基于Bag-of-phrases的图像表示方法

在过去的几年,将图像内容表示为特定"视觉词"出现次数直方图的Bag-of-words模型,展示了其在图像内容分类方面的强大优势.然而,在这种统计特定"视觉词"出现次数直方图的模型中,"视觉词"之间的相互位置关系几乎被完全丢弃了.本文从分析Bag-of-words模型在文本分类和图像内容分类领域的对应关系的角度出发,提出一种加入"视觉词"之间的相互位置关系的图像表示方法—Bag-of-phrases模型.在标准数据集上验证了该图像表示方法对图像内容分类性能的影响.实验结果显示,本文提出的方法相对于传统的Bag-of-words模型可以达到更好的分类性能.

Idioms,Collocations,Formulaic Phrases and Second Language Acquisition

Idioms,collocations,and formulaic phrases are three factors playing the important role in the second language acquisition(SLA).This essay firstly deals with the definitions of these concepts,then it illustrates the importance of them to SLA on two perspectives—idioms,collocations,and formulaic phrases respectively and they regarded as a whole.Therefore,in this way,the essay may lead to the answer the question“How are idioms,collocations,and formulaic phrases important to SLA?”

LOOSE PHRASE EXTRACTION WITH n-BEST ALIGNMENTS

Loose phrase extraction method is proposed and applied for phrase-based statistical ma- chine translation. The method extracts phrase pairs that are not strictly consistent with word align- ments. Two types of constraints on word positions are investigated for this method. Furthermore, n-best alignments are introduced for phrase extraction instead of the one-best. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline system, Pharaoh system, for both one-best and n-best alignments.

Translation Strategy of Metaphorical Phrases from the Cultural Perspective

Translators frequently come across metaphors and similes, which are important ways of figure of speech. Figures of speech are actually vehicles of culture, and metaphorical phrases are the essence of human's culture. So the strategies adopted in the translation of metaphors and similes are the reflection of the translators' attitude towards culture. This paper holds the belief that foreignization should be the main translation strategy when dealing with the metaphorical phrases bearing cultural connotations.

The Role of Lexical Phrases in Second Language Acquisition

This paper will firstly introduce the categories and main characteristics of English lexical phrases.Then a discussion over the function of English lexical phrases will be carried out from the angle of second language acquisition.The author holds the view that lexical phrases play an important role in second language acquisition,which can be summarized as follows:firstly,the acceleration of language fluency;secondly,the improvement of lexical selection ability;thirdly,the enhancement of pragmatic awareness.

Layers of the Determiner Phrase in Mandarin Chinese

There are three probabilities to claim that Mandarin Chinese has multiple Determiner Phrase （DP） structures： （1） Simpson （2001） takes “de” in nominal phrase as the head of the structure： “Zhangsan de shu” is a DP and “de” is the head D. In this theory, when “de” and demonstratives like “this/that” appear in the same structure, there is going to be a multiple DP structure. （2） Huang, Li ＆ Li （2008） take both pronouns and demonstratives as the heads of the appositive structures like “tamen zhe sange haizi”. In this opinion, Mandarin Chinese has Split-D structures like Italian, Hungarian and Greek. （3） It seems that a Mandarin DP could have double heads D when two determiners both appear in the same structure. In “renhe zhe lei wenti”, the determiners “renhe” and “zhe” both appear. The structure is going to be analyzed as a multiple DP or a Split-D structure. However, the paper proves that Mandarin Chinese has no multiple DP structures, not like Italian, Hungarian or Greek.

The Characteristics of the Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases in Business English Contracts and Translation

A majority of contracts will use many prepositions and prepositional phrases to reflect their preciseness which cause the treaty wording complicated and hard to understand. This paper tends to demonstrate the characteristics of the prepositions and prepositional phrases used in business English contracts and explore the translation strategies used in translating the features of the prepositions and the prepositional phrases in business English contracts. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for the majority of the trade workers, which can help them accurately and effectively draft or translate a contract and avoid unnecessary disputes.

基于统计特征的Quality Phrase挖掘方法

Quality Phrase挖掘是从文本语料库中提取有意义短语的过程,是文档摘要、信息检索等任务的基础。然而现有的无监督短语挖掘方法存在候选短语质量不高、Quality Phrase的特征权重平均分配的问题。本文提出基于统计特征的Quality Phrase挖掘方法,将频繁N-Gram挖掘、多词短语组合性约束及单词短语拼写检查相结合,保证了候选短语的质量;引入公共知识库对候选短语添加类别标签,实现了Quality Phrase特征权重的分配,并考虑特征之间相互影响设置惩罚因子调整权重比例;按照候选短语的特征加权函数得分排序,提取Quality Phrase。实验结果表明,基于统计特征的Quality Phrase挖掘方法明显提高了短语挖掘的精度,与最优的无监督短语挖掘方法相比,精确率、召回率及F1-Score分别提升了5.97%,1.77%和4.02%。

Wolf Phrases

a lone wolf独居单干的人the big bad wolf大坏蛋wolf in sheep’s clothing披着羊皮的狼ugly enough to tree a wolf丑陋至极have a wolf in the

The Point Approach and the Phrase Approach to Vocabulary Learning

As is known to all, vocabulary acquisition plays an essential role in English learning. However, it was supposed very difficult to many Chinese learners. For the reason that so many kinds of approaches exists in the real life, English learners are always do not know which one is suitable and more effective. To solve this problem, the paper will analyze two approaches (point approach and phrase approach) for you.

A Phrase Topic Model Based on Distributed Representation

Traditional topic models have been widely used for analyzing semantic topics from electronic documents.However,the obvious defects of topic words acquired by them are poor in readability and consistency.Only the domain experts are possible to guess their meaning.In fact,phrases are the main unit for people to express semantics.This paper presents a Distributed Representation-Phrase Latent Dirichlet Allocation(DR-Phrase LDA)which is a phrase topic model.Specifically,we reasonably enhance the semantic information of phrases via distributed representation in this model.The experimental results show the topics quality acquired by our model is more readable and consistent than other similar topic models.

Hybrid Neural Network for Automatic Recovery of Elliptical Chinese Quantity Noun Phrases

In Mandarin Chinese,when the noun head appears in the context,a quantity noun phrase can be reduced to a quantity phrase with the noun head omitted.This phrase structure is called elliptical quantity noun phrase.The automatic recovery of elliptical quantity noun phrase is crucial in syntactic parsing,semantic representation and other downstream tasks.In this paper,we propose a hybrid neural network model to identify the semantic category for elliptical quantity noun phrases and realize the recovery of omitted semantics by supplementing concept categories.Firstly,we use BERT to generate character-level vectors.Secondly,Bi-LSTM is applied to capture the context information of each character and compress the input into the context memory history.Then CNN is utilized to capture the local semantics of n-grams with various granularities.Based on the Chinese Abstract Meaning Representation(CAMR)corpus and Xinhua News Agency corpus,we construct a hand-labeled elliptical quantity noun phrase dataset and carry out the semantic recovery of elliptical quantity noun phrase on this dataset.The experimental results show that our hybrid neural network model can effectively improve the performance of the semantic complement for the elliptical quantity noun phrases.

TAV of English Finite Verb Phrase

It is widely known that a finite verb phrase(fVP)of a clause in English consists of three components:tense,aspect and voice.While the two tenses,present and past,and the two voices,active and passive,are recognized and generally agreed,the number and constituents of aspects may not be so simple and they are open to dispute.This paper proposes that a new aspect,the“modal”aspect,be included in addition to the commonly recognized ones,namely“simple”,“perfect”and“continuous”(also known as“progressive”).With the inclusion of the“modal”aspect,there are four single aspects:“simple”,“modal”,“perfect”and“continuous”.They can be combined to form multiple aspects according to the aforesaid sequence.The“modal”aspect is realized with a modal verb(any ofthe modal verbs will/would,shall/should,can/could,may/might,must,ought to,used to and the two semi-modals,“need”and“dare”in interrogative and negative structures).Whenever a modal verb is used,the verb phrase is in the modal aspect.The modal verb to be used is for the interlocutor to decide and falls beyond this discussion,which focuses on the structure of the fVP of the English language.The two tenses,eight aspects and two voices(active and passive)make up the 32 TAVs(an acronym formed with“Tense”,“Aspect”and“Voice”)of the English fVP.The“discovery”of the“modal”aspect and its incorporation in the aspect system of English might have a significant impact on the learning of English for non-native speakers as they would have a clearer and more precise concept about the“TAVs”of the English fVP.

Acquiring synonymous attribute phrases for named entities via online encyclopedia

In this work,an approach is proposed to acquire synonymous attribute phrases of named entities(NEs) from an online encyclopedia.Synonymous attribute phrases are the phrases that express the same attribute with different surface forms for a class of NEs.Specifically,the proposed approach is composed of three stages.Firstly,the entries related to a given NE class are automatically selected from an online encyclopedia.Secondly,attribute phrases are extracted based on the statistics of phrase frequency.Thirdly,synonymous attributes are identified in a pairwise manner through a classification framework combining multiple features.The proposed approach is applied on Baidu Baike,a Chinese online encyclopedia,for four different NE classes.Experimental results show that the approach obtains an average precision of 74%and an average F-value of 65%for the four NE classes.In particular,thousands of synonymous attribute phrase pairs are acquired for each class,which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

An Inductive Method with Genetic Algorithm for Learning Phrase－structure－rule of Natural Language

This paper describes an Inductive method with gnnetic search which learns attribute based phraserllle of natural laguage from set of preclassified examples. Every example is described with some attributes/values. This algorithm takes an example as a seed, generalizes it by genetic process, and makes it cover as many examples as possible. We use genetic operator in population to perform a probabilistic parallel search in rule space and it will reduce greatly possibe rule search space compared with many other inductive methods. In this paper, we give description of attribute, word, dictionary and rule at first. then we describe learning algoritm and genetic search Proctess, and at last, we give a computing method abour quility of roule C(r).

DOG PHRASES

It has been said that if a dog bires a man, that is ont news to be published on the front page of a newspaper…, it has happened so many times before. But, if a man bites a dog, that might make frontpage news.

The Structure of a Noun Phrase in Ezha, Ethio-Semitic

This article is meant to provide a descriptive account of a noun phrase in the Ezha language. By so doing, no particular theoretical assumption is adhered to; the data analysis is dictated by a purely descriptive perspective. Data for the study were accessed by consulting native speakers through elicitation augmented by recording of spontaneous speech. A noun phrase in Ezha is found out to be built out of a head noun alone or a head noun together with (a) dependent(s). In situations where a noun phrase is made up of a head noun along with dependents, the dependents can be a noun, an adjective, a numeral, a demonstrative and/or a relative clause. The phrase is always head-final.

USE OF PARAPHRASE IN ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING

In advanced stage of English language learning,students would meet witmany difficulties in understanding English in the original.Traditionaltranslation method fails to help students to overcome these difficulties,forin translation,they might give a word-for-word version.Translation inmother tongue is able to pour the surface meaning into students’brains,butit is not able to build a bridge from the surface meaning to the implicationin deep structures,and the original language materials can hardly be explo-ited to improve students’command of expression techniches.To avoid

CHINA KEY PHRASES

In this column we introduce phrases frequently used in the Chinese media and by the Chinese government, thereby providing a succinct overview of China’s political thinking, its policies, and ongoing reforms and transitions.

Negation and Semantic Interpretation of Wh-phrases

Chinesewh-phrasesareintriguingbecausetheirsemanticinterpretationsvaryaccordingtotheenvironmentsinwhichtheyappear.TheseaffectivecontextswhichlicenseanindefinitereadingofawhphrasehavebeeninvestigatedbyHuang(1982),Cheng(1991),Li(1992),Lin(1996,1998)amon...