Analysis of evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at a burial depth of 0 m in an arid area

High-salinity phreatic water refers to which with total dissolved solids（TDS）>30 g/L. Previous studies have shown that high salinity phreatic water evaporation is different at different depths. High salinity phreatic water evaporation under 0 m depth is the basis of the high salinity phreatic water evaporation studies. In this study, evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at a burial depth of 0 m in arid area was investigated. New insights were gained on evaporation mechanisms via experiments conducted on high-salinity phreatic water with TDS of 100 g/L at 0 m at the study site at Changji Groundwater Balance Experiment Site, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China, where the lithology of the vadose（unsaturated zone） was silty clay. Comparison was made on the data of high-salinity phreatic water evaporation, water surface evaporation(EΦ20) and meteorological data obtained in two complete hydrological years from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2014. The experiments demonstrated that when the lithology of the vadose zone is silty clay, the burial depth is 0 m and the TDS is 100 g/L, intra-annual variation of phreatic water evaporation is the opposite to the variation of atmospheric evaporation EΦ20 and air temperature. The salt crust formed by the evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water has a strong inhibitory effect on phreatic water evaporation. Large volumes of precipitation can reduce such an inhibitory effect. During freezing periods, surface snow cover can promote the evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at 0 m; the thicker the snow cover, the more apparent this effect is.

Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain, China

When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change.

Stable Isotopes and Chloride Applied as Soil Water Tracers for Phreatic Evaporation Experiment

A phreatic water evaporation experiment,without rainfall influence,was designed to study the mechanisms of soil water movement through groundwater recharge to the unsaturated zone. Soil moisture content,chloride concentration,and δD and δ~18 O values of soil water were measured. Results showthat with decreasing soil moisture content,the chloride concentration of leachate( ρ_f(Cl)) in the capillary water layer decreases,whereas the ρ_f(Cl) value of the hanging and film water layers above the capillary water layer increases. With the combined δD and δ~18 O values,the soil water in the hanging and film water layers is influenced by evaporation,although a dry sand layer of 39 cm exists above the wet sand layer. The highest evaporation rate and the largest salt accumulation occur at a depth of about 39 cm in columns d,e,and f(Six polyvinyl chloride columns were assigned as column a,b,c,d,e,and f). We deduce that soil water migrates in the form of liquid water above the capillary water layer. In the experiment,a part of phreatic water consumed is used for the movement of soil water,whereas the other part is lost to evaporation. Soil water could continue migrating upward with prolonged experiment duration.

Comparing phreatic evaporation at zero water table depth with water surface evaporation

Salt-affected soils are mostly found in irrigated areas within arid and semi-arid regions where the groundwater table is shallow.Soils of this type have become an increasingly severe problem because they threaten both the environment and the sustainable development of irrigated agriculture.A tool to estimate phreatic evaporation is therefore urgently required to minimize the salinization potential of salt-affected areas.In this context,phreatic evaporation at zero water table depth(E_0)is a key parameter for establishing a model for calculating phreatic evaporation.The aim of this study was to explore the law of phreatic evaporation and to develop structurally rational empirical models for calculating phreatic evaporation,based on E_0 data of six types of soil(i.e.,gravel,fine sand,sandy loam,light loam,medium loam,and heavy loam)observed using the non-weighing lysimeter and water surface evaporation(E_(601))data observed using a E601 evaporator of same evaporation area with a lysimeter-tube at the groundwater balance station of the Weigan River Management Office in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,during the non-freezing period(April to October)between 1990 and 1994.The relationship between E_0and E_(601) was analyzed,the relationship between the ratio of E_0 to E_(601) and the mechanical compositions of different soils was presented,and the factors influencing E_0 were discussed.The results of this study reveal that E_0 is not equal to E_(601).In fact,only values of the former for fine sand are close to those of the latter.Data also show that E_0 values are related to soil texture as well as to potential atmospheric evaporation,the ratio of E_0 to E_(601) and the silt-clay particle content(grain diameter less than 0.02 mm)is negatively exponentially correlated,and that soil thermal capacity plays a key role in phreatic evaporation at E_0.The results of this analysis therefore imply that the treatment of zero phreatic depth is an essential requirement when constructing groundwater balance stations to study the law of phreatic evaporation.

塔里木盆地塔河油田逆冲背斜区奥陶系古暗河系统发育特征

塔里木盆地塔河油田古暗河系统研究尚处于初始阶段,主要从暗河的深浅分布、结构样式等特征开展暗河洞穴的划分,较少从构造、断裂、古地貌、地下水位等地质方面综合分析复杂暗河系统的空间发育规律,致使暗河的主次从属关系、空间叠置样式、原始连通关系难以厘清,从而制约了塔河油田开发后期的综合治理研究。为了明确塔河油田主体区逆冲背斜区奥陶系古暗河系统发育特征,利用构造断裂解析、古地貌恢复、地震属性刻画、纵断剖面解读等方法进行了S67井区古暗河的类型识别、系统划分和地质成因研究,尤其首次识别并剖析了潜流回流暗河。结果表明,S67井区处于塔河主体区岩溶台原南缘的低地势区,发育幅差较小的峰丛洼地、溶丘洼地,地表水系下切深度较浅;逆冲背斜为低角度逆冲推覆构造样式,逆冲背斜之上的网格状断裂为多层状暗河系统提供有利溶蚀通道。研究区奥陶系发育相对独立的、树枝状结构的地下水位暗河系统和潜流带暗河系统,地下水位型暗河可分为主干型、支流型和废弃型,潜流回流暗河可分为上升型、对称型。控制逆冲背斜区古暗河发育的主要因素有古地貌、地下水位、逆冲背斜构造和次级断裂网络等。

水文地质单元交界区潜水水化学特征及演化分析:以泰州市区为例

泰州市区位于长江北部三角洲平原水文地质亚区与里下河低洼湖荡平原水文地质亚区的交界带。为对比研究两亚区潜水层的水化学特征,通过电荷平衡、统计分析、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比例、相关分析等方法,分析了水化学主要指标空间分布、水化学类型、相关联系、离子来源,探讨了水化学演化的成因及两亚区的差异来源。结果表明:区内潜水阳离子含量Ca^(2+)>Na^(+)>Mg^(2+)>K^(+),阴离子含量HCO_(3)^(-)>SO_(4)^(2-)>Cl^(-),北部多为微咸水,中南部以淡水为主,主要指标含量从北到南逐渐降低,水化学特征以硅酸盐风化类水岩作用为主,全新世海侵的遗留成分仅对北部潜水有少量影响,人类活动影响均以农业灌溉为主,阳离子交换作用以正向阳离子交换的方式发生。亚区间水化学成分和水化学类型差异明显,两亚区水化学特征差异的主要成因是全新世海退后迥异的沉积环境以及地貌的影响。

河渠附近潜水一维非稳定流模型Fourier快解求解

对垂向交换量影响下的河渠附近潜水一维非稳定流模型,采用Boussinesq方程的第一线性化方法,在利用Fourier变换求解时,随河渠水位f(t)的变化,需要复杂繁琐的积分变换过程。在f(t)不直接参与变换的前提下,将f(t)用运算符代替并运行于变换过程中,依据Fourier变换的微分性质和卷积定理等性质,建立这类模型普遍适用的含f(t)的理论通用解;依据理论通用解,给出f(t)为几个常用函数时的模型解析解;利用理论通用解的求解方法,可避免大部分繁杂的积分变换运算过程。针对不同的河渠水位变动与垂向补给组合条件,建立利用潜水位动态监测数据计算模型参数的拐点法和配线法;实例演示,模型参数的求算过程。

Water in the Mogao Grottoes,China:where it comes from and how it is driven

The Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in China was designated as a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1987 and is famous for its cultural relics. Water is the most active factor that harms the relics in the caves as it damages the grotto murals and painted sculptures. Thus, determining the water sources and driving forces of water movement is a key issue for protecting these cultural relics. These issues have troubled relics protectors for a long time. In this study, the authors chose a representative cave in the Mogao Grottoes and, by completely sealing the cave to make a closed system, measured the water vapor from the surrounding rock. This was accomplished by installing a condensation–dehumidification temperature–humidity control system for the collection of water vapor. The results show that there is continuous evaporation from the deep surrounding rock into the cave. The daily evaporation capacity is determined to be 1.02 g/(d?m2). The water sources and driving forces of water movement were further analyzed according to the character of the water evaporation and by monitoring the temperature and humidity of the surrounding rock. It was found that the water vapor in the cave derives from phreatic water. Moreover, the yearly fluctuation of temperature in the surrounding rock and geothermal forces are the basic powers responsible for driving phreatic evaporation. Under the action of the yearly temperature fluctuations, decomposition and combination of bound water acts as a "pump" that drives phreatic water migration and evaporation. When the temperature rises, bound water decomposes and evaporates; and when it falls, the rock absorbs moisture. This causes the phreatic water to move from deep regions to shallow ones. Determining the source and dynamic foundation of the water provides a firm scientific basis for protecting the valuable cultural relics in the caves.

Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain

Based on three typical mediums(sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that:(1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation.(2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest.(3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately.(4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.

Investigation on the relation between the gravity anomaly，crustal deformation and underground water

Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｇｒａｖｉｔｙａｎｏｍａｌｙ，ｃｒｕｓｔａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｎｄｅｒｇｒｏｕｎｄｗａｔｅｒＸｕｅ－ＦａｎｇＷＵ（吴雪芳），Ｓｈｉ－ＨｕａＴＩＡＮ（田世华）ａｎｄＧｕ...

Solution and its application of transient stream/groundwater model subjected to time-dependent vertical seepage

Based on the first linearized Boussinesq equation,the analytical solution of the transient groundwater model,which is used for describing phreatic flow in a semi- infinite aquifer bounded by a linear stream and subjected to time-dependent vertical seepage,is derived out by Laplace transform and the convolution integral.According to the mathematical characteristics of the solution,different methods for estimating aquifer parameters are constructed to satisfy different hydrological conditions.Then,the equation for estimating water exchange between stream and aquifer is proposed,and a recursion equation or estimating the intensity of phreatic evaporation is also proposed.A phreatic aquifer stream system located in Hualbei Plain,Anhui Province,China,is taken as an example to demonstrate the estimation process of the methods stated herein.

淮北平原潜水动态变化对降雨入渗影响研究进展

针对淮北平原区潜水埋深较浅和动态变化较显著的特点,分析和总结了降雨入渗影响因素、入渗机理与入渗过程数值模拟等主要内容的研究进展,提出下一步需要开展不同潜水控制埋深的降雨入渗实验模拟和监测。从理论层面剖析并阐明淮北平原区潜水动态变化影响降雨入渗机理,并提出了关键科学问题及研究展望,以期为进一步丰富和完善平原区水文循环理论和模拟方法提供基础支撑。

采煤沉陷区动态预复垦理论分析及工程实践

在我国东部高潜水位矿区,由于单一厚煤层和多煤层的长时间无序开采,形成了大面积的非稳沉区及积水区,致使耕地面积急剧减少,若不及时治理则会导致治理成本增加、复垦效率降低等一系列问题。本着从“末端治理”向“源头控制”、“过程管理”与“防治结合”的理念,在现有研究成果的基础上,对动态预复垦从原理、优势、关键技术等多个方面进行综合分析,并结合工程实例对动态预复垦的整体技术体系与实施方法进行深入剖析。结果表明:动态预复垦能够将采矿与复垦有效结合,通过合理分区、科学确定标高、表土有效剥覆等手段,可有效保护和利用浅部耕作土层的土地资源,缩短土地恢复治理时间,效益显著。

矿井涌水量预测及其对沙漠植被的影响

矿井涌水对井下安全生产存在潜在威胁,同时可能引发因矿区地下水位下降造成的地表植被难以逆转的演替退化。针对涌水量数值模型构建时边界条件概化不准确和水文地质参数选用不可靠等关键问题,以准确预测矿井涌水量保障煤层安全开采为目标,并为研究区沙漠植被的保护提供理论和数据支撑,选择以天然边界作为研究区周界,在充分收集与分析钻探、物探、抽水试验、地下水长观和矿井采空区范围及其涌水量等资料的基础上反复修正模型,构建了较为逼真的地下水三维非稳定流数值模型。此外依据矿井采空区拓展进程及其涌水量和地下水监测数据等进行模型模拟识别,论证了该模型的合理性和可靠性。利用所建立的数值模型预测了煤层开采条件下的矿井涌水量和潜水位降深场,进而基于潜水位埋深与沙漠植被关系分析了潜水位下降对沙漠植被的影响。结果表明:根据矿区先期煤层开采预测矿井涌水量为3.08×10^(4)m^(3)/d,引起矿区内潜水位下降2.08~2.35 m,将导致矿区内代表性植被沙柳和小叶杨的长势变差、甚至部分枯萎,呈现由中生植被类型向旱生植被方向的演替趋势。研究结果为研究区提供了较准确的涌水量预测值,可以为制定科学有效的矿区沙漠植被保护措施以及为类似地下水流数值模型的构建提供可靠的思路。

冻融作用下土壤不均匀系数对潜水与土壤水转化的影响

为了揭示冻融过程中土壤不均匀系数对潜水与土壤水转化的影响,在室内进行了-10、-20和-25℃依次降温恒温冻结62 d和自然消融10 d的冻融试验,研究了不均匀系数(Cu)为2.00(土柱A)、3.70(土柱B)、6.36(土柱C)、16.18(土柱D)和20.67(土柱E)的5个土柱在0.5 m地下水位埋深下的土壤温度、潜水蒸发量及潜水回补量变化特征。结果表明:在冻融过程中,土壤颗粒的不均匀系数越大,土壤剖面温度变化幅度越大。随着土壤深度的增加,土柱A和土柱E冻结结束时的温度差减小,不均匀系数对土壤剖面温度的影响减小。冻结0~3 d时,土柱A、B、C、D和E的潜水蒸发速率分别为0.11、0.15、0.23、0.27和0.39 mm/d,潜水蒸发速率相对较小,但不均匀系数越大,潜水蒸发速率越大;冻结结束(第62 d)时土柱A、B、C、D和E的累积潜水蒸发量分别为15.17、21.46、28.23、34.96和38.65 mm,累积潜水蒸发量与土壤不均匀系数较好的符合对数函数的关系,潜水与土壤水的转化量随土壤颗粒不均匀系数增大而增加。

生态脆弱区采煤沉陷扰动下生态水位恢复程度解析研究

生态脆弱区生态水位变异程度对区域生态地质环境保护至关重要。煤层采动下生态水位势必发生变异,当前研究集中于采动潜水渗漏下生态水位下降,极少考虑潜水不渗漏/采煤沉陷扰动下生态水位恢复程度。为此,采用地下水动力学、地下水位实测、数理统计、综合分析等方法,提出以“判别煤层采动下潜水渗漏状态→实测采煤工作面生态水位变化→建立生态水位恢复程度井流解析模型→预测不同生态水位恢复时间→对比不同生态水位恢复时间解析值与实测值”为思路的解析方法,研究生态脆弱区采煤沉陷扰动下生态水位恢复程度。结果表明:(1)基于“关键层位置+薄板理论+土拱效应+下行裂隙”建立了采动覆岩–土结构下导水裂隙发育高度计算方法,克服了现有经验公式未考虑土层效应导致的预测精度不足,结合残余隔水层厚度与潜水渗漏状态,实现了采动潜水渗漏状态判别;(2)采煤沉陷扰动下实测生态水位呈现“先迅速下降–缓慢回升–趋于稳定”的变化规律,但采后生态水位不能完全恢复至采前状态;(3)建立了采煤沉陷扰动下生态水位恢复程度井流解析模型,预计生态水位3个不同恢复程度的恢复时间解析值,对比于实测值,两者时间误差均小于10%;(4)从地表地形地貌、大气降雨补给、潜水含水层补径排、矿区井下疏放水等角度探讨了采后生态水位未完全恢复至采前状态原因。

高潜水位采煤沉陷区水质评价与污染因子识别

淮南矿区潜水位高,采煤沉陷区范围广、面积大、水质监测数据缺失,水环境问题较突出,开展大尺度的沉陷区水质评价及污染因子识别,对于区域水环境治理工作意义重大。通过采集、测试研究区175个样点的水样,采用内梅罗污染指数法对沉陷区水域进行水质评价,采用综合营养状态指数法进行水体富营养化状态评价。结果表明:(1)开放型沉陷区Cu、As和Cr的水质评价等级为优良,DO、COD、NH_(3)-N、Hg、F^(-)评价等级为良好,TN、TP评价等级为较好。封闭型沉陷区,对标地表水Ⅲ类标准,Cu、Cr水质评价等级为优良,NH_(3)-N、Hg、As、DO为良好,COD、TN为较好,TP、F^(-)为较差;对标地表水Ⅴ类标准,NH_(3)-N、Hg、As、Cu、Cr的评价等级为优良,DO、COD、TP、TN为良好,F^(-)为较好。(2)研究区综合营养指数范围为40~90,平均68.61,属于中度富营养,沉陷区水体营养水平适中。175个水样中,轻度富营养占比8.57%,中度富营养占比51.43%,中营养占比2.29%,重度富营养占比37.71%。(3)对标《地表水环境质量标准》,常规指标中DO、NH_(3)-N超过Ⅴ类占比极小,而COD、TP、TN超过Ⅴ类占比较大;研究区所有水域均无重金属超标现象,测试结果极佳;无机阴离子指标F^(-)超过Ⅴ类占比较大。开放型沉陷区水域水质状况整体优于封闭型。对于开放型水域,张集、潘一沉陷区TP、F^(-)指标均较差;对于封闭型水域,潘一、潘三、顾桥、顾北、张集沉陷区TP指标较差,F^(-)污染分布呈现地域特征,淮河以北普遍较差,淮河以南普遍优良。所有水域的Cr、Cu、Hg、As、NH_(3)-N、TN、COD、DO指标均处于“优良-较好”区间内;开放型水域的F^(-)、TP指标均处于“优良-较好”区间内;封闭型水域中潘集片区F^(-)和凤台颍上片区TP均处于“较差”区间内;区域污染程度表现为凤台颍上片区>潘集片区>老矿区。(4)从保护煤矿区生态环境的角度出发,综合考虑2种污染因子识别方法的特性,最终确定淮南矿区采煤沉陷区污染因子有COD、TP、TN和F^(-)。本次水质评价工作识别了淮南采煤沉陷区污染因子,为地方政府和企业制定生态环保决策提供重要数据支撑。

江汉平原冷浸田地区地下水特征研究

冷浸田地区因土壤发生层长期遭到地下水浸渍而导致作物减产明显。为研究冷浸田的成因及其地下水特征,选取江汉平原为研究区,以遥感影像、气象和近30年的典型冷浸田地区地下水水位监测数据为基础,采用空间分析和相关性分析等方法,研究江汉平原冷浸田的分布特征及影响因素、地下水水位埋深的时空变化规律和地下水环境特征。结果表明,2021年江汉平原冷浸田主要分布在监利、汉川、洪湖、仙桃、潜江等地区,分布范围相比20世纪80年代呈减少趋势;冷浸田的分布与潜水位埋深有着十分密切的联系,水位埋深较浅的地区容易诱发冷浸田;年内主汛期潜水水位埋深较浅,更易发生冷浸田现象;近30年来,冷浸田地区地下水水位埋深整体呈增大趋势;降雨是诱发冷浸田的重要影响因素;冷浸田分布地区的地下水处于强还原环境,铁、锰和硫化物等还原性物质易大量积累。

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,于2012年4月1日~2014年3月31日在新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站开展了不同总溶解固体（0.8 g/L、30 g/L和100 g/L）、不同包气带岩性（细砂和粉质黏土）和不同潜水埋深（0 m、0.5m、1.0 m、2.0 m和3.0 m）潜水蒸发量的监测工作。结果表明：当潜水埋深大于0.5 m时,包气带岩性对高总溶解固体（Total Dissolved Solids,TDS）潜水蒸发量的影响与淡水基本一致;潜水埋深0.5 m、TDS为30 g/L时,包气带岩性的差异对潜水蒸发量的影响远小于由于潜水的TDS和外界大气蒸发能力对潜水蒸发共同造成的影响;潜水位埋深为0 m、TDS为100 g/L、包气带为粉质黏土时,年内潜水蒸发趋势与大气蒸发能力EΦ20的趋势相反;潜水埋深0.5~1.0 m时,在非冻结期随着TDS的升高,潜水蒸发量逐渐减小;当潜水埋深为3.0 m时,TDS的变化对潜水蒸发抑制作用存在滞后性。

华北平原桓台县地下水硝态氮含量的空间变异规律及其成因分析

对华北平原桓台县584个潜水水样的硝态氮含量进行了测定,应用地统计学方法对数据进行了分析,结果表明潜水硝态氮含量符合对数正态分布。采用Kriging方法对未观测点进行了估值,并绘制了等值线图,按照国家地下水质量标准划分的5个等级,利用GIS空间分析方法分别统计了各个乡镇潜水中硝态氮各等级的面积。同时把各乡镇单位面积化肥、人畜排泄、污水灌溉以及总的氮素年投入量与其潜水中硝态氮的平均含量分别进行了相关性分析,发现污水灌溉投入的氮素和各类氮素的总投入与潜水中硝态氮含量均有显著的相关关系,结果表明,污水灌溉对当地潜水硝态氮含量的影响很大,同时在对区域潜水硝态氮贡献的成因分析时必须考虑区域氮素的总投入。