Facile Preparation of PVA-AA/TiO2 Composite Gel Particles and Their Tunable Photo-catalytic Property for the Degradation of Methyl Orange

In the presence of titanium dioxide powder, cross-linking reaction between commercial polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-based macromonomer and acrylic acid(AA) was initiated with potassium persulfate in an emulsifying system. As a result, PVA-AA/TiO2 composite gel particles were obtained. The morphology and composition of the particles were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy scattering x-ray spectroscopy(EDS), Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA). The analysis results confirmed that the particles were the expected ones. TiO2 was dispersed homogeneously within the spheroidal particles. Compared to the control gel, the composite gel particles not only contained Ti element but also showed higher thermal stability. In addition, the photo-catalytic behavior of the particles for the degradation of methyl orange contained in aqueous solution was examined. The particles exhibited photocatalytic characteristic for the degradation of the model dye, which could be modulated by simply varying the amount of cross-linking agent or TiO2. The photo-catalytic degradation percentage of methyl orange maintained at 91%-96% after using the particles three times, which indicated that TiO2 could played its role repeatedly via being fixated within polyvinyl alcohol-based gel.

Photochemically enhanced degradation of phenol using heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts

The degradation of phenol was carried out using heterogeneous Fenton-type catalysts in the presence of H_2O_2 and UV. Catalysts were prepared by exchanging and immobilizing Fe 2+ in zeolite 13X, silica gel or Al_2O_3. The concentration of phenol solution was 100 mg/L. The amount of H_2O_2 added was the stoichiometric amount of H_2O_2 required for the total oxidation of phenol. Under the irradiation of medium pressure light (300 W) phenol was mineralized within 1 h in the presence of Fe 2+/zeolite 13X. The COD removal rate was enhanced in the presence of Fe 2+/zeolite 13X compared to that of Fe 2+/silica gel or Fe 2+/Al_2O_3. Analogous homogenous photo-Fenton reaction with equivalent Fe 2+ was also carried out to evaluate the catalysis efficiency of Fe 2+/zeolite 13X. Results showed that the COD removal rate was near to that of homogeneous Fenton, while heterogeneous Fe 2+/zeolite 13X catalyst could be recycled.

EFFECTS OF ORGANIC COLORANTS ON PHOTO-INITIATED CROSSLINKING AND PHOTO-OXIDATION DEGRADATION OF POLYETHYLENE AND RELATED MECHANISM

The effects of three organic colorants on photo-initiated crosslinking and photo-oxidation degradation of polyethylene (PE) samples irradiated by microwave excited (MWE) UV lamp in the melt and the related mechanism have been studied by gel content and thermal extension rate determinations,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),mechanical property tests,UV spectroscopy,and light microscope.The data from the gel content and thermal extension rate determinations of photo-crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) sample...

Degradation of Residual Formaldehyde in Fabric by Photo-catalysis

The residual formaldehyde （HCHO） in fabric was degraded using photo-catalysis assisted by the compound catalyst of nano-TiO2 and nano-ZnO. The effects of several factors on the degradation, such as the composing of catalyst, irradiation time, pH value and the H2CHO concentration of the immersed solution were investigated. Results showed that H2CHO of the immersed solution had degraded 93% after 5 h irradiation, and the degradation ratio of formaldehyde could be improved and the aging of the fabric can be avoided with the addition of ZnO nanoparticles and pH value of the immersed-fibric solution. The fabric with residual formaldehyde about 1 800 μg/g can be efficiently treated to satisfy the China National Standard （GB/2912.1-1998） with the photo-catalytic degradation.

WO3 nanofibers on ACF by electrospun for photo-degradation of phenol solution

Electrospun WO_3 nanofibers were fabricated by coaxial electrospinning and directly annealing WCl_6/polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP) nanofibers on activated carbon fibres(ACF), and characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD). The most suitable condition for electrospinning is the mass ratio of WCl_6 to PVP 0.6, appropriate amount DMF and ethanol, a voltage of 28 kV, the reception distance of 15 cm, the humidity range within 10% and 20% and the moving rate of the pump 0.001 mm/s. The photocatalytic activities of WO_3 nanofibers were evaluated by the photo-degradation of phenol solution under the irradiation of 500 W xenon lamp. The results showed that, the sizes of the fibers are about 100 nm, and after being photodegraded for 210 min, the concentration of phenol decreased from 20.05 mg/L to 8.60 mg/L. Thus, the photo-degradation rate of WO_3 nanofibers for phenol solution is 2.87 mg/(L·h).

Investigations on the Degradation of Triazine Herbicides in Water by Photo-Fenton Process

In this work, the degradation of 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine in aqueous solutions by photo-Fenton process has been investigated. The preliminary results have shown that the degradation of 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine by photo-Fenton process is more rapid and more effective than Fenton and UV/H2O2 processes. The effects of certain experimental parameters on kinetics and efficiency of the degradation of 2-chloro-4,6,-diamino-1,3,5-triazine by photo-Fenton process, have been evaluated. Under optimal conditions, photo-Fenton process achieved more than 90% of chloride release and about 30% of nitrate formation. The results of total organic carbon (TOC) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) analyses have shown that no carbon dioxide and ammonia are formed during photo-Fenton treatment of aqueous solutions containing 40 mg/L triazine. These results indicate that only substituent groups of triazine ring are released;however, nitrogen atoms of triazine ring remain unaffected. A simple mechanism of degradation of 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine has been proposed. The degradation starts by a rapid release of chlorine atoms as chloride ions to form 2-hydroxy-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine. The amino groups of 2-hydroxy-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine undergo are oxidized into nitro groups by hydroxyl radicals to form 2-hydroxy-4,6-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine which undergoes a slow release of nitro groups and their substitution with hydroxyl groups to form cyanuric acid and nitrate ions. The degradation of cyanuric acid by photo-Fenton process has also been investigated. The results of TOC and TKN analyzes show that no carbon dioxide is formed during the treatment.

Studies on Photocatalytic Degradation of Acridine Orange and Chloroform Sensing Using As-Grown Antimony oxide Microstructures

Flower shaped antimony oxide (Sb2O3) microstructures were synthesized in a large quantity via simple solution method using aqueous mixtures of antimony chloride and hexamethylene diamine (HMDA). The morphological characterizations were done by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which revealed that the synthesized products possess flower-shaped microstructures. The detailed structural characterizations performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and Raman spectrophotometer confirmed that the synthesized microstructures are well-crystalline antimony oxide. The Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) shows that the grown products are composed of Sb and O. Optical properties of the synthesized products were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer which exhibits a well defined peak at ~ 291.0 nm. The photo-catalytic activity of the Sb2O3 microstructures was evaluated by degradation of acridine orange (AO), which mineralized almost 63.0% in 150 min. The chemical sensing properties of Sb2O3 microstructures was also studied by I-V technique using chloroform as a detecting solvent. The fabricated chloroform sensor demonstrates good sensitivity of 0.1154 μA cm–2 mM–1, lower-detection limit (~0.1 mM), large-linear dynamic range (LDR, 0.122 mM to 1.22 M) with linearity (R = 0.7898) in short response time (10.0 sec).

Photo Degradation of Dyes from Their Aqueous Solutions of Their Binary Mixture, Using TiO2 as the Oxidant with Different Sources of Energy

The photodegradation has been widely used in water and waste water treatment of all the methods like froth flotation coagulation etc., photodegradation appears to offer the best prospects for overall treatment of dyestuff effulent. Photodegradation of aniline blue and crystal violet dyes from aqueous solutions of their binary mixture was carried out using TiO2 as photocatalyst. By carrying out photodegradation, varying the experimental parameters, the optimum conditions required for maximum degradation was found out. The photodegradation of dye was carried out using different sources of energy like solar radiation and microwave radiation. The degradation studies were carried out at temperatures 25 ℃, 35 ℃ and 45 ℃ so as to calculate the rate constant and activation parameters. Both energy sources are equivalent in causing degradation in all respects except time and dose of photo catalyst. Time required is less for microwave than solar radiation, but dose of photo catalyst needed was high for microwave radiation. These results will be helpful in designing effluent treatment plants in industries.

Effects of Cu(Ⅱ) or Zn(Ⅱ) on photodegradation of some toxic organic compounds in wastewater by using TiO_2 as catalyst

The effects of Cu (Ⅱ) or Zn (Ⅱ) on the photo-catalytic degradation of some organic chemicals in water, such as acetone, phenol, dyes, and tea saponin were studied. Dyes in wastewater from a textile factory can be effectively degraded by photo-catalysis with TiO 2 and ultraviolet light or sunshine, but the reaction rate could be slowed down if copper or zinc salt exists in the solution.

Degradation of Microcystin-RR by Combination of UV/H_2O_2 Technique

The experiments were performed to investigate the degradation of microcystins in order to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of UV/H2O2 system for the disinfection of water polluted by microcystins. The influence factors such as H2O2, pH and UV light intensities were investigated respectively. Degradation of microcystin-RR （MC-RR） could be fitted by either the pseudo-first-order or second-order rate equations. This homogenous system could significantly enhance the degradation rate due to the synergetic effect between UV and H2O2. The degradation mainly followed the mechanism of direct photolysis and .OH oxidation reactions. Experimental results showed that 94.83% of MC-RR was removed under optimal experimental conditions and the UV/H2O2 system provided an alternative to promote the removal of microcystins in drinking water supplies.

玻纤负载α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuFe_(2)O_(4)异质结薄膜的制备 及其催化性能

为了克服传统芬顿催化剂的降解速率慢、pH适用范围窄、难回收等缺点,采用浸涂溶胶-凝胶法制备了玻璃纤维负载的α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuFe_(2)O_(4)异质结薄膜(FCGF),对其结构、形态和化学组成进行表征,并将其用于亚甲基蓝的光芬顿催化降解,考察其催化活性、pH值适用性和重复使用稳定性。结果表明:CuFe2O4颗粒生长在α-Fe_(2)O_(3)颗粒表面,形成α-Fe_(2)O_(3)/CuFe_(2)O_(4)异质结;在模拟太阳光辐射条件下,加入2 g FCGF和20 mmol/L的H_(2)O_(2),50 mL质量浓度为30 mg/L的MB溶液在40 min后降解率达到97%,而在相同条件下加入α-Fe_(2)O_(3)与CuFe_(2)O_(4)降解率分别为20%和30%,其催化活性的增强可归因于异质结光催化剂产生的光诱导电位差驱动的光生载流子的有效分离;同时,FCGF在宽pH范围显示出较高活性,pH=10时,MB溶液40 min后降解效率仍达到63%;FCGF具有良好的稳定性,5次循环后其催化性能没有衰减,反应40 min后MB降解率仍可达97%。

Fenton及Photo-Fenton非均相体系降解有机污染物的研究进展

Fenton及photo-Fenton氧化法是一种有效的应用于环境污染物处理领域的高新氧化技术之一,对Fenton试剂的固定化可以减少铁离子的二次污染,提高催化能力和光利用率,及扩展pH等优势。本文综述了近年来Fenton及photo-Fenton非均相体系氧化降解有机污染物的研究状况。引用文献57篇。

TiO_(2)光阳极材料光-电催化降解恩诺沙星影响因素研究

制备二氧化钛(TiO_(2))光阳极材料,通过表征手段考察其形貌、晶相与元素组成特征。TiO_(2)纳米棒形成纳米管阵列,在XRD图谱27.5°、36.1°、37.8°和62.7°处有明显特征峰,无明显杂峰,Ti元素以Ti^(4+)的形式存在。选取一种喹诺酮类抗生素恩诺沙星(ENR)作为目标污染物,探究光-电催化体系下TiO_(2)光阳极材料对ENR降解的影响因素。实验结果表明,ENR初始浓度为10mg/L,电解质NaCl浓度为0.10mol/L,外加偏压为1.2V,初始pH值为7时,TiO_(2)光阳极材料对ENR的光-电催化降解率可达90.74%,经四次循环实验材料保持了良好的稳定性,在抗生素降解方面具有较大的应用潜力。

复合纳米材料MoS_(2)@CNTs光电催化降解盐酸四环素的研究

通过水热法成功合成了不同MoS_(2)与CNTs质量比的复合纳米光催化材料MoS_(2)@CNTs-x%,并通过滴涂法制备具有光电响应的M@C-x%/FTO光电极。利用SEM、XRD、UV-Vis DRS、I-t、EIS和M-S曲线等表征方法分析了复合纳米催化剂的微观形貌、晶体结构、光电化学性能。将M@C-x%/FTO光电极用于光电催化降解盐酸四环素,考察了四环素(TC)初始质量浓度、初始pH对光电催化降解盐酸四环素的影响。运用自由基捕获实验鉴定了光电催化降解过程中的主要反应活性物种;并结合光催化剂能带分析光电催化降解机理。结果表明,电极M@C-5%/FTO具有最佳的光电催化性能。

Fenton及Photo-Fenton氧化处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

通过Fenton高级氧化方法对宜昌市黄家湾垃圾处理厂的垃圾渗滤液进行了氧化降解处理,考察了Fe2+、H2O2的用量和pH等因素对垃圾渗滤液COD去除率的影响,研究了引入可见光的情况下加入C2O4-2与Fe2+的比对降解效果的影响,在pH=3.0,H2O2的量为2.0×10-2mol/L,Fe2+的量为2.3×10-3mol/L的条件下,可使垃圾渗透液的COD去除率达70.0%,在加入一定量的草酸根离子(C2O4-2/Fe2+为0.67)的可见光协助下和引入紫外光都能够极大地提高Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液的氧化降解的效果,并比较了在不同条件及光源下Photo-Fenton对此垃圾渗滤液的氧化降解.

Photo-Fenton技术处理难降解有机废水的研究进展

Photo-Fenton氧化法是将紫外或可见光引入到Fenton体系中形成的一种高级氧化技术.介绍了Photo-Fen-ton技术处理难降解有机废水的作用机理,探讨了不同外界影响因素对处理效果的影响,阐述了该技术在水处理中研究和应用的最新进展,并提出了Photo-Fenton试剂的发展方向和前景.

铁酸铋的制备及其对废水的光芬顿降解性能

以Fe(NO_(3))_(3)∙_(9)H_(2)O和Bi(NO_(3))_(3)∙5H_(2)O为原料,采用水热法合成铁酸铋,对合成的样品进行XRD和SEM表征。以印染厂三级出水为研究对象,以废水的COD和苯胺浓度为指标,采用光芬顿方法,研究铁酸铋对废水的光降解性能,考察了废水初始pH、铁酸铋用量、H_(2)O_(2)用量和添加方式对铁酸铋光解性能的影响。结果表明,在初始pH为3、铁酸铋用量超过50 mg/mL、H_(2)O_(2)用量超过1 mL/50 mL(0.5 mL/50 mL)时,COD和苯胺的去除效果好;对于COD,H_(2)O_(2)分批添加的方式去除效果较好,但是对于苯胺,H_(2)O_(2)一次性添加方式去除效果好。

铕碳点对四环素的特异性识别与降解

以柠檬酸、1.0代聚酰胺胺和氯化铕为原料,采用水热法合成了具有特异性识别四环素比例荧光探针,同时对四环素进行降解。结果表明,Eu^(3+)-碳点(CDs)的量子产率为92%,具有抗干扰特性,可以特异性识别多种抗生素混合物中的四环素。c(四环素)=50 nmol/L~20μmol/L,比例荧光强度和四环素浓度呈现良好线性关系,最低检测限为6 nmol/L。t=120 min,365 nm紫外光催化四环素的降解率为60%,经过5个循环的降解效率一致,具有优异的光催化稳定性。

Iron–doped bismuth oxybromides as visible-light-responsive Fenton catalysts for the degradation of atrazine in aqueous phases

Pesticides and its degradation products,being well–known residues in soil,have recently been detected in many water bodies as pollutants of emerging concerns,and thus there is a contemporary demand to develop viable and cost–effective techniques for the removal of related organic pollutants in aqueous phases.Herein,a visible-light-responsive Fenton system was constructed with iron–doped bismuth oxybromides(Fe–BiOBr)as the catalysts.Taking the advantage of sustainable Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)conversion and optimized H_(2)O_(2)utilization,the optimal Fe–BiOBr–2 catalyst showed an excellent atrazine removal efficiency of 97.61%in 120 min,which is superior than the traditional homogeneous Fenton and the majority of heterogeneous processes documented in the literature.In this photo–Fenton system,hydroxyl(·OH)and superoxide(·O_(2)^(-))radicals were dominant active species contributed to the oxidative degradation of atrazine.Due to the production of various active radicals,five degradation pathways were proposed based on the identification of intermediates and degradation products.Overall,this work not only demonstrates a fundamental insight into creating highly efficient and atom economic photo-Fenton systems,but also provides a complementary strategy for the treatment of organic pollutants in water.

木质素还原制备金纳米颗粒及其催化性能

自然界中的木质素来源广泛,其含量仅次于纤维素,是一种具有还原性的可再生芳香聚合物。本研究利用木质素在太阳光激发下还原Au(Ⅲ)制备金纳米颗粒(Au NPs),并将其用于催化还原废水中的有机污染物。主要探究了不同木质素质量浓度、HAuCl_(4)浓度、光照时间等条件对Au NPs粒径及形貌的影响;利用紫外-可见光谱仪、纳米粒度仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)对Au NPs理化性质进行了表征。结果表明,木质素作还原剂成功制备了Au NPs,最佳制备工艺如下:木质素质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL,HAuCl_(4)浓度为1.00 mmol/L,HAuCl_(4)溶液与木质素溶液体积比为4∶1,光照时间为60 min,此条件下制得的Au NPs平均粒径为32.14 nm。此外,以亚甲基蓝(MB)和对硝基苯酚(4-NP)为污染物模型物探究了Au NPs的催化性能,结果表明,Au NPs对MB和4-NP具有良好的光催化还原性能,反应速率常数分别为0.765 8和0.316 6 min^(-1)。木质素还原Au(Ⅲ)制备得到的Au NPs/木质素用于废水中染料和硝基芳香族污染物的光催化还原,不仅实现了木质素的高值化利用,而且实现了废水中有机污染物的高效去除。