Removal of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Organic Pollutants From Water Using Seeding Type Immobilized Microorganisms

Objective To study the possibility of removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutants using seeding type immobilized microorganisms. Methods Lakes P and M in Wuhan were chosen as the objects to study the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutants with the seeding type immobilized microorganisms. Correlations between the quantity of heterotrophic bacteria and the total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, and total organic carbon （TOC） in the two lakes were studied. The dominant bacteria were detected, inoculated to the sludge and acclimated by increasing nitrogen, phosphorus and decreasing carbon source in an intermittent, time-controlled and fixed-quantity way. The bacteria were then used to prepare the seeding type immobilized microorganisms, selecting diatomite as the adsorbent cartier. The ability and influence factors of removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic pollutant from water samples by the seeding type immobilized microorganisms were studied. Results The coefficients of the heterotrophic bacterial quantity correlated with TOC, TP, and TN were 0.9143, 0.8229, 0.7954 in Lake P and 0.9168, 0.7187, 0.6022 in Lake M. Ten strains of dominant heterotrophic bacteria belonging to Pseudomonas, Coccus, Aeromonas, Bacillus, and Enterobateriaceae, separately, were isolated. The appropriate conditions for the seeding type immobilized microorgansims in purifying the water sample were exposure time=24 h, pH=7.0-8.0, and quantity of the immobilized microorganisms=0.75-1g/50 mL. The removal rates of TOC, TP, and TN under the above conditions were 80.2%, 81.6%, and 86.8%, respectively. Conclusion The amount of heterotrophic bacteria in the two lakes was correlated with TOC, TP, and TN. These bacteria could be acclimatized and prepared for the immobilized microorganisms which could effectively remove nitrogen, phosphorus, and mixed organic pollutants in the water sample.

Synthesis of New Fluorine/Phosphorus Substituted 6-(2’-Amino Phenyl)-3-Thioxo-1,2,4-Triazin-5(2H, 4H)One and Their Related Alkylated Systems as Molluscicidal Agent as against the Snails Responsible for Bilharziasis Diseases

New fluorine substituted 6-(5’-fluoro-2’-triphenylphosphiniminophenyl) 3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5 (2H, 4H) one (2) was obtained via Wittig’s reaction of the corresponding 6-(5’-fluoro-2’-amino-phenyl)-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazinone (1). Behavior of compound 2 towards alkylating agents and/or oxidizing agents was studied were, N-hydroxyl (3), Mannich base (4,5), S-alkyl (6,7,8) and thiazolo [3,2-b][1,2,4] triazinones (10-14) and or 3-disulfide (18), 3-sulfonic acid 19 and 1,2,4-triazin-3,5-Dionne (20) derivatives obtained. Structures of the new products are established by elemental and spectral data. The new targets obtained screened as Molluscicidalagents against Biomophlaria Alexandrina snails responsible for Bilharziasis diseases, in compare with Baylucide as standard drug.

Phosphorus diffusion and activation in fluorine co-implanted germanium after excimer laser annealing

The diffusion and the activation of phosphorus in phosphorus and fluorine co-implanted Ge after being annealed by excimer laser are investigated.The results prove that the fluorine element plays an important role in suppressing phosphorus diffusion and enhancing phosphorus activation.Moreover,the rapid thermal annealing process is utilized to evaluate and verify the role of fluorine element.During the initial annealing of co-implanted Ge,it is easier to form high bonding energy FnVm clusters which can stabilize the excess vacancies,resulting in the reduced vacancy-assisted diffusion of phosphorus.The maximum activation concentration of about 4.4 ×10^(20) cm^(-3) with a reduced diffusion length and dopant loss is achieved in co-implanted Ge that is annealed at a tailored laser fluence of 175 mJ/cm^(2).The combination of excimer laser annealing and co-implantation technique provides a reference and guideline for high level n-type doping in Ge and is beneficial to its applications in the scaled Ge MOSFET technology and other devices.

环境中的氟及其环境效应与污染治理

氟是自然界中固有元素,广泛用于预防和治疗人类疾病,并且在化工、医疗、农业等领域中用于制成新型材料以改善人类生活。然而大量非自然衍生出的氟化物进入环境中,导致环境及生物体氟过量,引起生态环境的变化,影响环境质量,对人类健康和生态环境构成威胁,因此,氟的生物地球化学研究越来越受到关注。本文整理分析了氟在环境中的分布、来源以及不同环境介质中氟的赋存形态和生物、非生物影响因素,并且对其在土壤-水-植物中迁移转化过程、吸附解吸规律以及污染治理等方面进行了讨论,指出进一步深入开展氟环境行为、环境效应研究的方向,以期为氟污染的治理和环境过程调控提供支持。

含氟地下水的危害、治理技术现状与进展

【研究目的】地下水氟污染在世界范围内都被认为是一项重大公共卫生危害。据统计,全球有约2亿多人正面临氟中毒风险,至少有28个国家出现过饮用高氟水造成的氟中毒事件。高氟地下水主要分布于干旱缺水的欠发达地区,普遍缺乏可替代的饮用水源,使地方性氟中毒问题长期得不到有效解决。因此,研发经济可行的氟化物去除技术成为解决高氟地下水问题的关键。【研究方法】基于文献调研结果,以现阶段全球含氟地下水的污染现状为基础,综合考虑研究深度、理论和应用可行性、去除效率、可再生性等多种因素,对国内外含氟地下水研究和应用案例进行总结分析。【研究结果】介绍了世界范围内含氟地下水的成因和分布,系统总结了现有主流含氟地下水处理技术的优劣、除氟机理和应用进展,并对存在问题和未来发展趋势进行了分析和展望。【结论】每种技术都有各自的处理优势和一定的局限性,在选择和应用时需要综合考虑含氟地下水的水质情况和目标需求。同时,当前的地下水除氟技术在研发过程中也存在服务目标针对性不强、综合处理效率不佳以及吸附容量应用与理论值偏差较大等问题。多种处理工艺的耦合应用可以更好地发挥不同处理技术的优势,取得取长补短的效果,正受到人们日益关注。此外,多污染物的联合去除以及结构可人工调控的新型吸附材料的设计研发也是未来重要发展方向。

Synthesis of Novel Fluorine Substituted Isolated and Fused Heterobicyclic Nitrogen Systems Bearing 6-(2’-Phosphorylanilido)-1,2,4-Triazin-5-One Moiety as Potential Inhibitor towards HIV-1 Activity

Novel 6-(5’-fluoro-2’-diphenylphosphorylanilido)-3-hydrazino-1,2,4-trizin-5 (2H) one (3) is achieved from hydrozinolysis of the corresponding 3-thioxo-analoges 2. Compound 2 is also obtained from phosphorylation of 6-(5’-fluoro-2’-aminophenyl)-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazin-5(2H) one (1). Novel fluorine substituted isolated and/or fused heterobicyclic nitrogen systems bearing and/or containing, 6-phosphoryl anilido-1,2,4-trizin-5 (2H) one moiety (4 - 22) have been synthesized from ring closure reactions of compound 3 with π-acceptors activated carbon compounds in different medium and conditions. Structures of the products are characterized by MS, IR, UV-VIS, CH, N, and 1H/13CNMR spectral data. The new products have been evaluated as potential inhibitors towards HIV-1 activity.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loss Law and Emission Reduction Effects Under Water and Fertilizer Management Integrated Mode in Dike Paddy Field

To achieve the purpose of reducing farm non-point source pollution, we integrated site specific nitrogen management precise irrigation, controlled drainage, and wetland eco-repair system in dike area of Taihu basin. During investigation, it had given prominence for the water and fertilizer coupling effects of precise irrigation and site specific nutrient management, the characteristics of integration on controlled irrigation, controlled drainage and wetland ecosystem non-point source pollution control. Then the water and fertilizer integrated management mode of paddy field was put forward in Taihu basin where the water production efficiency increased to 1.64 kg. m-3, water saved 37.8%, fertilizer use efficiency raised 15,4%, yield raised 10%, and N, P load decreased 26%-72%. The modern agricultural and farmland ecosystems that control and cut down the farm non-point source pollution came into being, which can be a reference by Taihu basin to control its agricultural non-point source pollution and eutrophicated water body.

Research on Fluorine release of coal and clay used by residents in Zhaotong Fluorosis areas,Yunnan Province

The Fluorine release rate of coal, clay of different Fluorine content, and coalmixed with clay used by resident households were studied by using the ion selective electrode(ISE) and solidoid balance methods, and the degree of influence on Fluorine pollutiongenerated by coal and clay was analyzed according to the proportion characteristicsof coal used by resident households.The results show that the Fluorine release rate ofcoal is more than 95% during combustion; The Fluorine release rate of clay is more than99%; The Fluorine release rate of coal mixed with clay is between 56.44% and 96.64%,and the average value is 76.68%.The clay as a binder for fine coal is one importantsource of Fluorine pollution caused by coal-combustion in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province.When the Fluorine content of coal is less than 80 mg/kg, the Fluorine amount releasedfrom clay (in which Fluorine content is more than 530 mg/kg) is more than 50% of the totalFluorine amount released from coal and clay during coal-combustion.The Fluorineamount released from clay (in which Fluorine content is more than 1 000 mg/kg) is morethan 70% of total Fluorine amount released from coal and clay during coal-combustion.

Analysis on Causes for Yearly Increment of Content of the Inorganic Phosphorus in the Nearshore Sea Area of Yantai

Detailed analyses of the monitored data provided by the Yantai Ocean Administration Office between 1989 and 1996 show that, the fluctuation regularities of content of the inorganic phosphorus are as follows: the content of inorganic phosphorus fluctuated near the class-1 standard line basically from 1989 to 1993, tended to increase rapidly from 1993, and increased continuously, causing water quality to be deteriorated from the class-2 to class-3 standard by 19%. Causes for increment of the content of inorganic phosphorus are also analyzed. The results show that, the flux of phosphorus entering Yantai nearshore sea area increases at an annual rate of 16.5 percent, in which the increment rates of the phosphorus contained in washing powder and in phosphate fertilizer are 12.9 and 17.5 percent respectively. Both of them kept a positive interrelationship with their fluxes into the sea. In addition, the migration and regeneration mechanism of the phosphorus within the nearshore area also lead to the

Application of Nuclear Analysis in Assessment of Environmental Pollution Part 1 Contamination of Plant and Soilby Fluorine

Fluorine contaminates the environment. The study of fluorine contamination profile can be made easy by the use of nuclear analytic method. Measurement of prompt gamma emitted from bombarding fluorine polluted environmental sample with proton beam from accelerator provides rapid assessment of fluorine contamination. In this paper, 340 keV proton beam induced F 19 (P,αγ) O 16 reaction is performed, measurement of prompt gamma 6130 keV gives fluorine content in the soil and leaves of plants (parasol, cotton and glossy privet), taken from the fluorine polluted area.

Phosphorus Mass Balance of the Illinois River Watershed in Arkansas and Oklahoma

Water quality degradation in the Illinois River Watershed (IRW) has been linked to excess nutrients, primarily phosphorus (P). A mass balance study was performed on the IRW in Oklahoma and Arkansas to quantify the magnitude of P entering the watershed between the closure of Lake Tenkiller’s dam in 1954 to 2006. Results showed that a substantial mass of P was, and is, being imported into the watershed relative to the mass of P leaving the watershed. The study demonstrated that poultry production has been the major contributor of P imported to the watershed since 1964, and is currently responsible for more than 76% of the net annual P additions to the IRW. Between 1949 and 2002, more than 200,000 tonnes of P was added to the IRW. A P delivery ratio for the IRW was computed from the mass balance results and observed loads indicating that 4% of annual P applied to the IRW landscape reached Lake Tenkiller between 1999 and 2006. Allocation of P loads from 1949 to 2002 to Lake Tenkiller computed with the delivery ratio showed that wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) discharges were responsible for more than 50% of P reaching Lake Tenkiller in 1949, followed by dairy cattle (32% of loads). Poultry contribution to P reaching Lake Tenkiller was 5% in 1949 but increased rapidly to become the largest source in 1969 at approximately 49%, and in 2002 at 54%. Both dairy and WWTP portions of the loads declined from 1949 levels with less than 4% attributable to dairy and less than 34% assigned to WWTP in 2002.

Reactive Stream Stabilization for Minimizing Transport of Phosphorus and Nitrogen from Agricultural Landscapes

A reactive stream stabilization (RS2) system based on aluminum as the adsorbent and garden mulch as the organic matter source was designed to minimize release of agricultural nonpoint source pollutants and installed along the bank of the Little Bogue Creek, MS in 2008. The scope of this research was to design, install and assess the performance of a field scale RS2 structure based on results from previous lab scale studies. Concentrations of alum and total organic carbon (TOC) in the RS2 test barrier and surrounding area were measured to evaluate design parameters of RS2 and the removal effectiveness was examined from soils and monitoring wells that were sampled in 2009. The mean concentration of Al from the reactive barrier was 2.1 mg/g and organic matter from the monitoring wells was 4.7 mg/L, values significantly greater than the surrounding area (p < 0.05). Soil Mehlich-3 P and total phosphorus (TP) were decreased by 55% and 30%, and 40% of the TN and 51% of the nitrate in the ground water were removed through the RS2. The design objectives have been satisfied with the installed RS2 system and the initial sampling data shows effective nutrient removal.

Agricultural Phosphorus Management for Environmental Protection: A Review

This review addresses research done over the past 40 years on different aspects of agricultural phosphorus (P) management for environmental protection. Inputs of P are essential for profitable crop production. Long-term application of P to agricultural soils has resulted in elevated levels of soil P. This accumulation may be desirable from an agronomic point of view but it represents a threat to freshwater quality. Indeed, P in runoff from agricultural land is an important component of non-point source pollution and can accelerate eutrophication of lakes and streams. Even very small amounts of P can raise the concentration above the critical value for eutrophication. Excessive eutrophication restricts water use for recreation, industry, and drinking due to the increased growth of undesirable algae and aquatic weeds. Current concerns facing the environmentally sound management of P in agriculture are similar worldwide and revolve around agricultural, economic, and environmental compromises associated with balancing productivity with environmental values. Agricultural P management strategies should be geared towards ensuring that P, a finite earth resource, is not wasted and those soils do not become so enriched with P that there is an unnecessary risk of too much P being mobilized to water from agricultural fields. Approaches, such as soil P testing and either P models or indices have been studied and implemented to mitigate agricultural P losses. Apparently, P indices are preferred instead of P models for this purpose because they are more flexible. A holistic management strategy is therefore suggested by using soil P testing in conjunction with either a P index or a P model.

神东矿区天然矿物中的氟化物浸出规律研究

随着神东矿区煤炭开采向深部转移,矿井水中氟化物超标问题凸显,因此研究氟化物的主要来源对控制矿井水中的氟化物浓度具有重要的意义。为证明天然含氟矿物是矿井水中的氟的主要来源,深入了解天然含氟矿物在矿井水中的浸出过程,以神东矿区为对象,分析了不同深度矿井水中的水质变化规律,研究了不同深度矿物中的氟化物变化,并讨论了天然含氟矿物在矿井水中的氟化物浸出规律。研究结果表明,当煤炭开采深度大于120 m时,矿井水中氟化物浓度超过地表III类氟化物标准值,并且含氟矿物在天然矿物中的比例增大。通过对矿井水中阴阳离子成分分析,认为矿井水中氟化物主要来源于煤炭开采深部含氟矿物的浸出。研究不同水岩作用条件下含氟矿物浸出规律发现,提高水岩作用强度,可以加速含氟矿物中氟化物的浸出;当岩水比例增大(大于1∶50)时,部分含氟矿物的氟浸出浓度大于1.0 mg/L;特别在酸性或碱性条件下,由于离子交换作用和溶解平衡机制,含氟矿物中难溶性氟化物发生浸出。综上所述,在一定的水岩作用环境中,天然含氟矿物中的氟化物浸出,可导致矿井水中氟化物浓度超标(大于1.0 mg/L),这一结论为在复杂地质条件下精确管控天然矿物的氟化物浸出提供了重要指导。

氟化工园区周边玉米中全氟/多氟化合物的污染特征

食源性植物中全氟/多氟化合物(Per-and poly-fluorinated substances,PFASs)的污染问题已经引起人们的广泛关注。为研究典型氟化工园区周边玉米中PFASs的污染特征,在辽宁阜新氟化工园区周边的农用土壤中采集19个玉米样品,分析了根、茎、叶及果实中17种PFASs单体的含量与组成,并结合相关性分析及Arc Gis软件阐明了玉米中PFASs的富集规律及空间分布特征。结果表明,(1)氟化工园区周边农用地中玉米植株内总PFASs含量(∑PFASs)水平为15.88-620.7 ng·g^(-1),主要检出物质为短链(C≤6)PFASs、PFOA(perfluorooctanoic acid,全氟辛酸)和PFOS(perfluorooctane sulfonate,全氟辛烷磺酸)。(2)叶片是最具富集能力的器官。PFASs在叶片中总含量远高于其在根、茎及果实中含量。此外,碳链长度及官能团结构会影响玉米体内PFASs的含量。(3)PFOA与PFOS倾向富集在根部,而短链PFASs易在玉米植株内迁移。Spearman相关性分析表明,PFASs在根系中的总含量与其在茎(r=0.772,P=0.001)及叶片(r=0.400,P=0.046)中具有显著的正相关性。随着与氟化工园区距离的增加,玉米作物∑PFASs呈明显下降趋势。与氟化工园区周边1-2 km范围内玉米中PFASs含量相比,当玉米与氟化工园区的距离超过4 km时,其体内PFASs含量约减少了71.6%,表明当地氟化工生产可能是重要的点污染源。临近氟化工园区的土壤更容易受到工业废水和废渣的污染,玉米根系易从受污染的土壤中摄入PFASs,从而在体内发生富集作用;大气和灰尘摄入被认为是玉米叶片中高含量PFASs的另一来源。该研究分析了氟化工园区周边玉米中PFASs的含量与组成,为特征点污染源周边植物中PFASs的污染防治与治理提供了帮助。

碳基吸附剂处理含氟水的研究进展

氟化物在自然界中广泛存在,同时人类活动也会产生大量的氟化物,进而导致水体受到不同程度的氟污染,严重威胁人类健康。在众多除氟方法中,吸附法已逐渐成为一种主要的除氟方法。其中,碳基吸附剂由于具有机械强度高、比表面积大、体积小和孔隙结构发达等特点成为研究热点之一。文章介绍了活性炭、骨炭、氧化石墨烯及碳纳米管等碳基吸附剂除氟的最新研究进展,对其性质及吸附机理等方面进行了概括总结,并对其制备成本、再生回用性能、二次污染问题及工业化应用等方面进行展望,为该领域的未来研究及应用提供一定参考。

水泥增强磷石膏-膨润土强度及污染物固定的验证

膨润土作为磷石膏吸附剂,具有较好的磷(氟)固定效果,但其混合物作为道路填筑材料时,通常无法满足力学性能要求,为探究水泥能否提高磷石膏-膨润土混合物的力学性能,以及能否协同膨润土固定磷石膏中的磷(氟)污染物,制备了掺水泥、不掺水泥以及不同掺量水泥的混合料,压制试样,并分别进行雨水淋滤模拟试验和无侧限抗压强度测试.结果表明:掺加水泥后,试样的无侧限抗压强度以及磷(氟)污染物固定效果均有所提高,在同一养护期下,水泥添加量越多,试样无侧限抗压强度越高,磷(氟)污染物固定效果越好,添加量达到5%时,试样的无侧限抗压强度可达到5.31 MPa,满足《公路路面基层施工技术规范》(JTJ 034—2000)中的要求.本文探究结果成功验证了水泥增强磷石膏-膨润土混合物强度性能及其磷(氟)污染物固定效果的可行性,为磷石膏在道路填筑材料的应用提供了一定的参考价值.

产酸菌的分离鉴定及在含氟土壤修复中的应用

以工业污水厂厌氧池活性污泥为菌源,分离到1株产酸能力较强的细菌菌株Cs-3;在实验室模拟盆栽试验条件下,用该菌株联合茶梅苗修复氟污染土壤。经过形态观察、生理生化特性及16S rDNA分析,菌株初步鉴定为沃式葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus warneri),序列号为MG755257;在最佳条件下,菌株培养液最低pH为3.51。茶梅苗不同部位对氟的吸收累积能力表现为叶>茎>根,叶片最高氟含量为811.97 mg/kg。添加Cs-3培养液能有效促进茶梅苗对土壤氟的富集吸收,外加2 000 mg/kg氟污染水平下,30 d修复后,添加培养液的茶梅苗叶片氟含量增加至989.68 mg/kg,土壤氟脱除率由37.24%提高至57.81%。

Strigolactone regulates nitrogen-phosphorus balance in rice

Phosphorus(P) is one of the essential elements for growth and development of crops.Modern agriculture depends heavily on the application of large amounts of fertilizers,including P fertilizers.Excessive application of P fertilizers causes severe environmental pollution.Additionally,phosphate(Pi) mining is a non-renewable resource(Raghothama,1999).

氟化工园区周边土壤氟化物的污染评价

以福建某氟化工园区周边土壤和农作物为研究对象,选取总氟、溶解性氟为量化指标,用GIS制图分析总氟空间分布及污染来源。采用单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价氟化工园区周边土壤氟化物污染程度;并从农作物累积效应角度研究评价氟化物的污染程度,以此印证单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价结论。结果表明:研究区域土壤总氟平均值高于福建省土壤背景值,低于全国地氟病地区土壤总氟平均值;通过单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法分析发现区域土壤属于中等—低污染等级,风险等级为中等—低。根据空间分布图,高浓度区域主要集中在园区东侧及东南侧,浓度分布与主导风向、地势有关。研究区域周边玉米根、玉米杆、玉米籽中的氟化物均低于《中华人民共和国食品中氟允许量标准》及《农产品安全质量安全要求-无公害蔬菜安全要求》规定,从累积效应角度看,氟化工园区生产活动未对食品安全造成威胁,这与前面采用的单因子污染指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价结论相互印证。