There Is a Way to Comprise Half-Integer Eigenvalues for Photon Spin

In this article, an attempt based on Spin Topological Space, STS, to give areasonable detailed account of the cause of photonic fermionization phenomena of light photon is made. STS is an unconventional spin space in quantum mechanics, which can be used to account for where the unconventional half-integer spin eigenvalues phenomenon of light photon comes from. We suggest to dectect the possible existence of photonic one-third-spinization phenomenon of light photon, by using three beams of light photon in interference experiment.

<i>E</i>Infinity, the Zero Set, Absolute Space and the Photon Spin

As defined and used in General Relativity calculations, spacetime is a strictly classical construct which does not incorporate in any way, shape or form the concept of quantum. While reviewing the efforts that Alexandria theoretician M. S. El Naschie has made to resolve the dichotomy, we discovered that his E infinity theory contains a Cantor set which has characteristics specified by Isaac Newton for Absolute space. We show that this unexpected connection leads to an understanding of the mysterious origin of the one and only attribute that all particles listed in the Standard Model of Elementary Particles possess—including notably the photon—and which has remained unexplained hitherto: spin. This most rewarding result reinforces our belief in the relevance of the E infinity basic concepts in relation to our own Xonic Quantum Physics (XQP) which places dynamical action rather spacetime and energy at the core of the System of the World.

Multi-functional photonic spin Hall effect sensor controlled by phase transition

Photonic spin Hall effect(PSHE), as a novel physical effect in light–matter interaction, provides an effective metrological method for characterizing the tiny variation in refractive index(RI). In this work, we propose a multi-functional PSHE sensor based on VO_(2), a material that can reveal the phase transition behavior. By applying thermal control, the mutual transformation into different phase states of VO_(2) can be realized, which contributes to the flexible switching between multiple RI sensing tasks. When VO_(2) is insulating, the ultrasensitive detection of glucose concentrations in human blood is achieved. When VO_(2) is in a mixed phase, the structure can be designed to distinguish between the normal cells and cancer cells through no-label and real-time monitoring. When VO_(2) is metallic, the proposed PSHE sensor can act as an RI indicator for gas analytes. Compared with other multi-functional sensing devices with the complex structures, our design consists of only one analyte and two VO_(2) layers, which is very simple and elegant. Therefore, the proposed VO_(2)-based PSHE sensor has outstanding advantages such as small size, high sensitivity, no-label, and real-time detection, providing a new approach for investigating tunable multi-functional sensors.

Surface phonon resonance:A new mechanism for enhancing photonic spin Hall effect and refractive index sensor

Metal-based surface plasmon resonance(SPR)plays an important role in enhancing the photonic spin Hall effect(SHE)and developing sensitive optical sensors.However,the very large negative permittivities of metals limit their applications beyond the near-infrared regime.In this work,we theoretically present a new mechanism to enhance the photonic SHE by taking advantage of SiC-supported surface phonon resonance(SPhR)in the mid-infrared regime.The transverse displacement of photonic SHE is very sensitive to the wavelength of incident light and the thickness of SiC layer.Under the optimal parameter setup,the calculated largest transverse displacement of SiC-based SPhR structure reaches up to 163.8 ym,which is much larger than the condition of SPR.Moreover,an NO_(2) gas sensor based on the SPhR-enhanced photonic SHE is theoretically proposed with the superior sensing performance.Both the intensity and angle sensitivity of this sensor can be effectively manipulated by varying the damping rate of SiC.The results may provide a promising paradigm to enhance the photonic SHE in the mid-infrared region and open up new opportunity of highly sensitive refractive index sensors.

Engineered photonic spin Hall effect of Gaussian beam in antisymmetric parity-time metamaterials

A model of the photonic spin Hall effect(PSHE)in antisymmetric parity-time(APT)metamaterials with incidence of Gaussian beams is proposed here.We derive the displacement expression of the PSHE in APT metamaterials based on the transport properties of Gaussian beams in positive and negative refractive index materials.Furthermore,detailed discussions are provided on the APT scattering matrix,eigenstate ratio,and response near exceptional points in the case of loss or gain.In contrast to the unidirectional non-reflection in parity-time(PT)symmetric systems,the transverse shift that arises from both sides of the APT structure is consistent.By effectively adjusting the parameters of APT materials,we achieve giant displacements of the transverse shift.Finally,we present a multi-layer APT structure consisting of alternating left-handed and right-handed materials.By increasing the number of layers,Bragg oscillations can be generated,leading to an increase in resonant peaks in transverse shift.This study presents a new approach to achieving giant transverse shifts in the APT structure.This lays a theoretical foundation for the fabrication of related nano-optical devices.

Visualizing the Spin & Radiation of the Extended Electron in Magnetic Field

This article presents illustrations of an extended model of the electron to visualize how it spins and radiates in the external magnetic field. A time-varying magnetic field B produces a rotational induced electric field E which rotates (spins) the electron about its axis. In time-constant magnetic field: the electron radiates the cyclotron radiation. In time-varying magnetic field: synchrotron radiation is generated. The couplings between spin, acceleration and radiation will be discussed.

Visualizing Spin & Radiation of the Extended Electron in Electric Field (Emission & Absorption of Photons)

In this article the electron is conceived as an extended particle, consisting of a negatively charged core (-q0) which is surrounded by a cloud of electric dipoles (-q, +q). The article presents the illustrations that show how and why the electron spins and radiates in an external electric field. In the appendices, Bremsstrahlung & Cerenkov radiations, and the processes of Emission & Absorption of photons will be discussed.

Photonic spin Hall effect:fundamentals and emergent applications

The photonic spin Hall effect(SHE)refers to the transverse spin separation of photons with opposite spin angular momentum,after the beam passes through an optical interface or inhomogeneous medium,manifested as the spin-dependent splitting.It can be considered as an analogue of the SHE in electronic systems:the light’s right-circularly polarized and left-circularly polarized components play the role of the spin-up and spin-down electrons,and the refractive index gradient replaces the electronic potential gradient.Remarkably,the photonic SHE originates from the spin-orbit interaction of the photons and is mainly attributed to two different geometric phases,i.e.,the spin-redirection Rytov-Vlasimirskii-Berry in momentum space and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase in Stokes parameter space.The unique properties of the photonic SHE and its powerful ability to manipulate the photon spin,gradually,make it a useful tool in precision metrology,analog optical computing and quantum imaging,etc.In this review,we provide a brief framework to describe the fundamentals and advances of photonic SHE,and give an overview on the emergent applications of this phenomenon in different scenes.

Quantum statistical properties of photon-added spin coherent states

The photon-added spin coherent state as a new kind of coherent state has been defined by iterated actions of the proper raising operator on the ordinary spin coherent state. In this paper, the quantum statistical properties of photon-added spin coherent states such as photon number distribution, second-order correlation function and Wigner function are studied. It is found that the Wigner function shows the negativity in some regions and the second-order correlation function is less than unity. Therefore, the photon-added spin coherent state is a nonclassical state.

Enhancing terahertz photonic spin Hall effect via optical Tamm state and the sensing application

The photonic spin Hall effect(PSHE),characterized by two splitting beams with opposite spins,has great potential applications in nano-photonic devices,optical sensing fields,and precision metrology.We present the significant enhancement of terahertz(THz)PSHE by taking advantage of the optical Tamm state(OTS)in In Sb-distributed Bragg reflector(DBR)structure.The spin shift of reflected light can be dynamically tuned by the structural parameters(e.g.the thickness)of the InSb-DBR structure as well as the temperature,and the maximum spin shift for a horizontally polarized incident beam at 1.1 THz can reach up to 11.15 mm.Moreover,we propose a THz gas sensing device based on the enhanced PSHE via the strong excitation of OTS for the InSb-DBR structure with a superior intensity sensitivity of 5.873×10^(4)mm/RIU and good stability.This sensor exhibits two orders of magnitude improvement compared with the similar PSHE sensor based on In Sb-supported THz long-range surface plasmon resonance.These findings may provide an alternative way for the enhanced PSHE and offer the opportunity for developing new optical sensing devices.

Modulation and enhancement of photonic spin Hall effect with graphene in broadband regions

The photonic spin Hall effect(SHE)holds great potential applications in manipulating spin-polarized photons.However,the SHE is generally very weak,and previous studies of amplifying photonic SHE were limited to the incident light in a specific wavelength range.In this paper,we propose a four-layered nanostructure of prism-graphene-air-substrate,and the enhanced photonic SHE of reflected light in broadband range of 0 THz–500 THz is investigated theoretically.The spin shift can be dynamically modulated by adjusting the thickness of air gap,Fermi energy of graphene,and also the incident angle.By optimizing the structural parameter of this structure,the giant spin shift(almost equal to its upper limit,half of the incident beam waist)in broadband range is achieved,covering the terahertz,infrared,and visible range.The difference is that in the terahertz region,the Brewster angle corresponding to the giant spin shift is larger than that of infrared range and visible range.These findings provide us with a convenient and effective way to tune the photonic SHE,and may offer an opportunity for developing new tunable photonic devices in broadband range.

Asymmetrical photonic spin Hall effect based on dielectric metasurfaces

The photonic spin Hall effect has attracted considerable research interest due to its potential applications in spincontrolled nanophotonic devices.However,realization of the asymmetrical photonic spin Hall effect with a single optical element is still a challenge due to the conjugation of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase,which reduces the flexibility in various applications.Here,we demonstrate an asymmetrical spin-dependent beam splitter based on a single-layer dielectric metasurface exhibiting strong and controllable optical response.The metasurface consists of an array of dielectric nanofins,where both varying rotation angles and feature sizes of the unit cells are utilized to create high-efficiency dielectric metasurfaces,which enables to break the conjugated characteristic of phase gradient.Thanks to the superiority of the phase modulation ability,when the fabricated metasurface is under normal incidence with a wavelength of 1550 nm,the lefthanded circular polarization(LCP)light exhibits an anomalous refraction angle of 28.9°,while the right-handed circular polarization(RCP)light transmits directly.The method we proposed can be used for the flexible manipulation of spin photons and has potentials in high efficiency metasurfaces with versatile functionalities,especially with metasurfaces in a compact space.

Photon-mediated spin-polarized current in a quantum dot under thermal bias

Spin-polarized current generated by thermal bias across a system composed of a quantum dot （QD） connected to metallic leads is studied in the presence of magnetic and photon fields. The current of a certain spin orientation vanishes when the dot level is aligned to the lead＇s chemical potential, resulting in a 100% spin-polarized current. The spin-resolved current also changes its sign at the two sides of the zero points. By tuning the system＇s parameters, spin-up and spin-down currents with equal strength may flow in opposite directions, which induces a pure spin current without the accompany of charge current. With the help of the thermal bias, both the strength and the direction of the spin-polarized current can be manipulated by tuning either the frequency or the intensity of the photon field, which is beyond the reach of the usual electric bias voltage.

The Spin-Spin Interaction and the New Concept of Photon

After researching carefully the well known M. Planck’s law of the black-body radiation, the quantum theory of field and the Einstein’s postulates about interaction of the photon with the atoms, there are a lot of unclear questions about photon and its interaction with atom. From all the above questions, there are three main following questions: Why does the energy of a light mode include zero-point energy? Where does the first photon come from in universe? and What is the first fact as a reason of absorption, emission in the photon-atom interaction? To find out the acceptable answers, here we propose postulates about the zero-photon and then about the new concepts of photon. Using them, we have tried to describe the basic characters of the photon and explain the photon-atom interaction in other way: the spin-spin interaction. Our results showed out the different picture of mechanism of the photon-atom interaction, the existence of the zero-photon energy, the absorption as well as the emission rule and its probabilities.

Photon-assisted electronic and spin transport through two T-shaped three-quantum-dot molecules embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm interferometer

We investigate the time-modulated electronic and spin transport properties through two T-shaped three-quantum-dot molecules embedded in an Aharonov-Bohm（A-B） interferometer. By using the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green＇s function technique, the photon-assisted spin-dependent average current is analyzed. The T-shaped three-quantum-dot molecule A-B interferometer exhibits excellent controllability in the average current resonance spectra by adjusting the interdot coupling strength, Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength, magnetic flux, and amplitude of the time-dependent external field.Efficient spin filtering and multiple electron-photon pump functions are exploited in the multi-quantum-dot molecule A-B interferometer by a time-modulated external field.

基于光子自旋霍尔效应的甲烷检测理论研究

为了实现对甲烷体积分数的高精度检测,采用多层结构激发了具有高品质因素的光子自旋霍尔效应现象。利用非对称的排列方式,将甲烷敏感膜引入结构中,通过敏感膜的折射率变化,实现对甲烷体积分数的检测;研究了气体孔隙率、周期数、金属厚度和敏感膜厚度对光子自旋霍尔效应的影响,并采用传输矩阵法进行了数值分析。结果表明,该传感器可对体积分数为0~3%、折射率变化为1.4364~1.4478的甲烷气体进行检测,灵敏度为29.6°,最高质量因素和最低检测下限分别为395和0.00012。该传感器结构简单、检测能力强,为光学传感器的研究提供了新思路。

Distributed quantum information processing via quantum dot spins

We propose a scheme to engineer a non-local two-qubit phase gate between two remote quantum-dot spins. Along with one-qubit local operations, one can in principal perform various types of distributed quantum information processing. The scheme employs a photon with linearly polarisation interacting one after the other with two remote quantum-dot spins in cavities. Due to the optical spin selection rule, the photon obtains a Faraday rotation after the interaction process. By measuring the polarisation of the final output photon, a non-local two-qubit phase gate between the two remote quantum-dot spins is constituted. Our scheme may has very important applications in the distributed quantum information processing.

A Xon Signature in the Electron Spin

The elementary particles listed in the Standard Model of particle physics have all in common a quantum mechanical attribute which has the dimension of the xon, suggesting that the xon might be a structural ingredient of matter. The xon should therefore be included as a full-fledged member in the SM catalog of elementary particles.

Are Photons Massless or Massive?

Prevailing and conventional wisdom as drawn from both Professor Albert Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity (STR) and our palatable experience, holds that photons are massless particles and that, every particle that travels at the speed of light must—accordingly, be massless. Amongst other important but now resolved problems in physics, this assumption led to the Neutrino Mass Problem—namely, “Do neutrinos have mass?” Neutrinos appear very strongly to travel at the speed of light and according to the afore-stated, they must be massless. Massless neutrinos have a problem in that one is unable to explain the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations because this requires massive neutrinos. Experiments appear to strongly suggest that indeed, neutrinos most certainly are massive particles. While this solves the problem of neutrino oscillation, it directly leads to another problem, namely that of “How can a massive particle travel at the speed of light? Is not this speed a preserve and prerogative of only massless particles?” We argue herein that in principle, it is possible for massive particles to travel at the speed of light. In presenting the present letter, our hope is that this may aid or contribute significantly in solving the said problem of “How can massive particles travel at the speed of light?”

块状和超薄磁性材料中巨大且可调控的面内自旋角位移

磁光克尔效应是指处于磁场中的光束在磁体表面发生反射时,反射光的偏振面相对入射光发生旋转的物理现象,它反映了磁化强度对磁性材料光学性质的影响.磁性介质的磁光克尔效应则由含磁光常数的介电张量表征,因此对磁光常数进行精确测量具有重要的科学意义.光子自旋霍尔效应表现为光束在折射率不同的介质界面上传输时由于自旋-轨道相互作用而产生的光子自旋分裂现象.过去大多数研究利用光子自旋霍尔效应的横向空间位移来表征磁光常数.然而,现有工作只考虑了单个磁场方向的磁光克尔效应,并且由于微小的自旋空间位移而需要引入复杂的弱测量技术.本文从理论上全面探究了3种磁光克尔效应条件下的面内自旋角位移,发现通过改变磁场方向和磁性材料的厚度(考虑块状和超薄)可以实现对光子自旋霍尔效应的有效操纵.同时,该研究提出了一种直接测量磁光常数的新方法,即通过直接观测巨大的面内自旋角位移来表征磁光常数的振幅与相位.该方法不需要引入弱测量系统,不仅为磁光常数的测量提供了直接有效的探针,并且扩展了自旋光子学的相关研究.