In order to explore the effects of grazing frequency on functional traits and to test whether Slipa gandis has compensatory photosynthesis during the frequent grazing period, we investigated morphological traits, biom...In order to explore the effects of grazing frequency on functional traits and to test whether Slipa gandis has compensatory photosynthesis during the frequent grazing period, we investigated morphological traits, biomass allocation, photosynthetic traits, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the species in Inner Mongolia, China. The grazing frequency treatments included fencing (To), grazing in May and July (T1, i.e., two months per year) and grazing from May to September (T2, i.e., continuous five months per year). Results indicate that T1 and T2 treatments did not affect individual biomass, but T2 treatment negatively affected individual size, i.e., plant height, stem length, and leaf length. Physiological traits of S. grandis were significantly affected by grazing, year, and their interaction. In July 2014 (i.e., dry environment and low relative humidity), the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were highest under T2 treatment, which was caused by the increase in stomatal conductance. However, in July 2015 (i.e.,展开更多
This paper reported the diurnal variations of photochemical efficiency of PSII, thermaldissipation rate and other physiology process in the low content chlorophyll mutant rice andits wild type under field conditions, ...This paper reported the diurnal variations of photochemical efficiency of PSII, thermaldissipation rate and other physiology process in the low content chlorophyll mutant rice andits wild type under field conditions, and analyzed the difference of absorbed light distributionbetween the two rice varieties in a day. The results showed that the mutant had poor absorbedlight because of its little light absorption coefficient, but higher electron transportg ratecould partly reduce the disadvantageous effect of deficient absorbed light in mutant. Comparedwith wild-type rice, the mutant had less excess excitation energy and the fraction of absorbedlight allocated to photochemical process was more.展开更多
Physiological indices related to PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light i...Physiological indices related to PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in Fv/Fm and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D1 protein, Fv/Fm, (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and SOD activities dropped, and O2 - production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D1 protein contents, SOD activities, and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (qN) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product-MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.展开更多
Soil water and nutrient status are both of major importance for plant appearance and growth performance.The objective of this study was to understand the effect of biochar(1.5%)and a biochar-compost mixture(1.5%biocha...Soil water and nutrient status are both of major importance for plant appearance and growth performance.The objective of this study was to understand the effect of biochar(1.5%)and a biochar-compost mixture(1.5%biochar+1.5%compost)on the performance of Phragmites karka plants grown on a synthetic nutrient-poor sandy clay soil(50% sand,30% clay,and 20% gravel).Indicators of plant performance,such as growth,lignocellulosic biomass,water status(leaf water potential,osmotic potential,and turgor potential),mineral nutrition status,leaf gas exchange,and chlorophyll fluorescence,and soil respiration(carbon dioxide(CO2)flux)were assessed under greenhouse conditions.Biochar-treated plants had higher growth rates and lignocellulosic biomass production than control plants with no biochar and no compost.There was also a significant increase in soil respiration in the treatments with biochar,which stimulated microbial interactions.The increase in soil water-holding capacity after biochar amendment caused significant improvements in plant water status and plant ion(K^+,Mg^2+,and Ca^2+)contents,leading to an increase in net photosynthesis and a higher energy-use efficiency of photosystem II.Biochar-treated plants had lower oxidative stress,increased water-use efficiency,and decreased soil respiration,and the biochar-compost mixture resulted in even greater improvements in growth,leaf turgor potential,photosynthesis,nutrient content,and soil gas exchange.Our results suggest that biochar and compost promote plant growth with respect to nutrient uptake,water balance,and photosynthetic system efficiency.In summary,both the soil amendments studied could increase opportunities for P.karka to sequester CO2 and produce more fodder bio-active compounds and biomass for bio-energy on nutrient-poor degraded soils.展开更多
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator of photochemical smog and has adverse effects on human health and vegetation growth. A rapid and h!ghly selective technique of thermal dissociation chemical ioniz...Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator of photochemical smog and has adverse effects on human health and vegetation growth. A rapid and h!ghly selective technique of thermal dissociation chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) was recently developed to measure the abundance of PAN in real time; however, it may be subject to artifact in the presence of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we tested the interference of the PAN signal induced by NO, evaluated the performance of TD- CIMS in an urban environment, and investigated the concentration and formation of PAN in urban Hong Kong. NO caused a significant underestimation of the PAN signal in TD-CIMS, with the underestimation increasing sharply with NO concentration and decreasing slightly with PAN abundance. A formula was derived to link the loss of PAN signal with the concentrations of NO and PAN, which can be used for data correction in PAN measurements. The corrected PAN data from TD- CIMS were consistent with those from the commonly used gas chromatography with electron capture detection, which confirms the utility of TD-CIMS in an urban environment in which NO is abundant. In autumn of 2010, the hourly average PAN mixing ratio varied from 0.06 ppbv to 5.17 ppbv, indicating the occurrence of photochemical pollution in urban Hong Kong. The tbrmation efficiency of PAN during pollution episodes was as high as 3.9 to 5.9 ppbv per 100 ppbv ozone. The efficiency showed a near-linear increase with NO, concentration, suggesting a control policy of NO,. reduction for PAN pollution.展开更多
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (2016YFC0500502)the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2014CB138803)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31570451)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (IRT_15R06)
文摘In order to explore the effects of grazing frequency on functional traits and to test whether Slipa gandis has compensatory photosynthesis during the frequent grazing period, we investigated morphological traits, biomass allocation, photosynthetic traits, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of the species in Inner Mongolia, China. The grazing frequency treatments included fencing (To), grazing in May and July (T1, i.e., two months per year) and grazing from May to September (T2, i.e., continuous five months per year). Results indicate that T1 and T2 treatments did not affect individual biomass, but T2 treatment negatively affected individual size, i.e., plant height, stem length, and leaf length. Physiological traits of S. grandis were significantly affected by grazing, year, and their interaction. In July 2014 (i.e., dry environment and low relative humidity), the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were highest under T2 treatment, which was caused by the increase in stomatal conductance. However, in July 2015 (i.e.,
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30300217).
文摘This paper reported the diurnal variations of photochemical efficiency of PSII, thermaldissipation rate and other physiology process in the low content chlorophyll mutant rice andits wild type under field conditions, and analyzed the difference of absorbed light distributionbetween the two rice varieties in a day. The results showed that the mutant had poor absorbedlight because of its little light absorption coefficient, but higher electron transportg ratecould partly reduce the disadvantageous effect of deficient absorbed light in mutant. Comparedwith wild-type rice, the mutant had less excess excitation energy and the fraction of absorbedlight allocated to photochemical process was more.
文摘Physiological indices related to PS II photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and membrane lipid peroxidation were measured in leaves of indica rice cv Shanyou 63 and japonica rice 9516 at different temperatures and light intensities for four days. No obvious changes in Fv/Fm and MDA were observed in both indica and japonica rice at moderate temperature and medium PFD, implying neither photoinhibition nor photooxidation happened in these cases. In indica rice either at medium temperature with higher PFD or at lower temperature with medium PFD Fv/Fm dropped obviously with no changes in MDA contents, and photoinhibition appeared while photooxidation did not occur. However, D1 protein, Fv/Fm, (A+Z)/(A+Z+V), and SOD activities dropped, and O2 - production and MDA content increased accordingly, as well as both photoinhibition and photooxidation appeared in two rice varieties at lower temperature and higher PFD. Experiment with inhibitors at lower temperature and higher PFD showed that as compared with japonica rice the decrements appeared in D1 protein contents, SOD activities, and (A+Z)/(A+Z+V) ratios, the xanthophyll cycle and non-photochemical quench (qN) were inhibited in a more degree, as well as increments of MDA content were greater, thus exhibiting more distinct photoinhibition and photooxidation in indica rice. It is suggested that Fv/Fm and membrane lipid peroxidation product-MDA were the key indices to predict and diagnose photooxidation.
基金This study was conducted under the auspices of the Pakistan and German Collaborative Project(No.1-308/ILPU/HEC/2009)"Biochemical,Eco-Physiological,Anato-mical,and Morphological Stress Responses of Cash-Crop Halophytes"funded by the Higher Education Comission,Pakistan.Zainul Abideen would like to thank the Institute of Plant Ecology,Justus-Liebig University and the Institute of Botany,Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University of Germany for the use of their facilities.
文摘Soil water and nutrient status are both of major importance for plant appearance and growth performance.The objective of this study was to understand the effect of biochar(1.5%)and a biochar-compost mixture(1.5%biochar+1.5%compost)on the performance of Phragmites karka plants grown on a synthetic nutrient-poor sandy clay soil(50% sand,30% clay,and 20% gravel).Indicators of plant performance,such as growth,lignocellulosic biomass,water status(leaf water potential,osmotic potential,and turgor potential),mineral nutrition status,leaf gas exchange,and chlorophyll fluorescence,and soil respiration(carbon dioxide(CO2)flux)were assessed under greenhouse conditions.Biochar-treated plants had higher growth rates and lignocellulosic biomass production than control plants with no biochar and no compost.There was also a significant increase in soil respiration in the treatments with biochar,which stimulated microbial interactions.The increase in soil water-holding capacity after biochar amendment caused significant improvements in plant water status and plant ion(K^+,Mg^2+,and Ca^2+)contents,leading to an increase in net photosynthesis and a higher energy-use efficiency of photosystem II.Biochar-treated plants had lower oxidative stress,increased water-use efficiency,and decreased soil respiration,and the biochar-compost mixture resulted in even greater improvements in growth,leaf turgor potential,photosynthesis,nutrient content,and soil gas exchange.Our results suggest that biochar and compost promote plant growth with respect to nutrient uptake,water balance,and photosynthetic system efficiency.In summary,both the soil amendments studied could increase opportunities for P.karka to sequester CO2 and produce more fodder bio-active compounds and biomass for bio-energy on nutrient-poor degraded soils.
基金This work was supported by the Environment and Conservation Fund of Hung Kong (Project No. 2009-07), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41275123, 21407094 and 91544213), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2014M561932), and the Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change. The authors thank Dr. Pamela Holt for proofreading the manuscript.
文摘Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important indicator of photochemical smog and has adverse effects on human health and vegetation growth. A rapid and h!ghly selective technique of thermal dissociation chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) was recently developed to measure the abundance of PAN in real time; however, it may be subject to artifact in the presence of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, we tested the interference of the PAN signal induced by NO, evaluated the performance of TD- CIMS in an urban environment, and investigated the concentration and formation of PAN in urban Hong Kong. NO caused a significant underestimation of the PAN signal in TD-CIMS, with the underestimation increasing sharply with NO concentration and decreasing slightly with PAN abundance. A formula was derived to link the loss of PAN signal with the concentrations of NO and PAN, which can be used for data correction in PAN measurements. The corrected PAN data from TD- CIMS were consistent with those from the commonly used gas chromatography with electron capture detection, which confirms the utility of TD-CIMS in an urban environment in which NO is abundant. In autumn of 2010, the hourly average PAN mixing ratio varied from 0.06 ppbv to 5.17 ppbv, indicating the occurrence of photochemical pollution in urban Hong Kong. The tbrmation efficiency of PAN during pollution episodes was as high as 3.9 to 5.9 ppbv per 100 ppbv ozone. The efficiency showed a near-linear increase with NO, concentration, suggesting a control policy of NO,. reduction for PAN pollution.