovery but also generates a large amount of low melting-point side products.The products may give rise to formation of kiln ring,which interferes with kiln operation performance.In this study,the reactions of gaseous P2O5with solid calcium phosphate（Ca3（PO4）2）,silica（SiO2）and their mixture,respectively,were investigated via combined chemical analysis and various characterizations comprised of X-ray diffraction（XRD）,Fourier-transform infrared（FT-IR）spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter（TG＆DSC）,and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer（SEM＆EDS）.Attentions were focused on apparent morphology,phase transformation and thermal stability of the products of the P2O5＂absorption＂at different temperatures.The results show that the temperature significantly affected the＂absorption＂.The reaction between pure Ca3（PO4）2 and P2O5 occurred at 500℃.Calcium metaphosphate（Ca（PO3）2）was the primary product at the temperatures≤900℃ with its melting point≤900℃ while calcium pyrophosphate（Ca2P2O7）was obtained over 1000℃,which has a melting point≤1200℃.The＂absorption＂by pure SiO2 started at 800℃ and the most significant reaction occurred at 1000℃ with formation of silicon pyrophosphate（SiP2O7）product of melting point≤1000℃.Using mixed Ca3（PO4）2and SiO2as raw material,the＂absorption＂by Ca3（PO4）2 was enhanced due to existence of silica.At 600–700℃,silica was inert to P2O5and thus formed a porous structure in the raw material,which accelerated diffusion of gaseous P2O5inside the mixture.At higher temperatures,the combined＂absorption＂by calcium phosphate and reaction between silicon dioxide and the＂absorption＂product calcium pyrophosphate,reinforced the＂absorption＂by the mixture.Besides,it was found that both Ca（PO3）2and SiP2O7were unstable at high temperatures and would decompose to Ca2P2O7and SiO2,respectively,at over 1000℃ and 1100℃ with the release of gaseous P2O5at the same time.

Isolation of Thermally Stable Cellulose Nanocrystals from Spent Coffee Grounds via Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysis

As the world's population exponentially grows,so does the need for the production of food,with cereal production growing annually from an estimated 1.0 billion to 2.5 billion tons within the last few decades.This rapid growth in food production results in an ever increasing amount of agricultural wastes,of which already occupies nearly 50%of the total landfill area.For example,is the billions of dry tons of cellulose-containing spent coffee grounds disposed in landfills annually.This paper seeks to provide a method for isolating cellulose nanocrystals(CNCs)from spent coffee grounds,in order to recycle and utilize the cellulosic waste material which would otherwise have no applications.CNCs have already been shown to have vast applications in the polymer engineering field,mainly utilized for their high strength to weight ratio for reinforcement of polymer-based nanocomposites.A successful method of purifying and hydrolyzing the spent coffee grounds in order to isolate usable CNCs was established.The CNCs were then characterized using current techniques to determine important chemical and physical properties.A few crucial properties determined were aspect ratio of 12±3,crystallinity of 74.2%,surface charge density of(48.4±6.2)mM/kg cellulose,and the ability to successfully reinforce a polymer based nanocomposite.These characteristics compare well to other literature data and common commercial sources of CNCs.

Preparation of activated carbon from sunflower straw through H_(3)PO_(4) activation and its application for acid fuchsin dye adsorption

With the development circular economy, the use of agricultural waste to prepare biomass materials to remove pollutants has become a research hotspot. In this study, sunflower straw activated carbon (SSAC) was prepared by the one-step activation method, with sunflower straw (SS) used as the raw material and H3PO4 used as the activator. Four types of SSAC were prepared with impregnation ratios (weight of SS to weight of H3PO4) of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:5, corresponding to SSAC1, SSAC2, SSAC3, and SSAC4, respectively. The adsorption process of acid fuchsin (AF) in water using the four types of SSAC was studied. The results showed that the impregnation ratio significantly affected the structure of the materials. The increase in the impregnation ratio increased the specific surface area and pore volume of SSAC and improved the adsorption capacity of AF. However, an impregnation ratio that was too large led to a decrease in specific surface area. SSAC3, with an impregnation ratio of 1:3, had the largest specific surface area (1 794.01 m2/g), and SSAC4, with an impregnation ratio of 1:5, exhibited the smallest microporosity (0.052 7 cm3/g) and the largest pore volume (2.549 cm3/g). The adsorption kinetics of AF using the four types of SSAC agreed with the quasi-second-order adsorption kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm model was suitable to describe SSAC3 and SSAC4, and the Freundlich isotherm model was appropriate to describe SSAC1 and SSAC2. The result of thermodynamics showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. At 303 K, SSAC4 showed a removal rate of 97.73% for 200-mg/L AF with a maximum adsorption capacity of 2 763.36 mg/g, the highest among the four types of SSAC. This study showed that SAAC prepared by the H3PO4-based one-step activation method is a green and efficient carbon material and has significant application potential for the treatment of dye-containing wastewater.

Effect of phosphoric acid concentration on conductivity of anodic passive film formed on surface of lead-indium alloy

The addition of phosphoric acid into sulfuric acid solution is mentioned to be helpful in the reduction of sulfation after deep discharge of lead-acid battery. The anodic behavior of Pb and Pb?In alloys was studied in pure phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid containing various concentrations of phosphoric. The electrochemical measurements were performed using potentiodynamic, potentiostatic and cyclic voltammetric techniques. The composition and morphology of passive layer formed on the surfaces of Pb and Pb?In alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The potentiodynamic study shows that the passive current density increases with increasing the indium content in the alloy in the examined solutions. The addition of 0.1 mol/L H3PO4 into theelectrolyte is more effective to decrease the thickness of passive film on the surface of alloys containing higher indium content (10% and 15%). The XRD, EDX and SEM data reveal that the formation of PbSO4 and PbO on the surface decreases with increasing the indium level in the alloy and is completely prevented at higher indium content (15%) in mixed acid.

Synthesis of Chiral Amino Cyclic Phosphoric Acids

Chiral amino cyclic phosphoric acids, 5-amino-2-hydroxy-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide and 2-hydroxy-4-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)-5-phthalimido-1,3,2-dioxaphos phorinane 2-oxide are synthesized in good over yields (64.2%and 72.8%respectively) from 2-amino-1-aryl-1,3-propanediols. The different reaction conditions are necessary in hydrolysis reactions of amino cyclic phosphonyl chlorides.

Performance Optimization of a Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell/Absorption Refrigerator Hybrid System

A hybrid system that consists of a phosphoric acid fuel cell(PAFC),an absorption refrigerator and a refrigeration-space is proposed.The four-heat-source absorption refrigerator,which is driven by the waste heat produced from PAFC,provides cooling for a refrigeration-space.A numerical model is set up to analyze both the steady-state performance and transient performance considering the influences of the electrochemical and thermodynamic irreversibilities.Expressions of the equivalent power output and efficiency of the hybrid system are determined.Moreover,the transient behavior of cold-space temperature is performed and the time to reach a prescribed cold-space temperature is displayed.Thus,the operation regions of the current are optimized at different operating conditions.The results showthat in an appropriate current range,the overall power output and efficiencies of the hybrid system are enhanced.

Defluorination of Wet-Phosphoric Acid： Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

This study describes the advantages of using iron-oxide-pillared MF （montmorillonite） and EDTA （ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid）-pillared MD （montmorillonite） for the removal of fluoride in the phosphoric acid. The MF and MD were characterized by using BET （Brunauer-Emmett-Teller） and SEM （scanning electron microscope） for there to appreciate their textural and structural properties and in order to appraise their capacity in the fixation of the fluorine experimental results of fluorine adsorption show a defluoration of the phosphoric acid passing beyond 90% with both clays with a light performance for the MD. The kinetics of fluorine adsorption on MF and on MD has been measured at different temperatures. Indeed, the adsorbed quantity increases more favorably to temperatures more high. This kinetics could be described by two models： pseudo-first-order or pseudo-second-order, which depends on temperature and the nature of adsorbent. At different temperatures used and with various adsorbents （MD and MF, the pseudo second order model was the most reliable to determine the order of kinetics of adsorption of fluorine, which is also reflected a good correlation coefficient （above 0.99）. The fluoride sorption was reasonably explained with Langmuir or Freundlich isotherms. Thermodynamic parameters such as AG~, AH~, AS~ and kinetic one E,, （apparent activation energy） were calculated in order to understand the nature of sorption process. Results indicate that the mechanism of adsorption of the ion of fluoride on the pillared montmorillonite is an exothermic reaction. During equilibrium conditions, both the systems showed negative Gibbs energy, which indicates stability of system. The values of apparent activation energy for the both clays show that the adsorption of F ions is easier on the MF.

Various Methods Used for the Treatment of the Wet-Phosphoric Acid

Phosphoric acid obtained by the wet process is laden with impurities which limit its use in fertilizers. To expand its range of use, various methods have been proposed to purify it which range from simple fading-clarification to more complex operations. These processes include essentially the liquid-liquid extraction, chemical precipitation, ion flotation, adsorption on activated carbon, ion exchange resins. However, the use of these techniques is limited to a number of disadvantages such as high operational cost, environmental pollution, complicated process, limited effectiveness, etc.. Our contribution for this domain （purification of wet-phosphoric acid） consists to use clays which could be adsorbent materials alternative to both economic and less polluting. These are phyllosilicates which have a large adsorption capacity due to their large specific surface and their surface charge. In this study, we will detail the processes which present great importance for the treatment of wet phosphoric acid.