Photoinitiating Characteristics of Benzophenone Derivatives as Type II Macromolecular Photoinitiators Used for UV Curable Resins

Dodecyl-benzophenone（DBP） and hexadecoxyl-benzophenone（HDBP） as type 11 photoinitiators used for radical photopolymerization systems were synthesized by Friedel-Crafts reaction, and characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of DBP and HDBP, propitious to photopolymerization under a commercial mercury UV bulb are centered at 345 and 335 nm, respectively. HDBP has higher extinction coefficient than DBP, but lower photoinitiating efficiency. Their photoinitiating performances for EB605, a bisphenol A epoxy acrylate with 40%（mass fraction） tripropyleneglycol diacrylate （TPGDA）, resin consisting of bisphenol A epoxy acrylate and tripropyleneglycol diacrylate in the presence of triethanolamine as a coinitiator were investigated by photo-differential scanning calorimetry（photo-DSC）. DBP initiates the curing of acrylate more efficiently than HDBP, showing higher photopolymerization rate and unsaturation conversion, resulted from the poor compatibility of HDBP with the resin. The photoinitiating activity of DBP to epoxy acrylate resin is even higher than that of BP at lower loadings.

Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy and Phenoxy-substituted Ferrocenium Salt Cationic Photoinitiators

Alkyl-substituted ferrocenium salts have limited solubility in epoxy oligomers and produce poisonous arene by photolysis. Herein, the synthesis and photoactivity of several alkoxy-substituted ferrocenium salts as long-wavelength UV light photoinitiators have been reported. [Cyclopendadien-Fe-anisole]PF6, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-anisole]BF4, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]PF6, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]BF4. and [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diethoxybenzene] PF6 for polymerization of epoxy resin were prepared through the ligand exchange reaction between one ring of ferrocene and aromatic ether. They all display good solubility and photoinitiating activities in epoxy resins.

PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF PROPARGYL ACETATE WITH MICHLER’S KETONE AS PHOTOINITIATOR

Photopolymerization of propargyl acetate (PAT) with Michler's ketone (MK) asphotoinitiator in benzene has been investigated for the first time. Some features of the PATphotopolymerization with MK as photoinitiator is described.

Synthesis and Characterization of Alkoxy and Phenoxy-substituted Ferrocenium Salt Cationic Photoinitiators

Alkyl-substituted ferrocenium salts have limited solubility in epoxy oligomers and produce poisonous arene by photolysis. Herein, the synthesis and photoactivity of several alkoxy-substituted ferrocenium salts as long-wavelength UV light photoinitiators have been reported. [Cyclopendadien-Fe-anisole]PF6, [Cyclopen- dadien-Fe-anisole]BF4, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]PF6, [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diphenylether]BF4, and [Cyclopendadien-Fe-diethoxybenzene] PF6 for polymerization of epoxy resin were prepared through the ligand exchange reaction between one ring of ferrocene and aromatic ether. They all display good solubility and photoini- tiating activities in epoxy resins.

Holographic property of photopolymers with different amine photoinitiators

Holographic parameters and photobleaching kinetics of the photopolymers with five different amine photoinitiators are studied. The maximum values of diffraction efficiency, photobleaching coefficient and quantum yield follow the sequence： Triethanolamine （TEA）〉 Diethanolamine （DEA）〉 Ethanolamine （EA）〉 Triethylamine （TETN）〉 Diethylamine （DETN）. The holographic capabilities of photopolymer performances are determined by the number of functional groups in the amine molecular structure. There is an optimum proportion of the photoinitiator, the photosensitizer and the monomer in the test of holographic parameters with different amine concentrations. The maximum diffraction efficiency is 59.26／%, sensitivity is 1.72／times 10^{ - 3}~cm^{2}/mJ, and the maximum refractive modulation index is 4.64／times 10^{ - 4}.

SYNTHESES AND ACTIVE BEHAVIOR OF NOVEL UV PHOTOINITIATORS

A series of novel hybrid photoinitiators(YPhCOPhXPhI^+PhPF_6^-,Y = 4-NO_2,4-MeO or 3-Cl,X = O,OCH_2,or nothing),which contain multiple aromatic rings(PhCOPhXPh),were prepared by reaction of easily available aryl ketones (YPhCOPhXPh) with iodosobenzene diacetate[PhI^+OCOCH_3(CH_3CO_2)^-].The inset of an aromatic ring into p-benzoyldiphenyliodonium hexafluorophophate(PhCOPhI^+PhPF_6^-)(BDPIH,He-type photoinitiator) between diphenyliodonium and benzoyl is propitious both to the preparation and the photoinitiat...

Biphenyl Bis [π-cyclopentadienyl ） iron] Dication as an Efficient Cationic Photoinitiator for Epoxy Polymerization

Ferrocenium monocations as photoinitiators for cationic photopolymerization suffer from a limitation of low absorption and low reactivity under high-pressure Hg lamp. Here, a ferrocenium dication salt, biphenyl bis [π-cyclopentadienyl）iron] hexafluorophosphate （[bis（Cp-Fe）-biphenyl] （PF6）2 was synthesized by the ligand exchange reaction between ferrocene and biphenyl. The chemical structure was characterized with FTIR and ^1HNMR. The separation of ferrocenium monocation cyclopentadien-iron-biphenyl hexafluorophosphate （[Cp-Fe-biphenyl] PF6） and dication [bis（Cp-Fe）-biphenyl] （PF6）2 was carried out by column chromatography. The photoactivity of initiating photopolyinerization of epoxide ER14221 was studied as a cationic photoinitiator. [Bis（Cp-Fe）-biphenyl] （PF6）2 can efficiently absorb radiation above 300nm and its photoactivity is higher than that of its monocation.

Electrochemical Studies on the Photolysis of Iron-Arene Complex Photoinitiator

Iron-arene complex was first introduced by researchers in Ciba-Geigy as an effective photoinitiator for the photocuring of epoxy resin. The photolysis of these complexes has been studied by some authors. The electrochemical study reported in this note provides further evidence for the photolysis process which is crucial for the understanding of the photoinitiation mechanism.

Designing unimolecular photoinitiator by installing NHPI esters along the TX backbone for acrylate photopolymerization and their applications in coatings and 3D printing

Developing efficient and long wavelength sensitive unimolecular photoinitiators(PIs)is still facing a great challenge.In this work,a series of thioxanthone-based N-hydroxyphthalimide esters(TX-NHPIEs)were synthesized by installing NHPIEs along the TX backbone and characterized.The investigated TX-NHPIEs have a 60 nm redshift and demonstrate sterling initiating efficiency for free radical photopolymerization(FRP)under LED@450 nm light irradiation compared with the commercialized isopropylthioxanthone(ITX).Real-time1Hnuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR),electron spin resonance(ESR),decarboxylation and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer(GC–MS)experiments and density functional theory(DFT)reveal that TX-NHPIEs can generate one alkyl radical and one N-centered iminyl radical,which can initiate FRP directly and indirectly,respectively.In other words,TX-NHPIEs absorb one photon and can generate two active radicals,which break through the limitations of common PIs.TX-NHPIE-Cpe demonstrates the highest initiating efficiency,and its application in coatings and 3D printing was also studied,indicating TX-NHPIEs have broad potential applications in photopolymerization processes.

Distribution characteristics of photoinitiators and their flux estimation from the Pearl River Delta to the coastal waters of the South China Sea

Photoinitiators(PIs)are widely used in industrial polymerization processes.It has been reported that PIs are ubiquitous in indoor environments and that humans are exposed to PIs,but the occurrence of PIs in natural environments are rarely known.In the present study,25 PIs,including 9 benzophenones(BZPs),8 amine co-initiators(ACIs),4 thioxanthones(TXs)and 4 phosphine oxides(POs),were analyzed in water and sediment samples collected from eight riverine outlets of the Pearl River Delta(PRD).Eighteen,14,and 14 of the 25 target PIs were detected in water,suspended particulatematter(SPM)and sediment samples,respectively.The total concentrations of PIs in water,SPM,and sediment were in the ranges of 2.88–96.1 ng/L,9.25–923 ng/g dry weight(dw),and 3.79–56.9 ng/g dw,with geometric mean concentration(GM)of 10.8 ng/L,48.6 ng/g dw,and 17.1 ng/g dw,respectively.A significant linear regression was observed between the log partitioning coefficients(Kd)values of PIs and their log octanol water partition coefficient(Kow)values(R^(2)=0.535,p<0.05).The annual riverine input of PIs to the coastal waters of the South China Sea via eightmain outlets of the PRD was estimated to be 4.12×10^(3)kg/year,and the∑BZPs,∑ACIs,∑TXs and∑POs contributed to 1.96×10^(3),1.24×10^(3),89.6 and 830 kg/year,respectively.This is the first report of a systematic description of the occurrence characteristics of PIs exposure in water,SPM,and sediment.The environmental fate and risks of PIs in aquatic environments need further investigations.

Combining photo-cleavable and hydrogen-abstracting groups in quinoxaline with thioether bond as hybrid photoinitiator

We synthesized four diphenylquinoxaline derivatives（SQs） with phenyl-thioether units, which combine photo-cleavable and hydrogen-abstracting groups in one molecule. The photochemistry and photopolymerization of SQs were investigated. SQs possess suitable UV-vis absorption in the range of 350-400 nm with high extinction coefficients. UV-vis and HPLC-MS spectra revealed that C–S bond in phenyl-thioether group of SQs can be broken by irradiation of UV-light. Photolysis and photopolymerization experiments showed that SQs can be used as photo-cleavable photointiators,their photoinitiating efficiency can be enhanced by hydrogen donor. As photo-cleavable photoinitiators,SQs could initiate hexamethylene diacrylate（HDDA） very efficiently with the double bond conversion（DBC） of 80%. In the presence of ethyl-4-（dimethylamino） benzoate（EDB） as coinitiator, photoinitiator systems initiated photopolymerization of commercial acrylate monomers with higher double bond conversion than 90%. These characteristics make SQs potential photoinitiators in photo-curing field.

Hyperbranched poly(ether amine)(hPEA)as novel backbone for amphiphilic one-component type-Ⅱ polymeric photoinitiators

To make photoinitiators （PI） to be polymeric and water-soluble is an effective approach to develop the high efficient photoinitiator systems with low-migration, low-toxic and environment-friend. We developed a series of novel amphiphilic hyperhranched polymeric photoinitiators （hPEA-TXs, and hPEA- BPs） by introducing thioxanthone （TX） or benzophenone （BP） moieties into the periphery of the hyperbranched poly（ether amine） （hPEA） comprised of the hydrophilic poly（ethylene oxide） （PEO） short chain and coinitiator amine moieties in the backbone. Compared with their water-soluble low-molecular weight analogues, the resulting hyperbranched polymeric photoinitiators hPEA101-TX, hPEA211-TX, hPEA101-BP and hPEA211-BP could be dissolved very well not only in many organic systems including acrylate monomers, but also in water with high solubility of 10 wt~. The photopolymerization kinetics of water-soluble monomer acrylamide （AM） and three hydrophobic multifunctional acrylate monomers initiated by these hyperbranched photoinitiators were investigated in detail by photo-differential scanning calorimetric （photo-DSC）. Both hPEA-TXs and hPEA-BPs can initiate photopolymerization of AM as efficiently as their low-molecular weight analogues MGA-TX and MGA-BP, respectively. The final double bond conversion （DBC） of oil-soluble monomer hexanediol diacrylate （HDDA） photoinitiated by these hyperbranched photoinitiators can reach as high as 99%. Especially for photopolymerization of multifunctional monomers initiated by these hyperbranched polymeric photoinitiators, the final DBC of trimethylolpropane triacrylate （TMPTA） and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate （PETTA） can reach 80% and 60%, respectively, which is much higher than that of low-molecular weight photoinitiators.

Tuning desolvation kinetics of in-situ weakly solvating polyacetal electrolytes for dendrite-free lithium metal batteries

The host structure of polymers significantly influences ion transport and interfacial stability of electrolytes,dictating battery cycle life and safety for solid-state lithium metal batteries.Despite promising properties of ethylene oxide-based electrolytes,their typical clamp-like coordination geometry leads to crowd solvation sheath and overly strong interactions between Li^(+)and electrolytes,rendering difficult dissociation of Li+and unfavorable solid electrolyte interface(SEI).Herein,we explore weakly solvating characteristics of polyacetal electrolytes owing to their alternately changing intervals between–O–coordinating sites in the main chain.Such structural asymmetry leads to unique distorted helical solvation sheath,and can effectively reduce Li^(+)-electrolyte binding and tune Li^(+)desolvation kinetics in the insitu formed polymer electrolytes,yielding anion-derived SEI and dendrite-free Li electrodeposition.Combining with photoinitiated cationic ring-opening polymerization,polyacetal electrolytes can be instantly formed within 5 min at the surface of electrode,with high segmental chain motion and well adapted interfaces.Such in-situ polyacetal electrolytes enabled more than 1300-h of stable lithium electrodeposition and prolonged cyclability over 200 cycles in solid-state batteries at ambient temperatures,demonstrating the vital role of molecular structure in changing solvating behavior and Li deposition stability for high-performance electrolytes.

Photopolymerization of Glycerin Triglycidyl Ether Based Systems

Photopolymerization process of glycerin triglycidyl ether based systems was studied by an FT-IR spectrometer.An increase in the rate of polymerization for glycerin triglycidyl ether was evident when 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3＇,4＇-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate was added to it.Its copolymerization mechanism was confirmed by using DSC analysis.The effect of ethoxylated trimethyol propane triacrylate on the rate of polymerization for glycerin triglycidyl ether was also studied,and the formation of interpenetrating network tightly cross-link was proposed.

Synthesis and Swelling Behaviors of Microcrystal Muscovite Composite Superabsorbent by Photopolymerization

A new microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent was synthesized by UV photopolymerization using 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone（1 173） as photoinitiator,N,N-methylene bisacrylamide（MBA） as crosslinker,acrylic acid（AA）,acrylamide（AM） and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate（SSS） as comonomers.Factors affecting water and salt absorption of the microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent,such as crosslinker amount,microcrystal muscovite concentration,photoinitiator content,and SSS concentration,were systematically studied.Water retention capacity of the composite superabsorbent was also investigated.The results show that microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent has water absorbency of 550 g/g,salt absorbency of 62 g/g,and water retention of 60% after heating at 70 ℃ for 40 h.The microcrystal muscovite is physically combined into the polymeric network without destroying its polycrystalline structure and the surface of the microcrystal muscovite composite superabsorbent has some deep and small holes.

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN KETONES AND AMINES IN PHOTOINITIATING SYSTEMS USED FOR RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

Time resolved laser spectroscopy and GC/MS were used to investigate the primary processes and the side reactions occurring in benzophenone and chlorothioxanthone/amine systems used as photoinitiators of radical polymerization. The discrepancy observed between the experimental data and the expected behaviour is accounted for by detrimental chemical reaction involving the ketone triplet state, the ketyl radical and the amine-derived radical.

GRAFT POLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDE ONTO HOMOPOLYMER OF 5-METHYL-5-HEXEN-2, 4-DIONE INITIATED BY CERIC ION

The homopolymerization of 5-methyl-5-hexen-2,4-dione (methacryloylacetone, MAA), a vinyl monomer having beta-diketone group, was carried out in the presence of benzophenone (BP)/N, N-dimenthyl-4-toluidine (DMT) system. Graft polymerization of acrylamide initiated by eerie ion onto the homopolymer film was investigated and the mechanism of the grafting reaction was proposed on the basis of ESR study. The grafted copolymer was characterized by means of grafting percentage, water absorption, XPS spectra and scanning electron photomicrographs.

A SENSITIZED PHOTOINITIATION SYSTEM ——BIS (7-DIETHYLAMINO COUMARIN ) KETONE-3 AND DIPHENYLIODONIUM SALT COMBINATION

Bis (7- diethylaminocoumarin) ketone- 3(DACK) and diphenyliodonium salt (DPIO)combination as an effective photoinitiation system for radical polymerization has been investigated. The sensitized photolysis of DACK/DPIO leads to bleaching of DACK and decomposition of DPIO to generate initiating radical species. The electron transfer sensitization occurs mainly from the triplet state of DACK. The photobleaching obeyed a second-order kinetics and the rate constant was evaluated to be 31.3mol^(-1)·1·s^(-1) Photopolymerization of MMA initiated by DACK/DPIO was carried out in acetonitrile solution. The polymerization rate was found to be proportional to the concentration of DACK, DPIO and MMA with the exponents of 0.34, 0.40 and 1.0 respectively. The initiated efficiency is comparable to those of small molecular ketones.The sensitized photoinitiation mechanism has been discussed.

Surface Graft Polymerization of PET and PE Fibers by UV Irradiation and Their Characteristics

Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)and polyethylene(PE)fibers were surface photo-grafted with acrylic acid(AA)by using UV irradiation photochemical initiationduring a continuous winding process within 1-2 min-utes.The grafted fibers were characterized by measure-ments of dye uptaking,moisture regain,pull-out forcesof monofilament from cured matrix,as well as by analy-sis of ESCA and ATR-FTIR spectra.All these resultsconfirm that the surface behavior of the UV-irradiationgrafted fibers was greatly improved.It was also provedthat the original excellent mechanical properties of the fi-bers were well-retained after the surface grafting treat-ment.