THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NANSHA ISLANDS

Qwing to the unique environments,rich marine resources, monsoon climate and ocean current, the Chinese fishennen from Hainan and Guangdong came to the Nansha Islands 2000 years ago. They have kept engnging in the developmen of production since then. The rich historical records and a lot of cultural relics have proved this.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Antifungal Ionic Liquid-Incorporated Dental Tissue Conditioner

Denture stomatitis and fungal infection are commonly found in long-time denture wearer. Ionic liquids have been used as plasticizer and also possess antimicrobial activity. In this study, ionic liquid in form of 1-Decyl-3-methy-limidazolium chloride was incorporated into tissue conditioner (GC Soft-liner TM) to improve antifungal activity. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. Compliance was carried out using penetration test according to ISO 10139-1. Weight change, water absorption and solubility were determined by weight measurement. Conventional and nystatin-incorporated tissue conditioner served as controls. Results showed that ionic liquid-incorporated tissue conditioner significantly decreased fungal formation, both in material suspension and on material surface. The penetration depth of all groups tended to reduce over time with no significant difference at each time point. After water immersion, ionic liquid- and nystatin-incorporated tissue conditioner gained weight while conventional group showed weight loss. The percentage of water absorption of conventional group was significantly lower than ionic liquid and nystatin group, while the percentage of water solubility of nystatin group was significantly higher than others. Our work indicated that antifungal ionic liquid-incorporated tissue conditioner met the standard criteria in terms of material compliance. However, further studies including dynamic viscoelastic property are needed before clinical trial or application.

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis （CA） for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity （B-IBI） were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BODs, CODcr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of fiver ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assessment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 ＂healthy＂ and ＂sub-healthy＂ sites and 8 ＂sub-sick＂ and ＂sick＂ sites.

The effects of plyometric jump training on physical fitness attributes in basketball players:A meta-analysis`

Background:There is a growing body of experimental evidence examining the effects of plyometric jump training(PJT)on physical fitness attributes in basketball players;however,this evidence has not yet been comprehensively and systematically aggregated.Therefore,our objective was to meta-analyze the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes in basketball players,in comparison to a control condition.Methods:A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed,Web of Science,and Scopus,up to July 2020.Peer-reviewed controlled trials with baseline and follow-up measurements investigating the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes(muscle power,i.e.,jumping performance,linear sprint speed,change-of-direction speed,balance,and muscle strength)in basketball players,with no restrictions on their playing level,sex,or age.Hedge’s g effect sizes(ES)were calculated for physical fitness variables.Using a random-effects model,potential sources of heterogeneity were selected,including subgroup analyses(age,sex,body mass,and height)and single training factor analysis(program duration,training frequency,and total number of training sessions).Computation of metaregression was also performed.Results:Thirty-two studies were included,involving 818 total basketball players.Significant(p<0.05)small-to-large effects of PJT were evident on vertical jump power(ES=0.45),countermovement jump height with(ES=1.24)and without arm swing(ES=0.88),squat jump height(ES=0.80),drop jump height(ES=0.53),horizontal jump distance(ES=0.65),linear sprint time across distances≤10 m(ES=1.67)and>10 m(ES=0.92),change-of-direction performance time across distances≤40 m(ES=1.15)and>40 m(ES=1.02),dynamic(ES=1.16)and static balance(ES=1.48),and maximal strength(ES=0.57).The meta-regression revealed that training duration,training frequency,and total number of sessions completed did not predict the effects of PJT on physical fitness attributes.Subgroup analysis indicated greater improvements in older compared to younger players in horizontal jump distance(>17.15 years,ES=2.11;≤17.15 years,ES=0.10;p<0.001),linear sprint time>10 m(>16.3 years,ES=1.83;≤16.3 years,ES=0.36;p=0.010),and change-of-direction performance time≤40 m(>16.3 years,ES=1.65;≤16.3 years,ES=0.75;p=0.005).Greater increases in horizontal jump distance were apparent with>2 compared with≤2 weekly PJT sessions(ES=2.12 and ES=0.39,respectively;p<0.001).Conclusion:Data from 32 studies(28 of which demonstrate moderate-to-high methodological quality)indicate PJT improves muscle power,linear sprint speed,change-of-direction speed,balance,and muscle strength in basketball players independent of sex,age,or PJT program variables.However,the beneficial effects of PJT as measured by horizontal jump distance,linear sprint time>10 m,and change-of-direction performance time≤40 m,appear to be more evident among older basketball players.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GENETIC ALGORITHM IN CAPTURING CONDITIONAL NONLINEAR OPTIMAL PERTURBATION WITH PARAMETERIZATION “ON-OFF” SWITCHES INCLUDED BY A MODEL

In the typhoon adaptive observation based on conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP), the ‘on-off’ switch caused by moist physical parameterization in prediction models prevents the conventional adjoint method from providing correct gradient during the optimization process. To address this problem, the capture of CNOP, when the "on-off" switches are included in models, is treated as non-smooth optimization in this study, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced. After detailed algorithm procedures are formulated using an idealized model with parameterization "on-off" switches in the forcing term, the impacts of "on-off" switches on the capture of CNOP are analyzed, and three numerical experiments are conducted to check the effectiveness of GA in capturing CNOP and to analyze the impacts of different initial populations on the optimization result. The result shows that GA is competent for the capture of CNOP in the context of the idealized model with parameterization ‘on-off’ switches in this study. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of GA in capturing CNOP are analyzed in detail.

有机源调理剂对草莓品质和土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构的影响

为提升土壤质量,减少化肥用量,改善草莓品质,本研究以草莓品种红颜为试验材料,采用大棚小区试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、有机源调理剂4800 kg/hm^(2)+常规施肥(T1)、有机源调理剂4800 kg/hm^(2)+基肥减量10%(T2)、有机源调理剂4800 kg/hm^(2)+基肥减量20%(T3)、有机源调理剂4800 kg/hm^(2)+基肥减量30%(T4)5个处理,分析有机源调理剂应用与化肥减量对草莓产量、品质、根腐病发病率以及土壤理化性质和土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,T1处理能显著提高草莓产量、土壤有机质含量和pH值,增加变形菌门和拟杆菌门细菌相对丰度。施用有机源调理剂能显著降低根腐病发病率(39.68%~64.09%)。T1和T4处理能降低放线菌门相对丰度。土壤有效磷含量、速效钾含量、有机质含量是土壤细菌群落结构的主要影响因子。T1处理对提高草莓产量和改善土壤细菌群落结构效果较好,T4处理对提高土壤有机质含量、改善团聚体结构和缓解土壤酸化效果较好。

味精尾液对菌糠-凹凸棒土盐碱地调理剂特性的影响

为了解味精尾液对菌糠-凹凸棒土盐碱地调理剂特性的改良效果,将不同浓度味精尾液分别拌入菌糠-凹凸棒土盐碱地调理剂原料中,研究不同浓度的味精尾液(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%)对菌糠-凹凸棒土盐碱地调理剂pH、成粒率及有效磷、铵态氮、碱解氮、有机质含量的影响。结果表明,增施味精尾液后,菌糠-凹凸棒土盐碱地调理剂pH有不同程度降低,其中味精尾液混合液体积浓度25%处理的pH最低,较对照不添加味精尾液低1.1;成粒率、有效磷、铵态氮、碱解氮、有机质含量均有所上升。其中以味精尾液混合液25%处理最好,与对照相比,成粒率增加11.97个百分点,有效磷增加263.33 mg/kg,铵态氮增加104.87 mg/kg,碱解氮增加1279.68 mg/kg,有机质增加14.02 g/kg。对速效钾和钠的影响不大。说明味精尾液改良菌糠-凹凸棒土盐碱地调理剂的效果明显,且以25%的味精尾液浓度最好。

油页岩半焦基矿物生物炭对土壤理化性状影响研究

将油页岩半焦进行碳化后生产出的矿物生物炭与秸秆生物炭进行理化性能对比分析,并在甘肃省马军坪、张掖、白银3地的试验田进行了相关应用试验。研究结果表明,矿物生物炭比表面积较大、孔径小、具有一定疏水性,与秸秆生物炭类似,含有较高的养分,作为土壤改良剂可在一定程度上提升土壤肥力,有利于改良土壤结构、透气性、透水性及保水能力,作为农业或其他工业产品原料安全可行;在碱性土壤中施用后,会对土壤酸碱度下降有一定的促进作用;增施矿物生物炭能有效提高土壤有机质、全氮、水溶性钙含量,可为矿物生物炭在甘肃省不同属性土壤改良、农田种植中规模化应用、构建高标准高质量农田提供理论基础。

凝灰岩石粉基调理剂对滨海盐碱地改良效果研究

在石料开采过程中,凝灰岩会产生巨量伴生性废弃石粉,影响矿山的绿色可持续发展。为探讨废弃凝灰岩石粉的资源化利用途径,以石粉为基础,辅以不同配比的贻贝壳、生物炭、腐殖酸等,制备了凝灰岩石粉基调理剂。采用单因素控制法对植物和土壤进行对比试验,探究不同配比调理剂对土壤理化性质及小白菜生长发育的影响。结果显示:纯石粉可调节土壤pH,但添加过多(≥200 g)不利于土壤有机质及氮、磷的释放,同时,纯石粉会促进土壤的钠吸附比和交换性钠增加,加重土壤盐害。凝灰岩石粉基调理剂可有效弥补纯石粉的不足,相较对照组(CK),水解性氮、速效钾质量浓度分别提高了41.15%,10.44%,不同配比土壤调理剂中pH改良效果较好组可使其降低约0.66;同时本调理剂对作物生长也有明显促进作用,小白菜的株高较CK最多可提升35.59%。综合土壤理化指标和作物生长指标,确定纯石粉最适添加量为50 g,凝灰岩石粉基调理剂最佳配方为50 g石粉+3 g碳化后贻贝壳+10 g粗贻贝壳+5 g生物炭+5 g腐殖酸。凝灰岩石粉基调理剂的研发可为滨海盐碱地的改良提供新思路,为废弃石粉的资源化利用提供新途径。

应用腐植酸土壤调理剂改良棕壤效果研究

研究了不同腐植酸土壤调理剂施用量对棕壤区耕地土壤容重、有机质含量、全氮含量、酸碱度及玉米长势的影响。结果表明:施用活化腐植酸对于改良土壤容重具有显著作用;施用土壤调理剂及活化腐植酸均对有机质含量的提高、土壤pH值的上升具有促进作用,均能够显著增加玉米的株高,提高玉米产量,施用土壤调理剂较对照最高增产15.62%,而施用活化腐植酸处理的玉米产量较对照增产21.22%。总之,施用土壤调理剂及活化腐植酸对于改善土壤理化性质,提高土壤质量,增加土壤养分,促进作物生长,提高玉米产量,有着积极作用,且施用活化腐植酸要比施用土壤调理剂效果好。

深耕配施结构调理剂对新垦低丘红壤水分的影响

为探讨新垦低丘红壤旱地蓄水能力的提升途径,在浙中地区选择3种不同质地(砂壤土、黏壤土和黏土)的新耕红壤旱地,开展了深耕配施结构调理剂对土壤水分状况影响的试验。试验设对照(浅耕)、施结构调理剂(浅耕+结构调理剂)和深耕配施结构理剂3个处理,动态观察了不同深度土层含水量和0~50 cm土体蓄水量的变化。结果表明,深耕配施结构调理剂显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤水稳定性团聚体的数量和保水性;施用结构改良剂后砂壤土、黏壤土和黏土田间持水量分别比对照增加1.58%、1.94%和4.35%;深耕+结构调理剂后砂壤土、黏壤土和黏土田间持水量分别比对照增加1.35%、2.28%和2.68%。深耕配施结构调理剂雨季土壤蓄水量明显提高,干旱季20~50 cm土层水分明显高于对照,砂壤土、黏壤土和黏土贮水量分别比对照高2.06%~12.16%、1.73%~12.41%和5.53%~23.62%,深耕效果在黏土中最为明显,在砂壤土中效果相对较弱。

酸性土壤连续施用土壤调理剂对生姜——花椰菜种植体系的影响

【目的】探索生姜-花椰菜种植体系两个生产季施用土壤调理剂对作物生产和土壤理化性状的影响及其累积效应。【方法】以两季作物即前茬生姜、后茬花椰菜为载体,采用常规施肥为对照,在其基础上增施土壤调理剂1500、3000、4500 kg/hm^(2),研究各处理对作物农艺性状和土壤理化性状的影响。【结果】在常规施肥基础上,施用3000、4500 kg/hm^(2)后均显著提高花球产量100%以上,提高土壤的pH值1.0和1.2个单位,并提高交换性钙含量89.2%和116.9%;施用4500 kg/hm^(2)土壤调理剂对两季作物的增产效果最佳,前茬生姜和后茬花椰菜的产量分别达23.7、46.7 t/hm^(2),相对常规施肥的增产44.5%、115.2%。【结论】酸性土壤连续两季施用土壤调理剂对生姜-花椰菜作物增产和土壤理化性状改善的累积效应明显,生产上以每季施用量3000~4500 kg/hm^(2)较为适合。

土壤调理剂对早稻生理特性及重金属吸收的影响

为研究“众望”土壤调理剂在湘中地区早稻上的施用效果,在湘潭和株洲分别开展田间小区试验。试验设常规施肥(T1)、常规施肥+生石灰(T2)、常规施肥+“众望”土壤调理剂(T3)3个处理,研究土壤调理剂对湘中地区早稻生长和重金属吸收的影响。结果表明:“众望”土壤调理剂可有效促进湘中地区早稻生长,提高产量的效果不明显,但能显著提高土壤pH值,缓解土壤酸化,显著降低土壤和稻米的重金属镉含量,与常规施肥相比,施用生石灰降低土壤总镉15.74%~20.64%,施用“众望”土壤调理剂降低土壤总镉18.45%~23.25%。

脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂对土壤养分和羊草生长的影响

脱碳气化渣是煤气化渣经浮选提取残碳后的多孔型固体废弃物,目前主要通过制成脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂用于土壤改良,以实现废弃物再利用。为了研究脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂对沙地土壤性质和牧草生长的影响,采用田间小区试验,以羊草为指示作物,设置5个脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂施加量,分别为0(CK)、15(SF1)、30(SF2)、60(SF3)、120 t/hm^(2)(SF4),并对沙地土壤理化性质、羊草生理生化指标及品质进行分析。结果表明,脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂能够有效改善土壤养分供给能力,添加脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂的处理土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量较CK增幅分别为8.95%~76.96%、4.95%~46.59%和5.80%~105.80%,其中,SF4处理的土壤有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量显著高于其他处理。与CK相比,添加脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂的处理羊草地上生物量和成熟期株高增幅分别为31.52%~113.16%和7.10%~28.90%;添加脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂的处理羊草粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别增加29.26%~64.36%和8.74%~24.84%,其中,SF4处理增幅最大,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别达73.70、117.10 g/kg。综上,沙土中添加120 t/hm^(2)的脱碳气化渣基土壤调理制剂不仅能够显著调控土壤养分有效性,而且能有效促进沙地羊草生物量的有效积累,为最佳添加量。

面向需求响应的空调智能体:概念、构建和应用

园区内各变频空调(IAC)的运行特性、运行环境、用户行为和用户习惯千差万别,这给园区运营商引导大规模IAC参与需求响应(DR)带来了挑战。首先,对IAC的信息物理社会属性进行了分析,并提出了基于规则的社会属性刻画方法。其次,根据具身通用人工智能的概念,提出了面向DR的空调智能体概念。然后,从主动感知、主动交互、主动行动和主动演化的维度设计了空调智能体,其能在DR期间融合IAC的信息物理社会属性,使自身的负荷形状曲线接近被下发的目标形状曲线。进而,参考基于负荷准线的DR机制,提出了大规模空调智能体自下而上参与DR的方法,以实现聚沙成塔效应。最后,利用离散事件仿真框架SimPy对1万个空调智能体参与DR的情形进行仿真,从刻画社会属性的规则自演化、空调智能体性能和聚沙成塔效应这3个方面进行分析。结果表明,空调智能体在时效性、友好性、用户满意性和鲁棒性方面具有较大优势。

土壤调理剂对日光温室土壤理化性质和蔬菜产量、品质的影响

试验研究了土壤调理剂对日光温室土壤理化性质和蔬菜产量、品质的影响。结果表明,施用土壤调理剂能够明显改善土壤结构,增强土壤保水能力,与对照相比,施用2次调理剂后土壤容重降低6.36%,土壤总孔隙度增加4.97%,田间持水量增加6.75%,渗透系数提高46.28%;调理剂还能增加土壤养分含量,提高土壤保肥能力;调理剂能够提高蔬菜的产量和品质,对番茄品质的改善效果尤为明显;调理剂与秸秆配合施用效果更佳。

5种土壤调理剂对大蒜田土壤理化性质和大蒜产量的影响

试验研究了两个不同用量的5种土壤调理剂(麦饭石、牡蛎壳、蒙脱石、硅钙矿和有机肥)对土壤理化性质和大蒜产量的影响。结果表明,5种调理剂均能降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度:施用前期麦饭石处理的土壤容重显著降低,后期则蒙脱石处理土壤容重降低明显。在大蒜生长前期,施用高量牡蛎壳、蒙脱石和有机肥均显著提高了土壤碱解氮含量;蒙脱石显著降低了土壤速效磷含量,高量有机肥则明显增加了土壤速效磷含量;麦饭石、蒙脱石、硅钙矿和有机肥均能显著提高土壤速效钾含量,牡蛎壳对土壤速效钾含量影响不大。蒙脱石、硅钙矿和有机肥在大蒜生长前期均显著提高了土壤有机质含量,后期则只有高量有机肥比对照有显著增加。麦饭石、蒙脱石和有机肥3种土壤调理剂对土壤pH值有降低作用,而牡蛎壳和硅钙矿两种土壤调理剂对土壤pH值有增加作用。土壤调理剂对大蒜叶枯病有一定减轻作用。5种调理剂与对照相比均有一定增产功效,但只有蒙脱石和高量有机肥增产效果显著。

土壤调理剂对杏园土壤性状及根系分布的影响

对10a生龙王帽杏园地表喷施300倍液Agri-SC土壤调理剂,研究了土壤调理剂对杏园土壤主要理化性质、微生物数量及树体根系分布的影响。结果表明,土壤调理剂不同程度降低了各土层土壤容重,增加了各土层总空隙度、田间持水量,提高了各土层碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量,改善了土壤理化性质。土壤调理剂显著增加了细菌、固氮菌等微生物数量,增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性,抑制了脲酶活性。促进各土层细根生长,须根数量在0～30、30～60、60～90cm土层分别是对照的2.10、1.85、1.56倍。研究结果还表明,土壤调理剂在0～60cm土层作用效果显著。

变频型房间空调器区域性季节能效比的研究

分析了日本JRA4046-1999和GB7725待批稿中的SEER计算公式,并作了修改。同时给出了中国温度带划分图,搜集了中国八个城市的近30年来的气象资料,对比标准中的公称温度带,计算出了八个城市使用变频型房间空调器的季节能效比(SEER),从结果中可以看出,温度带的划分对SEER的影响较大,因此“区域性SEER”应该称为评价变频型房间空调器的可用参数。同时分析了能效比EER对区域性季节能效比的影响,给出了提高房间空调器SEER的措施。

生物炭对旱作农田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响

生物炭因其结构和功能特性受到国内外学者广泛关注，在农业土壤改良培肥、固碳减排等方面展现出巨大的应用潜力，但基于田间长期定位试验，开展生物炭对大田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响研究尚不多见。以西南地区玉米（Zea mays L.）-油菜（Brassica campestris L.）轮作农田为研究对象，通过不同生物炭添加比例的田间定位试验研究了生物炭施用对旱作农田土壤容重、pH值、有机质、矿质态氮、有效磷、含水量等理化性质以及作物产量的影响，试验共设4个处理：单施复合肥、尿素（C0）；复合肥、尿素＋20 t·hm^-2生物炭（C2）；复合肥、尿素＋50 t·hm-2生物炭（C5）；复合肥、尿素＋100 t·hm^-2生物炭（C10）。结果表明：与C0对比，C5和C10处理均显著降低了土壤容重，降低幅度分别为14.6%和32.5%；C2、C5和C10处理土壤年均pH比对照组分别提高了0.10、0.17和0.15个单位；处理组土壤中有机质含量比对照组分别提高44.9%、137.7%和297.2%；土壤硝态氮含量比对照组分别提高了38.0%、26.3%和88.4%；土壤有效磷含量分别提高了34.8%、135.0%和232.2%；生物炭处理下土壤年均含水量比对照组分别提高了8.8%、29.1%和44.7%。玉米、油菜籽实和均表现为生物炭处理高于对照组。玉米籽实提高7.6%-20.3%，玉米根茎叶生物量提高8.6%-46.8%；油菜籽实产量提高显著，高于对照组15.7%-35.4%，根茎叶生物量提高-17.2%-30.3%。综合来看，本试验条件下，生物炭施用有利于降低土壤容重，提高土壤 pH、有机质含量、NO3^－-N 含量、有效磷含量、含水量，显示出生物炭作为土壤改良剂施用于农田能有效改良土壤理化性质和提高耕作性能。