This paper proposes two optimal designs of single photon avalanche diodes(SPADs) minimizing dark count rate(DCR). The first structure is introduced as p^+/pwell/nwell, in which a specific shallow pwell layer is added ...This paper proposes two optimal designs of single photon avalanche diodes(SPADs) minimizing dark count rate(DCR). The first structure is introduced as p^+/pwell/nwell, in which a specific shallow pwell layer is added between p^+and nwell layers to decrease the electric field below a certain threshold. The simulation results show on average 19.7%and 8.5% reduction of p^+/nwell structure’s DCR comparing with similar previous structures in different operational excess bias and temperatures respectively. Moreover, a new structure is introduced as n+/nwell/pwell, in which a specific shallow nwell layer is added between n+and pwell layers to lower the electric field below a certain threshold. The simulation results show on average 29.2% and 5.5% decrement of p^+/nwell structure’s DCR comparing with similar previous structures in different operational excess bias and temperatures respectively. It is shown that in higher excess biases(about 6 volts), the n+/nwell/pwell structure is proper to be integrated as digital silicon photomultiplier(dSiPM) due to low DCR. On the other hand, the p^+/pwell/nwell structure is appropriate to be utilized in dSiPM in high temperatures(above 50?C) due to lower DCR value.展开更多
ICESat-2(Ice,Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2)是世界首颗采用光子计数模式的激光测高卫星,可快速获得高精度、大尺度地面三维数据。光子探测机制使得数据中除了地面信号外,还包含大气散射等背景信号,需要通过滤波才能获得地形...ICESat-2(Ice,Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2)是世界首颗采用光子计数模式的激光测高卫星,可快速获得高精度、大尺度地面三维数据。光子探测机制使得数据中除了地面信号外,还包含大气散射等背景信号,需要通过滤波才能获得地形等信息。为分析ICESat-2背景和信号光子的分布特点及点云滤波算法的效果和适用性,本文首先选取了六种地表覆盖类型(城市、海冰、沙漠、植被、海洋及冰盖/冰川)及不同观测条件的数据,对其背景光子率进行统计分析。分析结果表明:白天观测数据的背景光子率平均为106(点/秒)数量级,远高于夜晚观测数据的背景光子率——104(点/秒)数量级,弱波束的背景光子率与强波束背景光子率相当,六种地表覆盖类型中,冰盖/冰川的背景光子率最高。然后,根据统计结果筛选出21组测高数据,并选取七种具有代表性的点云滤波对其进行去噪实验,分析精度后得出结论:改进局部密度法的去噪效果最佳,算法召回率、精准度和F值均大于0.90,算法较为稳定。最后,对所选取各滤波算法的精度、特点与适用性等性质进行了总结与分析,可为后续该数据的使用和滤波算法的选择提供参考。展开更多
针对现有单光子探测器模块价格昂贵和体积大的不足,设计了基于In Ga As/In P雪崩光电二极管(APD)的便携式单光子探测器,给出了探测器温控模块和偏置电压源的设计电路,门控信号的产生和雪崩信号的提取由FPGA完成。实验结果表明:在200 MH...针对现有单光子探测器模块价格昂贵和体积大的不足,设计了基于In Ga As/In P雪崩光电二极管(APD)的便携式单光子探测器,给出了探测器温控模块和偏置电压源的设计电路,门控信号的产生和雪崩信号的提取由FPGA完成。实验结果表明:在200 MHz门控条件且制冷温度为-55℃时,探测器的最大光子探测效率(PDE)约为16%,当探测效率为12%时,暗计数率(DCR)约为8.2×10-6/ns。展开更多
基于超导原理的超导纳米线单光子探测器(superconducting nanowire single photon detector,SNSPD)以其在高量子效率、高计数率、低暗计数和低时间抖动等方面的优势引起广泛的研究。综述了SNSPD的物理模型和研究进展。首先从第一次在实...基于超导原理的超导纳米线单光子探测器(superconducting nanowire single photon detector,SNSPD)以其在高量子效率、高计数率、低暗计数和低时间抖动等方面的优势引起广泛的研究。综述了SNSPD的物理模型和研究进展。首先从第一次在实验上发现超导铅薄膜的电热效应出发讲述了SNSPD的起源。然后从SNSPD进行单光子探测的物理过程出发详细分析了SNSPD的单光子探测机制,并分别根据电热模型和唯象模型对探测机制进行了详细的物理解释。紧接着,详细阐述了量子效率分析模型,指出SNSPD的系统量子效率由本征量子效率、耦合效率和光吸收效率三部分组成。最后,从如何提高入射光子与SNSPD的耦合效率、如何提高光子吸收效率、如何提高SNSPD本征量子效率、研究基于新型材料的SNSPD、如何实现光子数分辨和对光子偏振态不敏感的SNSPD、以及研究SNSPD的噪声机制以减小暗计数和时间抖动等方面详细列举了目前各小组研究SNSPD所取得的最新进展。展开更多
文摘This paper proposes two optimal designs of single photon avalanche diodes(SPADs) minimizing dark count rate(DCR). The first structure is introduced as p^+/pwell/nwell, in which a specific shallow pwell layer is added between p^+and nwell layers to decrease the electric field below a certain threshold. The simulation results show on average 19.7%and 8.5% reduction of p^+/nwell structure’s DCR comparing with similar previous structures in different operational excess bias and temperatures respectively. Moreover, a new structure is introduced as n+/nwell/pwell, in which a specific shallow nwell layer is added between n+and pwell layers to lower the electric field below a certain threshold. The simulation results show on average 29.2% and 5.5% decrement of p^+/nwell structure’s DCR comparing with similar previous structures in different operational excess bias and temperatures respectively. It is shown that in higher excess biases(about 6 volts), the n+/nwell/pwell structure is proper to be integrated as digital silicon photomultiplier(dSiPM) due to low DCR. On the other hand, the p^+/pwell/nwell structure is appropriate to be utilized in dSiPM in high temperatures(above 50?C) due to lower DCR value.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(62174166,11991063,U2241219)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(2019SHZDZX01,22JC1402902)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB43010200)。
文摘ICESat-2(Ice,Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite-2)是世界首颗采用光子计数模式的激光测高卫星,可快速获得高精度、大尺度地面三维数据。光子探测机制使得数据中除了地面信号外,还包含大气散射等背景信号,需要通过滤波才能获得地形等信息。为分析ICESat-2背景和信号光子的分布特点及点云滤波算法的效果和适用性,本文首先选取了六种地表覆盖类型(城市、海冰、沙漠、植被、海洋及冰盖/冰川)及不同观测条件的数据,对其背景光子率进行统计分析。分析结果表明:白天观测数据的背景光子率平均为106(点/秒)数量级,远高于夜晚观测数据的背景光子率——104(点/秒)数量级,弱波束的背景光子率与强波束背景光子率相当,六种地表覆盖类型中,冰盖/冰川的背景光子率最高。然后,根据统计结果筛选出21组测高数据,并选取七种具有代表性的点云滤波对其进行去噪实验,分析精度后得出结论:改进局部密度法的去噪效果最佳,算法召回率、精准度和F值均大于0.90,算法较为稳定。最后,对所选取各滤波算法的精度、特点与适用性等性质进行了总结与分析,可为后续该数据的使用和滤波算法的选择提供参考。
文摘针对现有单光子探测器模块价格昂贵和体积大的不足,设计了基于In Ga As/In P雪崩光电二极管(APD)的便携式单光子探测器,给出了探测器温控模块和偏置电压源的设计电路,门控信号的产生和雪崩信号的提取由FPGA完成。实验结果表明:在200 MHz门控条件且制冷温度为-55℃时,探测器的最大光子探测效率(PDE)约为16%,当探测效率为12%时,暗计数率(DCR)约为8.2×10-6/ns。
文摘基于超导原理的超导纳米线单光子探测器(superconducting nanowire single photon detector,SNSPD)以其在高量子效率、高计数率、低暗计数和低时间抖动等方面的优势引起广泛的研究。综述了SNSPD的物理模型和研究进展。首先从第一次在实验上发现超导铅薄膜的电热效应出发讲述了SNSPD的起源。然后从SNSPD进行单光子探测的物理过程出发详细分析了SNSPD的单光子探测机制,并分别根据电热模型和唯象模型对探测机制进行了详细的物理解释。紧接着,详细阐述了量子效率分析模型,指出SNSPD的系统量子效率由本征量子效率、耦合效率和光吸收效率三部分组成。最后,从如何提高入射光子与SNSPD的耦合效率、如何提高光子吸收效率、如何提高SNSPD本征量子效率、研究基于新型材料的SNSPD、如何实现光子数分辨和对光子偏振态不敏感的SNSPD、以及研究SNSPD的噪声机制以减小暗计数和时间抖动等方面详细列举了目前各小组研究SNSPD所取得的最新进展。
