Mass Transfer, Gas Holdup, and Kinetic Models of Batch and Continuous Fermentation in a Novel Rectangular Dynamic Membrane Airlift Bioreactor

Compared with conventional cylinder airlift bioreactors(CCABs)that produce coarse bubbles,a novel rectangular dynamic membrane airlift bioreactor(RDMAB)developed in our lab produces fine bubbles to enhance the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient(k_(L)a)and gas holdup,as well as improve the bioprocess in a bioreactor.In this study,we compared mass transfer,gas holdup,and batch and con-tinuous fermentation for RNA production in CCAB and RDMAB.In addition,unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth,substrate utilization,and RNA formation were established.In batch fermentation,biomass,RNA yield,and substrate utilization in the RDMAB were higher than those in the CCAB,which indicates that dynamic membrane aeration produced a high k_(L)a by fine bubbles;a higher k_(L)a is more bene-ficial to aerobic fermentation.The starting time of continuous fermentation in the RDMAB was 20 h ear-lier than that in the CCAB,which greatly improved the biological process.During continuous fermentation,maintaining the same dissolved oxygen level and a constant dilution rate,the biomass accumulation and RNA concentration in the RDMAB were 9.71% and 11.15% higher than those in the CCAB,respectively.Finally,the dilution rate of RDMAB was 16.7% higher than that of CCAB during con-tinuous fermentation while maintaining the same air aeration.In summary,RDMAB is more suitable for continuous fermentation processes.Developing new aeration and structural geometry in airlift bioreac-tors to enhance k_(L)a and gas holdup is becoming increasingly important to improve bioprocesses in a bioreactor.

The Kinetic Reacion of Virgin Coconut Oil （VCO） Fermentation in an Ideal Bioreactor Tank in a Batch Process

Oil is produced from the fermentation process without going through a heating process, which is known as VCO （virgin coconut oil）. VCO has been widely sold in the market with different brands. VCO has a beneficial physiological effect to health such as being able to kill viruses, bacteria, increase endurance, soften the skin etc.. Various benefits from the VCO are caused by medium chain fatty acids that it is contain which is lauric acid. VCO has a very high lauric acid contents （45%-55%）. The aims of this research were to calculate the VCO fermentation kinetics parameter μm and km using Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria in a batch bioreactor. Coconut meat was shredded. Then add water to the crushed fruit according to the comparison of variables ie., 1：1, 1：2. Furthermore, the extract pressed. Mixed the obtained cream, about 1 L, with a starter each 1%. Homogeneous mixture stirred and then poured into bioreactor and allowed to stand 8-10 h. During the process, the mixture will separate into three layers, namely the oil （upper layer）, protein （middle layer）, and water （bottom layer）, it was oil and water were separated from protein. After the oil was obtained from the fermentation, it carried out the calculation of the price of X （dry cell）, S （glucose concentration） and P （the concentration of lactic acid）. The results obtained, for the ratio （1：2）： Pm= 0.166 h1, km = 1.6 g/L, for the ratio （1：1）：μm = 0.131 hl, k,, = 3.33 g/L. The amount of kinetic parameter values obtained was higher in ratio （1：2） from ratio （1：1） and the acid number was determined according to the AOCS.

Application of an immobilized microbial consortium for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater: Batch-wise and continuous studies

In the present investigation,a microbial consortium consisting of four bacterial strains was selected for the treatment of pharmaceutical industry wa stewater.The consortium was immobilized on a natural support matrixLuffa and used for the treatment of real-time pharmaceutical wastewater in batch and continuous processes.The batch process was carried out to optimize the culture conditions and monitor the enzymatic activity.An array of enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase,aldehyde dehydrogenase,monooxygenase,catechol 2,3-dioxygenase and hydroquinol 1,2-dioxygenase were produced by the consortium.The kinetics of the degradation in the batch process was analyzed and it was noted to be a first-order reaction.For the continuous study,an aerobic fixed-film bioreactor(AFFBR) was utilized for a period of 61 days with variable hydraulic retention time(HRT) and organic loading rate(OLR).The immobilized microbes treated the wastewater by reducing the COD,phenolic contaminants and suspended solids.The OLR ranged between(0.56±0.05) kg COD·m^(-3) d^(-1) to 3.35 kg COD·m^(-3)·d^(-1) and the system achieved an average reduction of 96.8% of COD,92.6% of phenolic compounds and 95.2% of suspended solids.Kinetics of the continuous process was interpreted by three different models,where the modified Stover Kincannon model and the Grau second-order model proved to be best fit for the degradation reaction with the constant for saturation value,k_(L) being 95.12 g·L^(-1)·d^(-1).the constant for maximum utilization of the substrate U_(max) being 90.01 g·L^(-1) d^(-1) and substrate removal constant KY was1.074 d^(-1) for both the models.GC-MS analysis confirmed that most of the organic contaminants were degraded into innocuous metabolite s.

Anaerobic-aerobic processes for the treatment of textile dyeing wastewater containing three commercial reactive azo dyes:Effect of number of stages and bioreactor type

In this study,the effect of number of stages and bioreactor type on the removal performance of a sequential anaerobic-aerobic process employing activated sludge for the treatment of a simulated textile dyeing wastewater containing three commercial reactive azo dyes was considered.Two stage processes performed better than one stage ones,both in terms of overall organic and color removal,as well as the higher contribution of anaerobic stage to the overall removal performance,thereby making them a more energy efficient option.The employment of a moving bed sequencing batch biofilm reactor,which uses both suspended and attached biomass,for the implementation of the anaerobic stage of the process,was compared with a sequencing batch reactor that only employs suspended biomass.The results showed that,although there was no meaningful difference in biomass concentration between the two bioreactors,the latter reactor had better performance in terms of chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal efficiency and rate and color removal rate.Further exploratory tests revealed a difference between the roles of suspended and attached bacterial populations,with the former yielding better color removal whilst the latter had better COD removal performance.The sequential anaerobic–aerobic process,employing an aerobic membrane bioreactor in the aerobic stage resulted in COD and color removal of 77.1±7.9%and 79.9±1.5%,respectively.The incomplete COD and color removal was attributed to the presence of soluble microbial products in the effluent and the autoxidation of dye reduction metabolites,respectively.Also,aerobic partial mineralization of the dye reduction metabolites,was experimentally observed.

Fed-Batch Fermentation for Spinosad Production in an Improved Reactor

As a kind of aerobic bacteria, Saccharopolyspora spinosa exhibits a high demand for oxygen. In the fermentation process, the methods of increasing ventilation and improving agitation speed are usually adopted to achieve higher values of dissolved oxygen. These methods decrease the efficiency of spinosad biosynthesis. In this study, an improved reactor was designed to solve these problems. The exhaust gas reflux device, impellers, and baffles were improved. Furthermore, we established the kinetic models for the cell growth, substrate consumption and spinosad generation in batch fermentation process. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental data. Spinosad production reached 583.86 mg/L after employing the suitable feeding strategy by fed-batch fermentation in the improved reactor, whereas it was only 157.01 mg/L before optimization. The method described can provide insight to strengthen spinosad production and can be extended to the culturing process of filamentous aerobic bacteria. © 2017 Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

强化膜生物反应器脱氮除磷性能对比试验研究

对序批式运行方式强化膜生物反应器脱氮除磷效果进行了研究.在试验过程中逐渐降低进水COD TN值,提高总氮负荷,比较序批式膜生物反应器和传统膜生物反应器的脱氮除磷性能与膜污染状况.试验结果表明,进水COD TN降至3 8～8 3,总氮负荷提高至0 22kg·m-3·d-1时,传统膜生物反应器无法脱氮,而序批式膜生物反应器通过改变周期、提高交换比等方式,TN和氨氮去除率分别保持在67 6%和93 1%.序批式的运行方式还可以减轻膜污染.

EPS对活性污泥絮凝沉降性能与表面性质的影响

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理模拟废水,在葡萄糖作为碳源的条件下,调整进水碳源浓度改变系统内胞外聚合物(EPS)含量,考察EPS的变化对活性污泥絮凝沉降性能及其表面性质的影响。结果表明,当EPS从100mg.L-1提高至500mg.L-1时,出水悬浮固体浓度(ESS)从4.4mg.L-1提高至46.6mg.L-1,污泥容积指数(SVI)从68.55ml.g-1提高至164.35ml.g-1,EPS与ESS、SVI呈正相关(R2分别为0.9916和0.9451)。污泥絮体重新絮凝能力(FA)从44.8%下降至17.9%,区域沉降速率(ZSV)从11.2m.h-1下降至3.2m.h-1,EPS与FA、ZSV呈负相关(R2分别为-0.9941和-0.9805)。污泥表面Zeta电位从-12.09mV下降至-37.21mV,污泥相对疏水性RH从44.11%下降至19.31%,EPS与Zeta电位、RH呈负相关(R2分别为-0.9524和-0.9979)。

好氧MBR与序批式MBR处理生活污水的比较

比较了中试规模的好氧式膜生物反应器及序批式膜生物反应器处理生活污水的效果。结果表明,两者对COD及氨氮的去除效果相当,且都具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力;在总氮去除上,序批式膜生物反应器优于好氧式膜生物反应器;在稳定运行阶段,当好氧式膜生物反应器及序批式膜生物反应器处理同等水量时,过膜阻力增加率分别为1.68和1.03 kPa/m。通过测定膜丝上多糖的含量分析了两者在膜污染速率上存在差异的原因,发现序批式膜生物反应器膜丝上的多糖含量要少于好氧式膜生物反应器。

序批式膜生物反应器同时脱氮除磷的比较研究

对比了厌氧-好氧(AO)及厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A2O)2种运行模式序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)对模拟生活污水同时脱氮除磷的性能.结果表明,2种运行模式的SBMBR对有机物及氨氮的去除率分别可保持在90%和95%以上.A2O MBR具有更强的释磷能力,其SPRR30(前30min比释磷速率)比AO MBR高出47.5%;但SPUR30(前30min比吸磷速率)却比AO MBR低,这是导致前者膜出水中TP值较后者高的原因之一.2个系统内污泥均有反硝化除磷能力,A2O MBR中DPAO(反硝化聚磷菌)的比例比AO MBR提高了57%;硝酸盐为电子受体时单位电子转移所吸收的磷,前者比后者高30%.这2个因素双重作用的结果导致了A2O MBR反硝化除磷能力的提高.A2O MBR系统曝气时间减半并没有加重膜污染,反而该系统的膜污染相对较轻.膜对有机物有较好的过滤截留作用,污泥沉降性能对SBMBR出水水质影响很小.

气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器降解2,4-二氯酚的研究

从以 2 ,4 二氯酚 (2 ,4 DCP)长期驯化的好氧活性污泥中分离出一株以 2 ,4 DCP为唯一碳源的菌种 ,将这种菌固定在气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器内 ,研究了此反应器在半连续流运行时 ,对 2 ,4 DCP单基质及其与苯酚共基质时对污染物的降解情况及降解动力学 .结果表明 ,2 ,4 DCP单基质时 ,反应器对氯酚的去除效果随着实验次数的增加而加快 ;2 ,4 DCP与苯酚共基质时 ,苯酚的降解速率随着半连续流实验次数的增加而加快 ,而氯酚的降解速率则表现出下降的趋势 .此外 ,还研究了此反应器在连续流运行时对 2 ,4 DCP的降解 ,水力停留时间为6h ,进水 2 ,4 DCP浓度为 6 9～ 1 0 2 4mg/L ,系统稳定状态对 2 ,4 DCP平均去除率为 96 5 % .运行中间断性以乙酸钠和蛋白胨作碳源替代 2 ,4 DCP 。

利用纤维床反应器固定化发酵生产丙酸

构建了一种纤维床反应器(FBB),并将其应用于丙酸的生产。将棉纤维绕成桶状,固定于反应器中,即可用于丙酸固定化发酵。以40g/L的葡萄糖为碳源,与游离细胞相比,利用FBB生产丙酸,丙酸产量由14.58g/L提高至20.41g/L,发酵时间由120h缩短至60h。研究了不同糖浓度条件下FBB生产丙酸情况,并将补料策略应用于丙酸发酵中。结果表明:补料发酵能够有效改善Propionibacterium freudenreichii CCTCC M207015在高糖条件下丙酸对葡萄糖转化率较低、副产物较多的问题。经补料发酵280h,丙酸产量达45.91g/L,丙酸质量约占有机酸总质量比例为72.31%。

复合式竹丝填料生物反应器处理化粪池出水

为寻找适合化粪池出水的处理工艺,采用批式试验研究了复合式竹丝填料生物反应器对化粪池出水中COD、SS的去除效果。结果表明:复合式竹丝填料生物反应器能有效去除化粪池出水中的COD和SS,平均去除率分别达到了85.4%和90%以上;复合式竹丝填料生物反应器的微生物数量较多、微生物链较长、微生物种群丰富;复合式竹丝填料生物反应器中的污泥增加量极少。将复合式竹丝填料生物反应器内的活性污泥和竹丝分开组成两个独立的生物反应器并处理化粪池污水,结果发现,竹丝生物膜反应器能在短期(18h)内超过活性污泥反应器的处理效果,且竹丝生物膜反应器的产泥量很低。可见,竹丝填料较为适合处理化粪池出水,是一种价格低廉、污染少、运行管理费用较低的良好填料。

白腐真菌木质素降解酶的反应器发酵

为了获得更高的白腐真菌木质素降解酶的产量和相应的控制策略,应用5L搅拌罐生物反应器对氮限制下(C/N=56/2.2)P.chrysosporium产木质素降解酶进行了放大研究.结果表明,在分批发酵试验中,锰过氧化物酶(MnP)和漆酶(Lac)分别在培养第6d和第7d达到峰值,其酶活随时间的变化规律与摇瓶试验基本相同;而采用氮限制液体培养基进行补料没有获得更高的酶活,因此,可以得出采用发酵液体培养基作为补料液不利于白腐真菌持续产酶.另外,在分批发酵和分批补料发酵过程中,均发现体系pH值变化与白腐真菌生长和次生代谢产酶具有较好的相关性,当白腐真菌进入次生代谢阶段开始产酶时,体系pH值开始下降,随着发酵后期酶活的降低,pH值下降的幅度也逐渐变小,当体系酶活接近为0.0U/L时,pH值基本不再变化.因此,在实际发酵过程中,可以依据体系pH的变化间接了解白腐真菌的生长和产酶情况,而分批补料策略还有待于进一步研究.

准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的试验研究

在实验室对渗滤液进行一次过流处理,通过比较连续进水与间歇进水条件下准好氧矿化垃圾床处理渗滤液的效果,探讨准好氧矿化垃圾床处理能力提高的可能性。试验结果表明,在水力负荷为5L/d时,连续进水条件下准好氧矿化垃圾反应床对渗滤液COD、NH3-N的去除率分别为85.68%、86.51%,较间歇进水分别高5.92%、5.78%。因而采用连续进水可提高准好氧矿化垃圾床的处理能力。

多目标粒子群算法用于补料分批生化反应器动态多目标优化

多目标优化是过程系统工程的重要课题,通常以加权或约束方式将其转换为单一目标,未能反映多目标间的复杂关系,不利于随时根据需求作出有效的决策。基于群智能的粒子群算法具有全局优化性能,且易于实现。为使其适于多目标优化,应拓展功能,实施改造。以Pareto支配概念评价种群个体的优劣,设计了确定局部最优点和全局最优点的操作。又利用各粒子的局部最优点信息进行速度更新,以加强种群的多样性,避免因早熟而陷于局部最优。还设置了外部优解库,并通过分散度计算,以适当的策略进行更新,使之逐步均匀地逼近于Pareto最优解集。由此构建一种多目标粒子群优化算法(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MOP-SO),并用于补料分批生化反应器的动态多目标优化,取得了满意的结果。可基于所搜得的Pareto最优解集,分析目标间的关系,为合理决策提供有效的支持。经与NSGA-II比较,MOPSO算法具有更为优良的性能。

浸没式膜-SBR反应器去除焦化废水中氨氮的研究

采用浸没式SBR膜生物反应器处理焦化废中的NH3-N,对运行效果的考察表明:系统硝化效果主要受温度、pH、溶解氧、冲击负荷等因素的影响。膜的截留作用能使硝化菌在反应器内富集,提高系统短期的硝化能力,同时,也使微生物代谢产物或其它大分子物质积累,抑制了硝酸盐细菌的活性,导致NO2-积累。

序批式膜生物反应器中反硝化聚磷菌的富集

采用序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)对以硝酸盐作为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌的富集进行了研究.结果表明,经过厌氧-好氧和厌氧-缺氧-好氧2个阶段的富集,反硝化聚磷菌占全部聚磷菌的比例从19.4%上升到69.6%,每周期缺氧段投加硝酸盐氮120mg时,SBMBR系统运行最为稳定.稳定运行的SBMBR反硝化强化除磷体系具有良好的强化除磷和反硝化脱氮性能,缺氧段脱氮和除磷效率分别达到100%和84%,膜出水总磷浓度平均低于0.5mg/L,系统除磷率达到96.1%.此外,氨氮去除率保持在92.2%,氨氮被去除的同时并没有发现亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的明显积累.

序批式生物反应器中自生动态膜的成分与结构分析

Particle size analyzer,scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the dynamic membrane composition and filtration performance under optimal operation parameters.Energy dispersion spectroscopy was used to determine the elemental composition of the dynamic membrane.The results indicated that the mass concentration of cake layer was 39.27 g·m-2,with contents of colloid,volatile suspended solids and inorganic matter 5.75 g·m-2,26.5 g·m-2 and 7.02 g·m-2 respectively.Self-generated dynamic membrane mainly consisted of porous structure with high porosity.Filamentous bacteria which acted as matrix of dynamic membrane structure could be obviously observed.Most of the particle size range from 70μm to 130μm.O,K,Na,Ca,P,S,Cl,Mg,Si were the main elements in the dynamic membrane.

自养脱氮污泥的亚硝化活性恢复策略

为考察自养脱氮污泥亚硝化活性快速恢复的策略,在3个反应器内分别采用不同的方法对经过长期冷冻保存后的污泥进行了恢复活性的研究.其中R1为MBR(膜生物反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)连续流恢复策略;R2为SBR(序批式反应器),采用低ρ(DO)(0.30 mg/L)间歇流恢复策略;R3为SBR,采用低ρ(NH_4^+-N)预培养-高曝气-低ρ(DO)运行三阶段的恢复策略.结果表明,R1的恢复时间为46 d,NH_4^+-N氧化速率达到4.99 mg/(h·g)(以N计),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.43 g/L;R2的恢复时间为39 d,NH_4^+-N氧化速率达到4.61 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到4.47 g/L;R3的恢复时间为48 d,NH_4^+-N氧化速率达到5.64 mg/(h·g),最终ρ(MLSS)达到5.16 g/L.3个反应器均能长期抑制亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的活性,使亚硝化稳定运行.3个反应器中,R3恢复所需时间最长,但污泥活性最好;R1中的污泥活性较低,但是膜组件有效截留了污泥,达到了最高的ρ(MLSS).研究显示,通过厌氧预培养后转为膜生物反应器连续流运行的策略,可有助于污泥的极大保留及污泥活性的最大恢复.

固定化解脂耶氏酵母间歇式处理油脂废水研究

固定化解脂耶氏酵母菌（Yarrowia lipolytica）在气升式反应器中处理色拉油浓度为2 000 mg/L、COD为3 000 mg/L的高COD油脂废水。结果表明,固定化菌对废水的最佳处理时间为6 d,可间歇式处理9批次高COD油脂废水,重复处理废水后,其对油脂的降解均在85%以上,对COD的降解在70%以上,降解后的排出水pH稳定在3.6~3.8。且处理动力学方程属于一级生化方程。结果进一步表明,固定化解脂耶氏酵母菌在气升式反应器中适于处理高COD含油脂的污水。