Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System for Prediction of Effective Thermal Conductivity of Polymer-Matrix Composites

In the present study, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is developed for the prediction of effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of different fillers filled in polymer matrixes. The ANFIS uses a hybrid learning algorithm. The ANFIS is a class of adaptive networks that is functionally equivalent to fuzzy inference systems (FIS). The ANFIS is based on neuro-fuzzy model, trained with data collected from various sources of literature. ETC is predicted using ANFIS with volume fraction and thermal conductivities of fillers and matrixes as input parameters, respectively. The predicted results by ANFIS are in good agreements with experimental values. The predicted results also show the supremacy of ANFIS in comparison with other earlier developed models.

Reversal of thermal rectification in one-dimensional nonlinear composite system

Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, a comprehensive study of the asymmetric heat conduction in the composite system consisting of the Frenkel-Kontorova （FK） model and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam （FPU） model is conducted. The calculated results show that in a larger system, the rectifying direction can be reversed only by adjusting the thermal bias. Moreover, the rectification reversal depends critically on the system size and the properties of the interface. The mechanisms of the two types of asymmetric heat conduction induced by nonlinearity are discussed. Considering the novel asymmetric heat conduction in the system, it may possess possible applications to manage the thermal rectification in situ directionally without re-building the structure.

Improving the Performance of Photovoltaic Power Plants with Determinative Module for the Cooling System

The objective of this work is to analyze and evaluate the impact of cooling systems on photovoltaic modules (for electricity generation), applied at a pilot Testing Facility. The results obtained during this step are used as input in order to determine the best model to be applied at a real-scale Photovoltaic Power Plant (PVPP). This methodology is based on the monitoring and supervision of the operating temperature of commercial photovoltaic modules (PV), both with and without cooling systems, as well as on the study of the water supply design of the cooling system applied on a micro photovoltaic power plant which is connected to the commercial network. Through the analysis of the data, we observed that photovoltaic modules with cooling systems always operate at lower temperatures than the ones without cooling systems. During the testing period, the operating temperatures of the photovoltaic modules without cooling systems were above 60oC (with a maximum temperature equaling 68.06oC), whereas the maximum temperatures registered on the sensors of the model “A” were 43.55oC and 44.75oC, and the ones registered on the sensors of the model “B” were 46.76 and 48.33oC. Therefore, we conclude that the photovoltaic module with the cooling system model “A” is the most suitable for large-scale application, since it was the only model to present temperatures lower than the nominal operating condition temperature (NOCT) of the cell (47oC ± 2oC).

Extension of Distribution Transformer Life in the Presence of Smart Inverter-based Distributed Solar Photovoltaic Systems

A transformer is an essential but expensive power delivery equipment for a distribution utility.In many distribution utilities worldwide,a sizable percentage of transformers are near the end of their designed life.At the same time,distribution utilities are adopting smart inverter-based distributed solar photovoltaic(SPV)systems to maximize renewable generation.The central objective of this paper is to propose a methodology to quantify the effect of smart inverter-based distributed SPV systems on the aging of distribution transformers.The proposed method is first tested on a modified IEEE-123 node distribution feeder.After that,the procedure is applied to a practical distribution system,i.e.,the Indian Institute of Technology(IIT)Roorkee campus,India.The transformer aging models,alongside advanced control functionalities of grid-tied smart inverter-based SPV systems,are implemented in MATLAB.The open-source simulation tool(OpenDSS)is used to model distribution networks.To analyze effectiveness of various inverter functionalities,time-series simulations are performed using exponential load models,considering daily load curves from multiple seasons,load types,current harmonics,etc.Findings show replacing a traditional inverter with a smart inverter-based SPV system can enable local reactive power generation and may extend the life of a distribution transformer.Simulation results demonstrate,simply by incorporating smart inverter-based SPV systems,transformer aging is reduced by 15%to 22%in comparison to SPV systems operating with traditional inverters.

A review of concentrated photovoltaic-thermal(CPVT) hybrid solar systems with waste heat recovery(WHR)

In conventional photovoltaic(PV) systems, a large portion of solar energy is dissipated as waste heat since the generating efficiency is usually less than 30%. As the dissipated heat can be recovered for various applications, the wasted heat recovery concentrator PV/thermal(WHR CPVT) hybrid systems have been developed. They can provide both electricity and usable heat by combining thermal systems with concentrator PV(CPV) module, which dramatically improves the overall conversion efficiency of solar energy.This paper systematically and comprehensively reviews the research and development of WHR CPVT systems. WHR CPVT systems with innovative design configurations, different theoretical evaluation models and experimental test processes for several implementations are presented in an integrated manner. We aim to provide a global point of view on the research trends, market potential, technical obstacles, and the future work which is required in the development of WHR CPVT technology. Possibly, it will offer a generic guide to the investigators who are interested in the study of WHR CPVT systems.

Electrical and thermal performances of photovoltaic/thermal systems with magnetic nanofluids:A review

Enhancing solar photovoltaic and thermal conversion performances may help develop more environmentally friendly hybrid photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)systems that can be used in applications ranging from household to industrial scales.Owing to their enhanced thermal and optical properties,nanofluids have proven to be good candidates for designing PV/T systems with superior performances.As smart nanofluids,magnetic nanofluids(MNFs)can further enhance the performances of PV/T systems under external magnetic fields.This paper reviews recent developments in enhancing the electrical and thermal performances of PV/T systems using magnetic nanofluids.Various parameters affecting the performances are highlighted,and some areas for further investigations are discussed.The reviewed literature shows that PV/T systems with MNFs are promising.However,their performances need further investigation before they can be used in applications.

Influence of materials’hygric properties on the hygrothermal performance of internal thermal insulation composite systems

Internal thermal insulation composite system(ITICS)can be an important measure for the energy-saving retrofitting of buildings.However,ITICS may cause harmful effects on the hygrothermal performance of building envelopes.This work investigated the influence of the materials’hygric properties on the hygrothermal perfor-mance of a typical ITICS in different climate conditions in China.Two base wall materials,the traditional concrete and a new type aerated concrete,were tested and compared for their hygric properties firstly.The influence of the hygroscopicity of exterior plasters,the permeability of insulation materials and the climate conditions were then analyzed with WUFI simulations.The hygrothermal performance was evaluated with consideration of the total water content(TWC)of the walls and the moisture flux strength,the relative humidity(RH)and the mould growth risk at the interface between the base wall and the insulation layer(B-I interface).The numerical analysis implies that the TWC of internal insulated walls depends mainly on the hygroscopicity of exterior plaster and the wind-driven rain intensity.The upper limits for the water absorption coefficient of exterior plasters used in Bei-jing,Shanghai and Fuzhou are 1e-9,1e-10,1e-10 m^(2)/s respectively.When such limits are guaranteed,a vapour tight system created by using insulation materials with a large vapour resistance factor or adding a vapour barrier can improve the hygrothermal performance of ITICS,especially for concrete walls in cold climate.

Dynamic Investigation on Composite Flexible Multi-body System Considering Thermal Effect

The dynamic performance of composite flexible multi-body system under the simultaneous action of thermal fields and driving constraint is analyzed. Based on strain-displacement relation of the Mindlin plate theory which includes transverse shear deformation, and considering thermal effect, variation equations of laminated plate are derived by the principle of virtual work. The finite element method is used for discretization. According to kinematics constraint relation, dynamic equations for spatial slider-crank system are established. Simulation results show that spatial deformation （torsion deformation） appears in the multi-layered composite slider-crank mechanism which is simulated with planar motions. Furthermore, the influence of coupling between thermal expansion and flexible deformations of non-symmetrical composite plates on the large overall motion under the uniform temperature field is investigated. Finally, significant change in constraint force due to the spatial deformation is shown.

Performance Evaluation of New Two Axes Tracking PV-Thermal Concentrator

The overall problem with PV （photovoltaic） systems is the high cost for the photovoltaic modules. This makes it interesting to concentrate irradiation on the PV-module, thereby reducing the PV area necessary for obtaining the same amount of output power. The tracking capability of two-axes tracking unit driving a new concentrating paraboloid for electric and heat production have been evaluated. The reflecting optics consisting of flat mirrors provides uniform illumination on the absorber which is a good indication for optimised electrical production due to series connection of solar cells. The calculated optical efficiency of the system indicates that about 80% of the incident beam radiation is transferred to the absorber. Simulations of generated electrical and thermal energy from the evaluated photovoltaic thermal （PV/T） collector show the potential of obtaining high total energy efficiency.

基于实测数据的高海拔大日温差地区拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系温度场研究

温度作用是影响桥梁-轨道结构服役性能的重要因素之一。为探究高海拔大日温差地区拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系的温度场变化规律,基于某拟建铁路上承式大跨拱桥桥址处的环境温度持续监测数据与卫星反演得到的太阳辐射数据,建立了考虑太阳辐射阴影遮挡效应的拱上组合梁桥-无砟轨道体系温度场模型,重点分析日温度变化规律和竖向温差分布规律,获得了考虑实测气温和太阳辐射逐时变化的全年日温度场;采用广义帕累托分布对竖向温差样本进行了极值分布估计,确定不同超越概率的竖向温差代表值,提出多折线形式的竖向温度梯度模式。研究结果表明,梯度相较于平原地区更为显著,无砟轨道的遮挡效应使得温度梯度分布上移,钢梁外侧腹板在冬季产生局部梯度作用;基于实测数据的温差极值估计方法考虑了环境温度和太阳辐射对结构温度场的随机影响,可为特殊地区桥梁设计阶段温度作用的计算提供参考。

光伏光热联合双源热泵系统运行模式研究(1):最佳切换模式验证

讨论了光伏光热联合双源热泵系统制热运行的最佳切换模式。利用TRNSYS软件建立了仿真模型,对双源(水源、空气源)热泵系统性能系数(COP_(s))进行了计算,提出以某时刻空气源热泵模式或水源热泵模式运行COP_(s)较大者优先运行作为COP_(s)切换模式。通过前期实验结果验证了模拟结果的正确性,并与常规的集热水箱温度切换模式进行了对比实验,验证了COP_(s)切换模式的有效性。结果表明,该实验系统以COP_(s)最佳切换模式运行时发电量和发电效率较集热水箱温度切换模式分别提高了5.35%和1.73%,耗电量降低了17.03%,COP_(s)提高了4.91%。

农光复合系统农业高效生产模式与效率提升对策研究

研究了农光复合系统(利用农用地建设光伏发电站项目)农业生产高效经营的典型模式,分析了农光复合系统在农业生产经营中存在的主要问题,提出了提升农光复合系统农业生产效率的对策建议:加强农光复合系统生态高效建设管理模式的研究,组织开展农光复合系统农业种植规范的研制工作,组织开展农光复合系统农业设施的查漏补缺工作,加大对农光复合系统农业生产经营主体的扶持力度,创新和推广适应市场需求的农光复合系统投资模式,探索光伏生物质复合能源生产的新模式。

一种新型多功能一体化太阳能利用系统研究

针对轻钢装配式建筑中太阳能技术应用的研究不足,提出一种新型多功能一体化太阳能利用系统.为深入分析系统性能,根据系统特点以及能量转换关系,建立了系统发电效率、发电功率、热效率以及热水温度的理论模型.利用该模型探究了太阳辐照度、热水箱容量、热水箱水温预设值以及系统串联量等设计参数对系统电、热性能的影响.研究结果表明,综合考虑当地太阳辐照度和所需热水温度,合理设定系统热水箱容量、水温预设值以及系统串并联数量,可提升热效率、发电效率.在特定集热器参数下,当太阳辐照度达550 W/m^(2)时系统满足设计要求,此时系统高温阵列热水温度为74.5℃,热效率为52.6%;低温阵列热水温度为52.3℃,热效率为60.4%;发电功率为58 W,发电效率为9.46%;系统太阳能综合利用效率为79.1%,相较于此前文献的研究结果,太阳能综合利用效率提升了30%.该系统为日后太阳能利用系统的设计以及其与轻钢装配式建筑一体化设计提供了一种新思路,对高效利用太阳能具有重要参考价值.

考虑建筑物热惯性的综合能源系统主从博弈协调优化策略

从用户角度出发,提出一种考虑建筑物热惯性的综合能源系统主从博弈协调优化策略。首先,建立热网特性模型和建筑物热惯性模型,并构建以微网运营商为领导者,用户为跟随者的主从博弈数学模型。在光伏出力大时,用户通过电制热设备将电能转化为热能,并利用建筑物热惯性将热能加以存储,无需将光伏余电尽数售给微网运营商,可增强用户权益,同时可有效避免大量光伏余电接入电网,进而缓和余电上网的压力。其次,考虑用户用能满意度及温度舒适度,建立微网运营商与用户的定价、定量模型,并证明Stackelberg博弈均衡解的存在性与唯一性。最后通过算例验证所提策略的有效性,极大地增强了用户权益,同时避免用户光伏余电大量接入电网。

基于MPC的光电热联合系统建模与控制优化

为解决我国北方地区冬季采暖产生的能源消耗与环境污染问题,改善光资源丰富、较丰富地区光能利用率不足的现状,充分利用谷电和日照优势,针对太阳能利用与建筑采暖相结合的分布式能源系统性问题,提出一种基于TRNSYS动态建模与数值建模相结合的光电热联合供暖系统。综合考虑小范围内供暖温度的时滞性以及系统各设备的出力情况,联合Matlab搭建模型预测控制器(MPC),提出一种基于MPC的误差实时校正优化控制策略。分析表明:采用MPC的控制优化,在热负荷跟踪方面,最大误差降低4.16%,平均误差降低2.79%;在室内温度控制方面,最大偏差降低1.2℃,平均偏差降低0.2℃;在太阳能利用占比方面,太阳辐射强度趋近于800 W/m^(2)时,太阳能利用占比差距达最大8.9%。分析结果说明该系统可以更快速、更准确地跟踪建筑热负荷波动,并且有效抑制室内温度波动,提高清洁能源的利用率。

基于变时段设计改进多目标差分进化算法的风/光/火/储日前优化调度

在高比例新能源馈入的新型电力系统中,新能源出力的不确定性导致火电难以满足调度计划的精度需求,风/光/火/储系统的经济调度求解算法面临严峻挑战。为此,提出一种基于变时段设计的多目标差分进化算法。首先按各时段负荷特征构建风/光/火/储系统的变时段日前调度规则。进而以系统运行经济成本与污染排放量为目标,基于多目标差分进化算法求解变时段系统日前调度模型的Pareto解集。最后,用IEEE 39节点系统进行测试。结果表明在风、光、储与火电的约束条件均符合校验的情形下,相较于其他算法,该方法使计算结果更加优化,火电机组出力跟踪调度计划效果显著提高,验证了所提方法的有效性。

商场冷凝水耦合光伏/光热系统在不同气候区的适宜性研究

光伏光热技术是太阳能的主要利用方式之一,太阳能光伏光热一体化(solar photovoltaic-thermal,PV/T)系统可实现系统产电和热量的双重效益。基于不同气候区的气候特征,以商场冷凝水耦合光伏/光热系统为研究对象。在确定制冷季冷凝水量的基础上,计算分析系统一次能源节约率及环境效益,研究该系统在不同气候区的适宜性。结果表明:在寒冷地区、夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区,PV/T系统比光伏(photovoltaic,PV)系统更加高效节能。在整个制冷季中,PV/T系统的发电量均高于PV系统,海口的发电效率提升了0.53%,拉萨的发电效率提升了0.11%;PV/T系统在海口地区一次能源节约率最高,达到59.62%;青岛CO_(2)减排量最高,总减排量达到5.5 t。

计及最小惯量约束的风光火储联合系统优化调度

风、光、储多种新能源并网使系统常常处在低惯量运行场景下,给考虑频率稳定的系统优化调度带来极大挑战。为此提出了一种计及最小惯量约束的多源联合电力系统优化调度模型。首先,综合考虑两项频率指标,计算满足频率指标的系统最小惯量需求,将非线性的频率稳定约束转化为线性的最小惯量约束加入调度模型之中。其次,利用含模糊参数的机会约束表达源荷不确定性对于联合系统的影响,建立模糊参数下的系统优化调度模型。最后,通过IEEE 30节点系统验证了该模型的经济性与安全性。

光伏光热-双源热泵系统地区适用性研究

利用TRNSYS软件建立了光伏光热-双源热泵(PV/T-DSHP)系统仿真模型,选取拉萨和上海对PV/T-DSHP系统的运行特性进行了模拟分析,对不同室外气象条件(环境温度、太阳辐照度)下单一光伏-空气源热泵(PV-ASHP)系统和光伏光热-水源热泵(PV/T-WSHP)系统的性能系数进行了对比分析。结果表明:PV/T-DSHP系统在拉萨和上海的供暖季平均系统性能系数(COP s)分别为4.23和3.34;在太阳能资源一般区和丰富区,PV/T-WSHP系统较PV-ASHP系统在根据环境温度和太阳辐照度划定的最佳COP*s运行区域内运行更具性能优势。

一种考虑光伏发电系统的广义综合模型

分布式光伏发电系统(photovoltaic generation systems,PVGS)深刻影响了配网侧综合负荷特性,研究考虑分布式光伏发电系统的配网侧广义综合负荷模型是解决分布式光伏发电系统参与电网仿真的有效途径。简述了光伏电池模型及PVGS的并网控制策略,基于MATLAB/Simulink搭建了PVGS仿真平台;通过仿真并分析PVGS动态特性,提出一种适合广义负荷建模的PVGS外特性等效模型——恒功率并联过阻尼状态的电阻、电感及电容(resistance-inductance-capacitance,RLC)串联电路,进行并通过了有效性检验;将PVGS等效模型并联经典综合负荷模型(classic load model,CLM),构建了考虑分布式PVGS的配网侧广义综合负荷模型。通过对比分析此广义综合负荷模型与已有广义综合负荷模型的描述性能,仿真表明本文模型的精确性更好,尤其是多场景下的描述能力;讨论了模型参数的稳定性,结果表明稳定性良好。