Utilization of cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage for further introduction of solar PV in Japan

The amount of solar PV installed capacity has steadily increased to 44.5 GW at the end of FY2017,since the introduction of the Feed in Tariff(FiT)to Japan in 2012.On the other hand,since the first curtailment of solar PV was conducted on October 13th,2018 in the Kyushu area,the curtailment has been frequently executed including wind power after that.In this study,cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)are focused on mitigating curtailment.In Japan,there are 9 electric power areas which connected each other by cross-regional interconnectors.According to the historical operation,cross-regional interconnectors were secured as emergency flexible measures,but after the implicit auction was started from October 2018,it is used on merit order.Regarding a PHES in Japan,they have been built with nuclear power plants for several decades.Because the output of nuclear power generation is constant,so the PHES is used to absorb the surplus at nighttime when the demand declines.All nuclear power plants in Japan have been shut down after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11th,2011.There are several nuclear power plants that have been restarted(9 reactors,as of August 2019).In this study,the amount of curtailment for solar PV in the Kyushu area is sent to the Chugoku area using the cross-regional interconnector(Kanmon line).Then,the PHES in the Chugoku area is pumping with low price.Because the spot price in the market is low when the curtailment is executed.After that,the PHES is generating at night with high price when the solar PV is not generating.It makes a profit by the deference for the cost of pumping and the revenue of generating by the PHES.As a calculation result,for one week from May 2nd to 8th,2019,a profit becomes 152.2 million JPY(about 1.22 million EUR).For this purpose,it is necessary to raise the operation capacity of the cross-regional interconnector up to the rated capacity with the frequency control function of solar PV instead of the capacity to keep frequency in the event of an accident.This will allow the further introduction of solar PV in Japan.

Sizing Method of a Storage System for Determining the Performance of a Photovoltaic Pumping System over the Sun

The use of renewable energy is growing significantly in the world. In front of the growing demand for electric energy, essentially for the needs of remote, isolated and mountainous regions, photovoltaic systems, especially water pumping systems, are beginning to emerge in large applications. In this sense, the proposed study deals with the problem of the water level regulation in the photovoltaic pumping system. It is in this context that the interest in this paper is dictated by the need to use an existing energy source on the site. Still in this light, it is important to note that, often, the calculation of the size of the GPV that feeds the pumping system and the pump involves a certain degree of uncertainty, mainly due to two main reasons: the first is related to randomness of solar radiation which is often little known and the second is related to the difficulty to estimate the water needs. This is why, on the one hand, the realization of such a system has made it possible to show the possibility of determining the projected quantity for water storage. Similarly, it has shown that the prediction of this quantity of water can be calculated by a simple analytical method based on numerical computation. Thus, it was also shown for this pumping system, thanks to graphical analysis methods, developing autonomy, reliability and good performance. In this sense, this experience opens the door for a practical and economical solution to the problem of lack of water, especially in our regions. Measurements made on the studied system prove that the designed approach improves the efficiency. Finally, it is also expected to draw further conclusions for the operation of these systems in similar sites.

Equivalent Method of Integrated Power Generation System of Wind, Photovoltaic and Energy Storage in Power Flow Calculation and Transient Simulation

针对工程实际开展风光储联合发电系统在潮流计算和机电暂态仿真中的等值方法研究，旨在为大容量风光储联合发电系统的并网仿真分析奠定基础。将潮流计算的等值分为单元机组和集电系统2部分来研究。单元机组等值采用根据不同控制模式选取不同节点类型的方法，针对集电系统等值提出基于损耗不变原则的方法。等值模型和详细模型的算例结果表明，潮流计算等值方法具有较好的精度。在机电暂态仿真动态等值中，基于实际工程计算的最严重工况分析原则，提出运行在满出力点的单机“倍乘”等值模型，为工程计算中的风光储联合发电系统动态等值提供了一种解决方案。

Composition Modeling and Equivalence of an Integrated Power Generation System of Wind, Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Unit

利用间接组合建模的方法,在建立典型的双馈风机、光伏发电单元和储能单元的装置级机电暂态模型基础上,采用等值方法建立三者电站级的机电暂态模型,最终通过组合建模得到了风光储联合发电系统的机电暂态模型。在大型电力系统分析软件包的PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序中实现了风光储联合发电系统的仿真功能,通过典型算例和张北＂国家风光储输示范工程＂的仿真分析验证了模型的正确性,为风光储联合发电系统的并网研究提供了分析手段。

Pumped hydro energy storage and 100 % renewable electricity for East Asia

Rapid cost reductions have led to the widespread deployment of renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaics(PV)and wind globally.Additional storage is needed when the share of solar PV and wind in electricity production rises to 50–100%.Pumped hydro energy storage constitutes 97%of the global capacity of stored power and over 99%of stored energy and is the leading method of energy storage.Off-river pumped hydro energy storage options,strong interconnections over large areas,and demand management can support a highly renewable electricity system at a modest cost.East Asia has abundant wind,solar,and off-river pumped hydro energy resources.The identified pumped hydro energy storage potential is 100 times more than required to support 100%renewable energy in East Asia.

Present status of pumped hydro storage operations to mitigate renewable energy fluctuations in Japan

This paper focuses on pumped hydro energy storage(PHES)plants’current operations after electricity system reforms and variable renewable energy(VRE)installations in Japan.PHES plants have historically been developed to create electricity demand at night in order to operate base load power plants,such as nuclear power plants,in stable conditions.Therefore,many PHES plants are located midway between nuclear power plants and large demand areas.However,all nuclear power plants had to–at least temporarily–shut down after the Great East Japan Earthquake followed by a nuclear accident at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011,and renewable energy power plants have been deployed rapidly after the introduction of a feed-in-tariff(FIT)scheme.Therefore,PHES plants are being used to mitigate fluctuations of VRE,especially in areas where renewable energy has been significantly installed.The daily highest capacity ratio of PHES plants in Kyushu area has recorded three times higher than it in the other areas where the past operating mode is still conducted.But those operations on PHES plants are simply followed as a dispatch rule of the Organization for Crossregional Coordination of Transmission Operators(OCCTO),market-based operations have not been conducted enough yet.The market design shall be changed to harmonize VRE installation and PHES plants’operations are necessary to make the transition from the past operating mode of PHES plants across Japan.

Optimal configuration strategy of energy storage system in high photovoltaic penetration micro-grid based on voltage sensitivity analysis

Energy storage is an effective measure to deal with internal power fluctuation of micro-grid and ensure stable operation, especially in the micro-grid with high photovoltaic(PV) penetration. Its capacity configuration is related to the steady, safety and economy of micro-grid.In order to improve the absorptive capacity of micro-grid on maximizing the use of distributed PV power in micro-grid, and improve the power quality, an optimal energy storage configuration strategy is proposed, which takes many factors into account, such as the topology of micro-grid, the change of irradiance, the load fluctuation and the cable. The strategy can optimize the energy storage allocation model to minimize the storage power capacity and optimize the node configuration.The key electrical nodes are identified by using the sensitivity coefficient of the voltage, and then the model is optimized to simplify calculation. Finally, an example of the European low-voltage micro-grid and a micro-grid system in the laboratory is used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.The results show that the proposed method can optimize the allocation of capacity and the node of the energy storage system.

Test Facility for Low Potential Pumped Storage Power Plants and Hydrokinetic Turbines

The electric energy which is generated by wind power plants depends on the wind speed and exceeds with strong permissible wind speed the electric energy requirements of the country. In order not to reduce this electrical energy, it must be stored. The sensible energy storage is currently the pumped storage power plants. As the mountain ranges for conventional pumped storage power plants with drop heights of H 〉 600 m are strictly limited, the development of low potential pumped storage power plants has begun. Increasing the capacity of pumped storage power plants with regard to the wind power plants is urgently needed. In this paper, it is shown using the example of an unneeded port facility, how a port facility can be used after low conversion as a test facility for low potential pumped storage power plants and at the same time for the testing of hydro-kinetic turbines. This type of pump storage power plants does not save the energy due to large drop heights, but primarily due to the large volume flow of water.

Simulation Study of the Control Strategy of a DC Inverter Heat Pump Using a DC Distribution Network

Photovoltaics,energy storage,direct current and flexibility(PEDF)are important pillars of achievement on the path to manufacturing nearly zero energy buildings(NZEBs).HVAC systems,which are an important part of public buildings,play a key role in adapting to PDEF systems.This research studied the basic principles and operational control strategies of a DC inverter heat pump using a DC distribution network with the aim of contributing to the development and application of small DC distribution systems.Along with the characteristics of a DC distribution network and different operating conditions,a DC inverter heat pump has the ability to adapt to changes in the DC bus voltage and adds flexibility to the system.Theoretical models of the DC inverter heat pump integrated with an ice storage unit were developed.The control strategies of the DC inverter heat pump system considered the influence of both room temperature and varied bus voltage.A simulation study was conducted using MATLAB&Simulink software with simulation results validated by experimental data.The results showed that:(1)The bus fluctuation under the rated working voltage had little effect on the operation of the unit;(2)When the bus voltage was fluctuating from 80%-90%or 105%-107%,the heat pump could still operate normally by reducing the frequency;(3)When the bus voltage was less than 80%or more than 107%,the unit needed to be shut down for the sake of equipment safety,so that the energy storage device could adjust to the sharp decrease or rise of voltage.

光伏幕墙辅助双源热泵系统在不同地区的多目标优化配置

为克服单一可再生能源应用的局限性,提出一种光伏幕墙辅助双源热泵系统。利用TRNSYS建立仿真模型,以系统能耗和生命周期成本为目标函数,采用非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ),对不同地区系统配置规模进行多目标优化设计,并利用加权和法确定均衡解。结果表明:哈尔滨、长春、沈阳3个地区优化后的系统运行能耗比优化前分别增加5.9%、5.0%和3.9%,生命周期成本降低13.6%、17.1%和12.9%;与单目标优化相比,多目标优化在兼顾性能的前提下能明显降低生命周期成本,具有明显的优势。

基于光储混合配置的级联H桥型光伏逆变器功率平衡策略

级联H桥(cascade H-bridge,CHB)变换器由于其模块化结构,已成为大规模光伏(photovoltaic,PV)并网逆变器的优选方案。然而,在不同光照强度和温度下,不同区域PV组件之间发电功率不同,导致CHB变换器相间输出功率不均衡、不稳定等问题。为此,文中提出一种基于CHB结构的光储混合电能路由,在三相CHB光伏逆变器中配置少量的储能模块,利用光储协同控制,维持CHB内部功率稳定,消除分布式PV在相间产生的不均衡功率,且变换器输出功率能够时刻满足网侧上层功率调度,提高了光伏电站的稳定性。针对系统安全区域,在载波移相调制策略下,全桥子模块传输的功率受到约束,并对光伏和储能模块的配置作详细分析。最后,通过仿真以及实验验证所提拓扑及控制策略的正确性和有效性。

MMC结构的分布式光伏系统功率不平衡优化方案

模块化多电平变换器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)由于其模块化结构,已成为大规模光伏(photovoltaic,PV)并网逆变器的研究热点。然而,在不同光照强度和温度下,PV组件之间发电功率不同,导致MMC内部出现桥臂、相间功率不均衡。因此,该文先分析MMC-PV系统在功率不均衡下的表现机理,后提出一种基于MMC结构的光储电能路由,其控制策略在满足交、直流端口功率需求的同时,实现桥臂间和相间的功率自均衡,提高PV利用率和系统稳定性。同时,受桥臂内子模块功率传输极限的影响,对PV和ESS的配置约束作详细分析,最后,通过仿真以及实验验证所提拓扑及控制策略的正确性和有效性。

光储联合发电系统不对称故障穿越控制策略

针对电网不对称故障下光伏发电系统输出功率与直流侧电压二倍频波动问题,提出了一种光储联合发电系统低电压穿越控制策略。在低电压穿越期间,充分利用光伏并网逆变器和储能变流器容量向电网输送有功和无功功率;在此基础上令储能变流器采取基于负序虚拟电导的负序电压补偿控制策略;同时,分析了单台以及多台储能变流器参与负序电压补偿的原理,并对负序虚拟电导进行了自适应优化设计。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略能够有效削弱光伏发电系统输出功率与直流侧电压的二倍频波动。

计及混合储能寿命损耗的光伏功率平抑策略

针对光伏大规模并网产生的功率波动问题,提出了一种计及混合储能寿命损耗的光伏并网功率平抑策略。该策略根据光伏功率与并网功率波动允许范围的关系确定混合储能动作状态及功率指令,实现了光伏并网功率波动的平抑;然后建立了关于混合储能系统功率协调控制的多目标优化模型,并利用带精英策略的快速非支配排序遗传算法求解该模型;最后对平抑及功率协调控制进行了仿真验证。与传统平抑策略相比,所提策略在实现光伏并网功率波动平抑的基础上,有效降低了混合储能系统的寿命损耗与运行损耗。

“双碳”目标下云南省废弃矿山光伏-抽水蓄能发电站可行性分析

为助力“双碳”目标的实现以及对废弃、再生资源的循环利用,云南省利用矿山开采遗留下来的采空区建设清洁能源发电站符合现实需要。而在实际废弃矿山改造过程中,实现多元耦合开发利用模式,更有利于再生能源的渗透和维持电网的稳定运行。根据水光互补发电特性原理,结合云南省自然资源能源禀赋特征,从废弃矿山光伏-抽水蓄能电站工作原理及结构、关键技术、经济效益估算等几个方面论述云南省建设废弃矿山光伏-抽水蓄能发电站的可行性。分析结果表明,云南省已累计超过15亿m3的采空区及丰富的自然资源、能源为光伏-抽水蓄能电站建设提供了有利条件;且云南省近几年清洁电力的比重也在不断攀升,2022年,清洁电力的占比已达到87.7%;由废弃矿山光伏-抽水蓄能电站实例计算得出,该矿山每年可产生的电量收益达1.2亿元,按照设计年限20年计算,共计产出约24亿元的收益。综上所述,云南省废弃矿山光伏-抽水蓄能发电站建设优势较为显著。

基于直流母线电压信号的小型独立直流微电网自主平滑模式切换控制策略

在独立直流微电网中,储能系统(ESSs)和光伏(PV)是主要能源。在极端条件下,储能和光伏变换器需要进行工作模式切换以协调功率,为了优化切换性能,该文提出一种基于直流总线信号(DBS)的自主平滑模式切换控制策略,用于多个光伏电源和ESS的无通信协同工作,提高了系统的可靠性。针对多模式切换过程中的抖振和死锁问题,所提出的控制策略利用具有反馈抑制机制的PI控制器实现了在饱和与激活之间无缝切换。同时,为了进一步提升光伏能量的利用率,所提出的控制策略充分考虑了ESS的荷电状态(SOC),并使光伏电源能够直接参与直流母线电压的调节。此外,还对模式切换时间与控制器参数的设计进行了详细的分析建模,以优化模式切换性能。最后,建立了一个小型独立直流微电网实验系统,以验证所提出的直流微电网控制方法的可行性。

严寒地区PV/T-空气源热泵集成供热系统研究

严寒地区太阳能光伏光热(PV/T)技术应用于空气源热泵供暖系统,能实现低温环境下空气源热泵高效制热,最大限度提高可再生能源利用率。研究分析了空气源热泵供暖系统在严寒地区使用的局限性和普遍存在的问题;根据太阳辐射传热机理和空气传热介质的特点,研制出PV/T-空气源热泵集成供热系统,空气源热泵机组即使在室外空气温度-20℃时,其理论COP值也能达到5.37,提高了严寒地区空气源热泵的制热效率,为今后严寒地区供暖模式提供了一种新的思路。

风光储一体化水电联产系统的优化设计及调度

水和能源短缺严重制约沿海以及海岛经济的发展。将可再生能源与水电联产系统耦合,可有效解决这一问题。本文建立了风光储一体化水电联产系统的优化和调度模型。首先,建立了各单元的数学和经济模型,以系统的总年费最低为目标。然后运用遗传算法(GA)求解,优化得到春、夏、秋、冬4个典型日的系统最佳结构及容量配置。系统中水电的满足率大于99%,并且弃风、弃光率小于2%。最后确立了各典型日的最佳运行方案,包括风力、光伏、反渗透单元的生产负荷,供需匹配关系及各单元设备运行状态。结果表明:各典型日中风光互补供给功率均比较平稳,反渗透单元的运行负荷变化较大,但额定功率运行的时长均为50%左右。抽水储能单元也充分发挥其削峰填谷的作用,在各典型日的运行时长占比均超过75%。本文设计的系统为水电联产系统工业化运行提供指导。

Performance analysis of a photovoltaic/thermal system with lunar regolith-based thermal storage for the lunar base

Powering a moon base,especially keeping it warm during the long lunar night,is a big challenge.This paper introduces a photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system incorporating regolith thermal storage to solve the challenge of power and heat provision for the lunar base simultaneously.The vacuum of space around the moon helps this system by reducing heat loss.During the moon's daytime,the system not only generates electricity but also captures heat.This stored heat in the regolith is then used at night,reducing the amount of equipment we need to send from Earth.The spectrally selective PV/T panels are designed to absorb a wide range of sunlight(0.3–2.5μm)while minimizing heat loss in the infrared range(3–30μm).Simulation results of the hybrid solar energy system indicate the average value of the overall efficiency is 45.9%,which relatively elevates 56.1%compared to the PV system.The launch mass of the proposed PV/T system is only 8.4%of a traditional photovoltaic-lithium battery system with the same amount of energy storage.And the total specific energy of the proposed system is 7.3 kWh kg^(-1),while that of the photovoltaic-lithium battery system is about 0.3 kWh kg^(-1).In summary,this study proposes an alternative combined heat and electricity supply system for the lunar base,which can greatly reduce the launch mass and free up load for other scientific research equipment.

含混合式抽水蓄能电站的水光蓄日内互补运行研究

在传统水电机组基础上加入可逆式机组构成混合式抽水蓄能电站增加水电调节能力,可与光伏电站联合运行,平抑新能源发电的不稳定性。为研究不同季节典型日下,含混合式抽水蓄能电站的水光蓄互补运行方式,构建以发电量最大和出力波动最小为目标的水光蓄互补运行短期调度模型,提出双层嵌套模型求解思路,考虑光伏出力的波动性,求解不同运行工况下含混合式抽水蓄能电站的水光蓄互补运行短期调度模型。计算结果表明,在不同来水及不同光伏出力过程的前提下,混合式抽水蓄能电站可采取不同运行工况以满足目标函数,不仅可以促进光伏并网消纳,还可增加水电发电量,减少弃水,为大量光伏资源并网下混合式抽水蓄能电站运行方式提供参考。