Recent advances in photothermal effects for hydrogen evolution

Photothermal effect has been widely employed in the H2 evolution process at the advantage of using clean energy sources to produce another one of higher benefits.The solar-to-heat conversion have various forms and heat can facilitate reactions in a variety of dimensions.Hence,summarizing the sources and destinations of heat is important for constructing hydrogen production systems of higher efficiency.This view mainly focuses on the recent state-of-art progress of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)based on photothermal effect.First,we introduce the main pathways of photothermal conversions applied in H2 evolution.Then,the functions of the photothermal effect are clearly summarized.Furthermore,we go beyond the catalytic reaction and introduce a method to improve the catalytic system by changing the catalytic bulk phase through thermal means.In the end,we sort out the challenges and outlook to offer some noble insights for this promising area.

Ti-MOF-based biosafety materials for efficient and long-life disinfection via synergistic photodynamic and photothermal effects

Pathogenic bacterial infection is severely threatening public health globally.The multi-modal antibacterial nanoplatforms could significantly improve the antibacterial efficiency.Here,we report a metal(Ti)-organic framework(MOF)derived nanocarbon(C-Ti-MOF)as a biosafety material for synergistic sterilization of pathogenic bacteria via efficient photodynamic catalysis and robust photothermal effects.The C-Ti-MOF consists of abundant TiO_(2) nanodots embedded in graphitic carbon frameworks.Under visible light irradiation,TiO_(2) nanodots can catalyze H_(2)O_(2) and O_(2) to produce superoxide anion(•O_(2)^(–))and singlet oxygen(1O2),respectively.Meanwhile,under near-infrared irradiation(NIR),C-Ti-MOF can generate massive heat to destroy bacterial membranes.Systematic antibacterial experiments reveal that the C-Ti-MOF nanoagents have a long-lasting and nearly 100%bactericidal ratio at an extremely low dose(0.16 mg/mL),which is much better than the state-of-the-art TiO_(2)(Commercial TiO_(2)(P25),0.64 mg/mL).Furthermore,the C-Ti-MOF can be electrospun into an antibacterial nanofiber membrane via mixing with polymeric matrix for treating bacteriacontaminated wastewater,and the membranes possess integrated antibacterial activity and excellent biocompatibility.Our study demonstrates a promising Ti-MOF-based biosafety material for efficient and long-life disinfection,which may stimulate new research in MOF-related biological applications in various disciplines ranging from water decontaminations to nanotherapeutics.

Elimination of methicillin‑resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on titanium implants via photothermally‑triggered nitric oxide and immunotherapy for enhanced osseointegration

Background:Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)biofilm infections in implant placement surgery is limited by the lack of antimicrobial activity of titanium(Ti)implants.There is a need to explore more effective approaches for the treatment of MRSA biofilm infections.Methods:Herein,an interfacial functionalization strategy is proposed by the integration of mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles(PDA),nitric oxide(NO)release donor sodium nitroprusside(SNP)and osteogenic growth peptide(OGP)onto Ti implants,denoted as Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP.The physical and chemical properties of Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP were assessed by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscope,water contact angle,photothermal property and NO release behavior.The synergistic antibacterial effect and elimination of the MRSA biofilms were evaluated by 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe,1-N-phenylnaphthylamine assay,adenosine triphosphate intensity,O-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside hydrolysis activity,bicinchoninic acid leakage.Fluorescence staining,assays for alkaline phosphatase activity,collagen secretion and extracellular matrix mineralization,quantitative real‑time reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)were used to evaluate the inflammatory response and osteogenic ability in bone marrow stromal cells(MSCs),RAW264.7 cells and their co-culture system.Giemsa staining,ELISA,micro-CT,hematoxylin and eosin,Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemistry staining were used to evaluate the eradication of MRSA biofilms,inhibition of inflammatory response,and promotion of osseointegration of Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP in vivo.Results:Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP displayed a synergistic photothermal and NO-dependent antibacterial effect against MRSA following near-infrared light(NIR)irradiation,and effectively eliminated the formed MRSA biofilms by inducing reactive oxygen species(ROS)-mediated oxidative stress,destroying bacterial membrane integrity and causing leakage of intracellular components(P<0.01).In vitro experiments revealed that Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP not only facilitated osteogenic differentiation of MSCs,but also promoted the polarization of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages to the anti-inflammatory M2-phenotype(P<0.05 or P<0.01).The favorable osteo-immune microenvironment further facilitated osteogenesis of MSCs and the anti-inflammation of RAW264.7 cells via multiple paracrine signaling pathways(P<0.01).In vivo evaluation confirmed the aforementioned results and revealed that Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP induced ameliorative osseointegration in an MRSA-infected femoral defect implantation model(P<0.01).Conclusions:Ti-PDA@SNP-OGP is a promising multi-functional material for the high-efficient treatment of MRSA infections in implant replacement surgeries.

Improving treatment for Parkinson’s disease:Harnessing photothermal and phagocytosis-driven delivery of levodopa nanocarriers across the blood-brain barrier

Parkinson’s disease(PD)poses a significant therapeutic challenge,mainly due to the limited ability of drugs to cross the blood-brain barrier(BBB)without undergoing metabolic transformations.Levodopa,a key component of dopamine replacement therapy,effectively enhances dopaminergic activity.However,it encounters obstacles from peripheral decarboxylase,hindering its passage through the BBB.Furthermore,levodopa metabolism generates reactive oxygen species(ROS),exacerbating neuronal damage.Systemic pulsatile dosing further disrupts natural physiological buffering mechanisms.In this investigation,we devised a ROS-responsive levodopa prodrug system capable of releasing the drug and reducing ROS levels in the central nervous system.The prodrug was incorporated within second near-infrared region(NIR-II)gold nanorods(AuNRs)and utilized angiopep-2(ANG)for targeted delivery across the BBB.The processes of tight junction opening and endocytosis facilitated improved levodopa transport.ROS scavenging helped alleviate neuronal oxidative stress,leading to enhanced behavioral outcomes and reduced oxidative stress levels in a mouse model of PD.Following treatment,the PD mouse model exhibited enhanced flexibility,balance,and spontaneous exploratory activity.This approach successfully alleviated the motor impairments associated with the disease model.Consequently,our strategy,utilizing NIR-II AuNRs and ANG-mediated BBB penetration,coupled with the responsive release of levodopa,offers a promising approach for dopamine supplementation and microenvironmental regulation.This system holds substantial potential as an efficient platform for delivering neuroprotective drugs and advancing PD therapy.

Photothermal self-healing polyurethane coating based on hollow nanofillers in seawater

Herein,a novel composite coating with excellent self-healing and corrosion resistance activated byphotothermal responsive hollow core-shell nanofillers was developed.A photothermal nanofiller(Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3))with ahollow core-shell structure was synthesized and then added to polyurethane(PU)to prepare PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)compositecoating.Applying 808 nm near-infrared irradiation induces a photothermal effect in Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3),which subsequentlyinitiates the reconstruction of reversible hydrogen bonds,facilitating the self-healing of coating scratches.The excellentphotothermal self-healing performance of PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating was demonstrated by scratch tests and moleculardynamics simulations.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results showed that the PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating has good self-healing and anti-corrosion properties.The low-frequency impedance modulus of the coating afterthree self-healing sessions was still close to 109Ω·cm^(2)after 30 d of immersion in seawater.This study provides a newstrategy for developing multi-cycle self-healing coatings triggered by photothermal effects.

Rational construction of CuFe_(2)O_(4)@C/Cd_(0.9)Zn_(0.1)S S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for extraordinary photothermal-assisted photocatalytic H_(2) evolution

Rational design of photocatalyst to maximize the use of sunlight is one of the issues to be solved in photocatalysis technology.In this study,the CuFe_(2)O_(4)@C/Cd_(0.9)Zn_(0.1)S(CFO@C/CZS)S-scheme photocatalyst with photothermal effect was synthesized by ultrasonic self-assembly combined with calcination.The dark CFO@C absorbed visible light and partly converted into heat to promote the hydrogen evolution reaction.The presence of heterojunctions inhibited the photogenerated electron-hole recombination.The graphite-carbon layer provided a stable channel for electron transfer,and the presence of magnetic CFO made recycle easier.Under the action of photothermal assistance and heterojunction,the hydrogen evolution rate of the optimal CFO@C/CZS was 80.79 mmol g^(-1) h^(-1),which was 2.55 times and 260.61 times of that of pure CZS and CFO@C,respectively.Notably,the composite samples also exhibit excellent stability and a wide range of environmental adaptability.Through experimental tests and first-principles simulation calculation methods,the plausible mechanism of photoactivity enhancement was proposed.This work provided a feasible strategy of photothermal assistance for the development of heterojunction photocatalysts with distinctive hydrogen evolution.

CA IX-targeted Ag_(2)S quantum dots bioprobe for NIR-II imaging-guided hypoxia tumor chemo-photothermal therapy

Hypoxia is the common characteristic of almost all solid tumors,which prevents therapeutic drugs from reaching the tumors.Therefore,the development of new targeted agents for the accurate diagnosis of hypoxia tumors is widely concerned.As carbonic anhydrase IX(CA IX)is abundantly distributed on the hypoxia tumor cells,it is considered as a potential tumor biomarker.4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonamide(ABS)as a CA IX inhibitor has inherent inhibitory activity and good targeting effect.In this study,Ag_(2)S quantum dots(QDs)were used as the carrier to prepare a novel diagnostic and therapeutic bioprobe(Ag_(2)S@polyethylene glycol(PEG)-ABS)through ligand exchange and amide condensation reaction.Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can selectively target tumors by surface-modified ABS and achieve accurate tumor imaging by the near infrared-II(NIR-II)fluorescence characteristics of Ag_(2)S QDs.PEG modification of Ag_(2)S QDs greatly improves its water solubility and stability,and therefore achieves high photothermal stability and high photothermal conversion efficiency(PCE)of 45.17%.Under laser irradiation,Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS has powerful photothermal and inherent antitumor combinations on colon cancer cells(CT-26)in vitro.It also has been proved that Ag_(2)S@PEG-ABS can realize the effective treatment of hypoxia tumors in vivo and show good biocompatibility.Therefore,it is a new efficient integrated platform for the diagnosis and treatment of hypoxia tumors.

Interstitial photoacoustic technique and computational simulation for temperature distribution and tissue optical properties in interstitial laser photothermal interaction

Interstitial laser immunotherapy(ILIT)is designed to use photothermal and immunological inter-actions for treatment of metastatic cancers.The photothermal ffect is crucial in inducing anti-tumorimmune responses in the host.Tissue temperature and tssue optical properties are important factorsin this process.In this study,a device combining interstitial photoacoustic(PA)technique andinterstitial laser photothermal interaction is proposed.Together with computational simulation,thisdevice was designed to determine temperature distributions and tissue optical properties during lasertreatment.Experiments were performed usinger-ivoFporcine liver tissue.Our results demonstratedthat interstitial PA signal amplitude was linearly dependent on tisue temperature in the tempera-ture ranges of 20-60℃,as wll as 65-80℃,with a dfferent slope,due to the change of tissue opticalproperties.Using the directly measured temperature in the tissue around the interstitial optical fiberdiffusion tip for calibration,the theoretical temperature distribution predicted by the bioheatequation was used to extract optical properties of tssue.Finally,the three-dimensional temperature distribution was simulated to guide tumor destruction and immunological stimulation,Thus,thisnovel device and method could be used for monitoring and controlling ILIT for cancer treatment.

Recent advancement and future challenges of photothermal catalysis for VOCs elimination:From catalyst design to applications

Photothermal catalysis realizes the synergistic effect of solar energy and thermochemistry,which also has the potential to improve the reaction rate and optimize the selectivity.In this review,the research progress of photothermal catalytic removal of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)by nano-catalysts in recent years is systematically reviewed.First,the fundamentals of photothermal catalysis and the fabrication of catalysts are described,and the design strategy of optimizing photothermal catalysis performance is proposed.Second,the performance for VOC degradation with photothermal catalysis is evaluated and compared for the batch and continuous systems.Particularly,the catalytic mechanism of VOC oxidation is systematically introduced based on experimental and theoretical study.Finally,the future limitations and challenges have been discussed,and potential research directions and priorities are highlighted.A broad view of recent photothermal catalyst fabrication,applications,challenges,and prospects can be systemically provided by this review.

Boosting Chemodynamic Therapy by the Synergistic Effect of Co‑Catalyze and Photothermal Effect Triggered by the Second Near‑Infrared Light

In spite of the tumor microenvironments responsive cancer therapy based on Fenton reaction(i.e.,chemodynamic therapy,CDT)has been attracted more attentions in recent years,the limited Fenton reaction efficiency is the important obstacle to further application in clinic.Herein,we synthesized novel FeO/MoS2 nanocomposites modified by bovine serum albumin(FeO/MoS2-BSA)with boosted Fenton reaction efficiency by the synergistic effect of co-catalyze and photothermal effect of MoS2 nanosheets triggered by the second near-infrared(NIR II)light.In the tumor microenvironments,the MoS2 nanosheets not only can accelerate the conversion of Fe3+ions to Fe2+ions by Mo4+ions on their surface to improve Fenton reaction efficiency,but also endow FeO/MoS2-BSA with good photothermal performances for photothermal-enhanced CDT and photothermal therapy(PTT).Consequently,benefiting from the synergetic-enhanced CDT/PTT,the tumors are eradicated completely in vivo.This work provides innovative synergistic strategy for constructing nanocomposites for highly efficient CDT.

3D flower-like mesoporous Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/MoS_(2)Z-scheme heterojunction with optimized photothermal-photocatalytic performance

3D flower-like hierarchical mesoporous Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2)/MoS_(2)Z-scheme layered heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated by oil bath and hydrothermal methods.The heterojunction with narrow band gap of~1.95 eV extended the photoresponse to near-infrared region,which showed obvious photothermal effect due to the introduction of MoS_(2) with broad spectrum response.MoS_(2) nanosheets were anchored onto the surface of flower-like hierarchical mesoporous Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2) nanosheets,thereby forming efficient layered heterojunctions,the solar-driven photocatalytic efficiency in degradation of highly toxic dichlorophenol and reduction of hexavalent chromium was improved to 98.5%and 99.2%,which was~4 and 7 times higher than that of the pristine Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2),respectively.In addition,the photocatalytic hydrogen production rate reached 496.78 μmol h^(-1)g^(-1),which was~6 times higher than that of the pristine Bi_(4)O_(5)I_(2).The excellent photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the promoted photothermal effect,as well as,the formation of compact Z-scheme layered heterojunctions.The 3D flower-like hierarchical mesoporous structure provided adequate surface active-sites,which was conducive to the mass transfer.Moreover,the high stability of the prepared photocatalyst further promoted its potential practical application.This strategy also provides new insights for fabricating layered Zscheme heterojunctions photocatalysts with highly photothermal-photocatalytic efficiency.

Photothermal‐boosted polaron transport in Fe_(2)O_(3)photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting

Introduction of the photothermal effect into transition-metal oxide photoanodes has been proven to be an effective method to improve the photoelectrochemical(PEC)water-splitting performance.However,the precise role of the photothermal effect on the PEC performance of photoanodes is still not well understood.Herein,spinel-structured ZnFe_(2)O_(4)nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of hematite(Fe_(2)O_(3)),and the ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/Fe_(2)O_(3)photoanode achieves a high photocurrent density of 3.17 mA cm^(-2)at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode(VRHE)due to the photothermal effect of ZnFe_(2)O_(4).Considering that the hopping of electron small polarons induced by oxygen vacancies is thermally activated,we clarify that the main reason for the enhanced PEC performance via the photothermal effect is the promoted mobility of electron small polarons that are bound to positively charged oxygen vacancies.Under the synergistic effect of oxygen vacancies and the photothermal effect,the electron conductivity and PEC performance are significantly improved,which provide fundamental insights into the impact of the photothermal effect on the PEC performance of small polaron-type semiconductor photoanodes.

A tightly bonded reduced graphene oxide coating on magnesium alloy with photothermal effect for tumor therapy

Photothermal therapy becomes a hotspot in the treatment of bone tumors. Magnesium and its alloys are regarded as potential bone implants for their favorable mechanical property and biodegradable in vivo. However, there is few research devoted to fabricating a photothermal coating on Mg alloy. In the present study, reduced graphene oxide coating with a strong photothermal effect was prepared on the surface of AZ31via two steps. Firstly, graphene oxide coating was deposited on the surface via electrophoresis deposited(GO#), followed by a reduction process of the graphene oxide coating in ultrapure water(rGO#). GO# and rGO# coatings were characterized by SEM, Raman, XRD, FTIR,and XPS. The results revealed that, compared with GO# coating, the content of oxygen-containing(C-O/C-O-C, C=O, O-C=O) groups on rGO# coating was significantly decreased. rGO# coating was found tightly adhered to AZ31 substrate. According to the first-principles calculations, the well-bonded heterostructure between MgO and rGO is the main reason for the strong bonding force. Moreover, the prepared rGO# coating showed a superior photothermal effect, which brings a new strategy to the treatment of bone tumors with Mg-based implants.

Preparation of gold tetrananocages and their photothermal effect

A gold tetrahedral nanocage, i.e., a tetrananocage, that converts near-infrared （NIR） light into heat was fabricated by using a simple method. Silver tetrahedra with good homogeneity and dispersity were synthesized by a hydrothermal route. Gold tetrananocages were obtained using a galvanic replacement reaction between Ag tetrahedra and HAuC14 solution. The surface plasmon resonance （SPR） of gold tetrananocages was tuned from 412 nm to 850 nm through controlling the volume of HAuC14 solution added. This Au tetrananocage can effectively convert NIR light into heat when the SPR couples with the exciting light. When cancer cells are cultured with the gold tetrananocages for several hours and irradiated, the gold tetrananocages destroy the cancer cells effectively and demonstrate themselves to be a good candidate for combating cancer.

Anisotropic Plasmon Resonance Enables Spatially Controlled Photothermal and Photochemical Effects in Hot Carrier-Driven Catalysis

Localized surface plasmon resonance has been demonstrated to provide effective photophysical enhancement mechanisms in plasmonic photocatalysis.However,it remains highly challenging for distinct mechanisms to function in synergy for a collective gain in catalysis due to the lack of spatiotemporal control of their effect.Herein,the anisotropic plasmon resonance nature of Au nanorods was exploited to achieve distinct functionality towards synergistic photocatalysis.Photothermal and photochemical effects were enabled by the longitudinal and transverse plasmon resonance modes,respectively,and were enhanced by partial coating of silica nanoshells and epitaxial growth of a reactor component.Resonant excitation leads to a synergistic gain in photothermal-mediated hot carrier-driven hydrogen evolution catalysis.Our approach provides important design principles for plasmonic photocatalysts in achieving spatiotemporal modulation of distinct photophysical enhancement mechanisms.It also effectively broadens the sunlight response range and increases the efficacy of distinct plasmonic enhancement pathways towards solar energy harvesting and conversion.

Insights into the Origins of Solar-Assisted Electrochemical Water Oxidation in Allotropic Co_(5.47)N/CON Heterojunctions

Solar irradiation can efficiently promote the kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction(OER)during water splitting,where heterojunction catalysts exhibit excellent photoresponsive properties.However,insights into the origins of photoassisted OER catalysis remain unclear,especially the interfaced promotion under convergent solar irradiation(CSI).Herein,novel allotropic Co_(5.47)N/CoN heterojunctions were synthesized,and corresponding OER mechanisms under CSI were comprehensively uncovered from physical and chemical aspects using the in situ Raman technique and electrochemical cyclic voltammetry method.Our results provide a unique mechanism where high-energy UV light promotes the Co^(3+/4+)conversion process in addition to the ordinary photoelectric effect excitation of the Co^(2+)material.Importantly,visible light under CSI can produce a photothermal effect for Co^(2+)excitation and Co^(3+/4+)conversion,which promotes the OER significantly more than the usual photoelectric effect.As a result,Co_(5.47)N/CoN(containing 28%CoN)obtained 317.9%OER enhancement,which provides a pathway for constructing excellent OER catalysts.

Functional Group Effects for Photothermal Mass-energy Transfer in CO_(2) Capture and Conversion

The surface microstructure can be influenced by surface environment,weak adsorption,and bonding interactions,leading to the changes of surface electronic states and the configuration of active sites,which affects the mass-energy transfer pathway.The interaction between multiple species on the surface of light-absorbing materials directly impacts the performance of photothermal catalytic process.Based on this,we present the latest perspectives on photothermal CO_(2) capture and conversion,which focus on(1)the mechanism of functional group-assisted photothermal process,(2)the effects of functional group species,configurations,spatial positions,and surface interactions on photothermal catalytic reactions,and(3)the interaction between substrates and functional groups.Finally,an insightful perspective is drawn in the last section.

Designable polypyrrole pattern in hydrogel achieved by photocontrollable concentration of Fe^(3+)initiator

Conductive polymer hydrogels(CPHs)are promising in cutting-edge applications including bioelectronics and tissue engineering.However,the precise regulation of the spatial distribution of the conductive polymer(CP)in the hydrogel network is still an issue for designing a smart material.Herein,we propose a facile method for preparing CPH-based smart materials by controlling the distribution of Fe^(3+)initiator with UV light irradiation.Thus,designable polypyrrole(PPy)conductive patterns in the polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate(PVA/SA)semi-interpenetrating hydrogel network are demonstrated by controlling the concentration of Fe^(3+)ions coordinated with carboxylate groups.Depending on the irradiation time,the reduction of Fe^(3+)to Fe^(2+)occurs in different extents.As a result,the controllable polymerization of pyrrole only initiated by Fe^(3+)is achieved to form desirable CPH patterns,which are confirmed by the characterization results of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.Moreover,the developed hydrogel with PPy patterns is illustrated for the application in smart conductive circuit and information encryption.The simple procedure and the controllable conductive patterning of the proposed method make it a promising route in developing smart hydrogel materials,which can be extended to other Fe^(3+)initiated CP patterns.

Enhanced photothermal conversion in 3D stacked metal-organic framework nanosheets

Incorporating metal nanoparticles(MNPs)in metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)demonstrated great potential in thefield of photo-/photothermal-catalysis.How-ever,the oriented design and optimization of the 3D nano-architectures of MOF substrates to achieve high-efficiency light harvesting remains a challenge.Herein,guided on theoretical simulation,a facile etching strategy was employed to fab-ricate a 3D orderly-stacked-MOF-nanosheet-structure(CASFZU-1)with a high electricfield energy-density-distribution;well-dispersed MNPs were afterwards encapsulated onto the MOF support.The unique nanosheet structure improved the light absorbance over the broadband spectrum,thereby enhancing the plasmonic photothermal effects of the MNPs@CASFZU-1 composites.Based on the plasmon-driven photothermal conversion,the MNPs@CASFZU-1 composites exhibited approximately twofold catalytic efficiency in the hydrogenation reaction and a lower temperature for the full conversion of carbon monoxide,compared to their bulk-type composites.The surface-plasmon-driven photothermal effects can be exploited in innovative MNPs@MOF platforms for various applications.

Plasmon-enhanced nanosoldering of silver nanoparticles for high-conductive nanowires electrodes

The silver nanowires(Ag NWs)electrodes,which consist of incompact Ag nanoparticles(NPs)formed by multi-photon photoreduction,usually have poor conductivities.An effective strategy for enhancing conductivity of the Ag NWs elec-trodes is plasmon-enhanced nanosoldering(PLNS)by laser irradiation.Here,plasmon-enhanced photothermal effect is used to locally solder Ag NPs and then aggregates of these NPs grow into large irregular particles in PLNS process.Fi-nite element method(FEM)simulations indicate that the soldering process is triggered by localized surface plasmon-in-duced electric field enhancement at“hot-spots”.The effectiveness of PLNS for enhancing conductivity depends on laser power density and irradiation time.By optimizing the conditions of PLNS,the electrical conductivity of Ag NWs is signific-antly enhanced and the conductivityσs is increased to 2.45×107 S/m,which is about 39%of the bulk Ag.This PLNS of Ag NWs provides an efficient and cost-effective technique to rapidly produce large-area metal nanowire electrodes and capacitors with high conductivity,excellent uniformity,and good flexibility.